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Bio 121 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

atom:

A

the smallest unit of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element

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3
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms bonded together

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4
Q

organelle

A

membrane enclosed substructures with in a cell that have specific functions

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5
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit of life

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6
Q

tissue

A

composed of specialized cells of a single, specific, type

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7
Q

organs

A

consists of two or more types of tissue

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8
Q

organ system:

A

several organs together

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9
Q

population

A

all of the organisms of the small species in a given area

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10
Q

community

A

all of the different species coexisting in a specific area

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of organisms in their physical environments

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12
Q

biosphere

A

all life and all of the places on Earth where life exists all life and all of the places on Earth where life exists

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13
Q

reductionism

A

reducing complex systems to simpler components

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14
Q

emergent properties

A

result from the synergy between parts within a system, not from the properties of the individual parts, themselves

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15
Q

systems biology:

A

seeks to increase understanding of the dynamic behavior/networked natures of entire biological systems, often by using computer modeling

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16
Q

prokaryotic:

A

Domeain Bacteria;Smaller celll with no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, and cell wall is present in most species

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17
Q

eukaryotic

A

All other organisms; larger cells with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus present and cell walls present in SOME species

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18
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid/ biological instructions

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19
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA with specific function and that transmit characteristics from parents to offspring

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20
Q

genome

A

entire library of genetic interactions in an organism

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21
Q

genomics

A

the study of the DNA sequences of genes within and between species

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22
Q

proteomics

A

the study of whole sets of proteins, known as proteomes

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23
Q

producers

A

organisms that get energy from sunlight that is stored in sugar micelles via photosynthesis

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24
Q

consumers

A

access energy in sugar molecules that they ingest

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25
Q

negative feedback

A

slows or stops a process

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26
Q

positive feedback

A

speeds a process up

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27
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

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28
Q

diversity

A

number of different types of organisms present in an environment

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29
Q

Taxonomy

A

branch of biology that names and classifies species into hierarchal order

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30
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

in temperate environments; prokaryotic, unicellular

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31
Q

Domain Archae

A

in extreme environments; prokaryotic, unicellular

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32
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

all eukaryotic, can be multicellular or unicellular

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33
Q

natural selection

A

those individuals best suited to a given environment will be most likely to survive and leave fertile offspring behind

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34
Q

scientific inquiry

A

multi-step, creative process focused around specific questions

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35
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative answer/explanation that is falsifiable

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36
Q

control group

A

receiving no manipulation

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37
Q

experimental group

A

receiving some type of manipulation

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38
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is manipulated by a researcher

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39
Q

dependent variable

A

that factor that is observed/measure to determine the effect of the manipulation

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40
Q

theory

A

braider in scope than hypothesis and supported by a large body of evidence

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41
Q

basic research

A

undertaken to understand natural phenomena

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42
Q

applied research

A

specific purpose(?)

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43
Q

what is the levels of hierarchy in the body

A

Atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere

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44
Q

Which type of cells were the first to arrive on Earth

A

prokaryotic bacteria

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45
Q

Why are there similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

shared ancestry that changed through evolution

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46
Q

What is DNA structure and function?

A

it is a double helix made of nucleotide subunits that allow cells to transmit genetic information

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47
Q

Have scientist identifies all living species on earth

A

no

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47
Q

What provides the background genetic variation in a population for natural selection to act upon?

A

(mutation)

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48
Q

what are the main steps of the scientific method of inquiry

A

observations -> questions -> hypothesis -> predictions -> test

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49
Q

Can anything be proven in science

A

no, everything is always on trial and being tested for something to be added onto it

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50
Q

Ina perfect world, how many variables will be manipulated at one time

A

just one

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51
Q

Can scientific studies be used to answer questions of belief and ethics

A

no

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52
Q

what is the lineup of the taxonomic categories

A

species -> genus-> family-> order -> class -> phylum-> kingdom-> domain->

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53
Q

what are the kingdoms under domain eukaryotic

A

protista, plantae, fungi, animals

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54
Q

Of what two parts does the species name of an organism consist?

