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Evolution > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Eons? (oldest to newest)

A
  1. Hadean
  2. Archean
  3. Proterozoic
  4. Phanerozoic
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2
Q

What are the 3 Eras within the Phanerozoic Eon? (oldest to newest)

A
  1. Paleozoic
  2. Mesozoic
  3. Cenozoic
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3
Q

What are the 12 Periods within the Phanerozoic Eon? (oldest to newest)

A
  1. Cambrian
  2. Ordovician
  3. Silurian
  4. Devonian
  5. Carboniferous
  6. Permian
  7. Triassic
  8. Jurassic
  9. Cretaceous
  10. Paleogene
  11. Neogene
  12. Quaternary
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4
Q

What is special creation?

A

The idea that species do not change and each species is created separately from each other.

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5
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures, behaviors, molecules are similar (while also differing in
appearance and function) because they are derived from a common ancestor

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6
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics

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7
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

A vestigial structure is a feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but that is now less elaborate and functional than in the ancestor.

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8
Q

What is speciation?

A

Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics.

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9
Q

What is succession?

A

Succession is a series of progressive changes in the composition of an ecological community over time.

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10
Q

What are analogous structures/ convergent evolution?

A

Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.

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11
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.6 Billion years old

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12
Q

What are the 4 postulates?

A
  1. Individuals within a populations vary (differ from one another, vary in traits)
  2. These variations/differences in traits are heritable (passed from parent to
    offspring)
  3. Some individuals within the population are more successful at surviving and
    reproducing (i.e. reproductive success differs between individuals within
    the population)
  4. The difference in the reproductive success of individuals within a
    population is NOT RANDOM (not by luck or chance), but due to these
    variable traits that are inherited.
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13
Q

What is individual fitness?

A

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its
environment as compared to other individuals

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14
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

a trait or characteristic of an organism in result to natural selection, i.e.
one that increases the fitness relative to individuals without the trait

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15
Q

Natural selection acts on _______, but the consequences occur in __________

A

individuals, populations

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16
Q

Natural selection acts on ________, but evolution consists of changes in ______
frequencies

A

phenotypes, allele

17
Q

Natural selection is not _______ looking

A

Forward

18
Q

Phylogeny

A

A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

19
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

20
Q

What do scientific names consist of?

A

Genus and species

21
Q

What is the order of the classification hierarchy?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

22
Q

What does the term taxa mean?

A

to any named groups of organisms

23
Q

The _____ of the tree indicates the common ancestor.

A

root

24
Q

______ represent the most recent common ancestor of all the taxa that branch of from it

A

Nodes

25
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

taxa that are the closest relatives to each other compared to
the rest of the taxa

26
Q

Monophyletic group

A

ancestor and all descendants

27
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

an ancestor but not all descendants

28
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

descendants but not common ancestor

29
Q

What is Reversal?

A

loss of traits in a lineage

30
Q

What is the first living thing called?

A

Primordial form

31
Q

Hadean age

A

4600-4000 mya

32
Q

Archean age

A

4000-2500 mya

33
Q

Proterozoic age

A

2500- 541 mya

34
Q

Phanerozoic age

A

541 mya - present

35
Q

The Universal Gene-Exchange Pool Hypothesis

A

*Phylogeny based on rRNA genes
*Lateral gene transfer > vertical inheritance
*Universal gene pool, rather than self-replication
*Originally: no evolutionary trees or lineages

36
Q

The Ring of Life Hypothesis

A
  • Eukaryotic genes involved in storage and use of genetic information are more
    similar to archaean genes (e.g., genes involved in transcription, translation)
  • Eukaryotic genes involved in storage and use of metabolic activities more
    similar to bacterial genes (e.g., genes involved in amino acid synthesis)
  • First Eukaryote: result of the fusion of an archaean (informational genes) with
    bacterium (metabolic genes)
  • In some versions: bacterial component in the fusion to create the first
    eukaryote eventually became the mitochondrion
    (endosymbiosis)
37
Q

The Chronocyte Hypothesis

A
  • Separate lineage arose: the lineage that gave rise to Archaea and Bacteria
    + the chronocytes
  • Chronocytes eventually evolved a cytoskeleton and the ability to
    phagocytose other microbes.
  • Chronocytes phagocytosed an Archaen and developed endosymbiotic
    relationship, which gave rise to the nucleus, which in turn gave rise to the
    first Eucarya
  • Eucarya acquired mitochondrion and chloroplast by endosymbiosis with
    bacteria at a later stage
38
Q

The Three Viruses, Three Domains Hypothesis

A
  • Structural similarities among viruses suggest they have a common ancestor that
    lived before LUCA or cellular life
  • Viruses switched to DNA as an adaptation against RNA-based host defenses
  • Many transitional forms of viruses exist (RNA-based, RNA-based intermediates,
    DNA intermediates, DNA-based)
  • DNA virus invaded RNA-based cell and became part of host cell eventually
    replacing RNA. These cells outcompeted the RNA-based cells.
  • Three viruses for three domains: viruses carrying DNA into Archaea and Eukarya
    were related.
  • Explains switch from RNA to DNA

Evolution (3 decks)

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