A

genus and species placement

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55
Q

The cell Theory

A

(1) all living things consist of cells
(2) all cells come from other cells
(3) new cells produces by division of existing cells
(4)all cells enclosed by membrane
(5) all cells contain DNA

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56
Q

nucleotides

A

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

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57
Q

gene expression

A

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

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58
Q

How is reductionism different from systems biology?

A

reductionism studies the individual components of a biological system in isolation while systems biology aims to study the parts of a system when they are part of a whole.

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59
Q

Understand the difference between the genomics and proteomics.

A

Genomics provides an overview of the complete set of genetic instructions provided by the DNA, while transcriptomics looks into gene expression patterns. Proteomics studies dynamic protein products and their interactions, while metabolomics is also an intermediate step in understanding organism’s entire metabolism.

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60
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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61
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical recitations

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62
Q

compound

A

substance compound of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

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63
Q

trace elements

A

required in minute quantities

64
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

65
Q

protons

A

positive, found in the nucleus, same number as electrons

66
Q

neutrons

A

neutral, found in the nucleus, number can vary

67
Q

electrons

A

negative, found in orbitals, same number as protons

68
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom

69
Q

atomic mass numbers

A

indicates an atom’s mass relative to the mass of other atoms

70
Q

isotopes

A

multiple forms of an elements that differ in the number to neutrons

71
Q

potential energy

A

stared energy possessed due to location or structure

72
Q

molecules

A

2 or more atoms bonded together

73
Q

chemical bonds

A

interactions in which valence electrons are shared or transferred, causing atoms to be closely associated with one another

74
Q

molecular formula

A

contains chemical symbols of elements found in a molecules with subscript indication how many of each atom are present

75
Q

covalent bond

A

involves atoms that share a pair of electrons

76
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

forms between atoms with similar electronegativities and involves equal sharing of electrons

77
Q

polar covalent bond

A

forms when two atoms with different electronegativities bond covalently, with the shared electrons more likely to be in the outer shell of the atom of higher electronegativity than the atom of lower electronegativity

78
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons

79
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

80
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

81
Q

ionic bond

A

an attraction between an anion and a cation

82
Q

hydrogen bond

A

forms when a hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar molecule

83
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

weak interactions that occur when atoms and molecules are in close proximity

84
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances

85
Q

reactants

A

raw materials

86
Q

products

A

outputs

87
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

a dynamic balance in which a reaction and its reverse can both occur, but with no further net effect on the concentration of reactants or products

88
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules

89
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and other types of surrounding molecules

90
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

91
Q

temperature

A

measures average kinetic energy of molecules

92
Q

evaporation

A

transformation of water molecule from liquid to gas

93
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

94
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent (liquid)

95
Q

solute

A

dissolved substance

96
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

97
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

98
Q

amphipathic

A

have both polar and non/polar regions

99
Q

acid

A

releases H+ ions in solution increasing H+ concentration

100
Q

base

A

absorb H+ ions in solution decreasing H+ concentration

101
Q

pH

A

the amount of H+ in a solution is a measure of its acidity

102
Q

buffers

A

resists change to the pH of a solution

103
Q

ocean acidification

A

when carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, carbonic acid is formed, lowering pH

104
Q

What are all living thing made up of

A

atoms that have been part of other molecules in the past

105
Q

Which are the four most common elements found in organisms?

A

carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N)

106
Q

What is the difference between an atom’s atomic number and its atomic mass?

A

Atomic mass is associated with the number of neutrons and protons that are present in a particular nucleus of an element. Atomic number is usually the number of protons present in an element’s nucleus. It is the average weight of an element.

107
Q

Why do scientists use electron shells to describe where an electron would be located?

A

because we cannot be sure where an electron is at any given time

108
Q

Do isotopes of an element vary in atomic number or atomic mass?

A

atomic masses displayed on the periodic table are averages of the weights of various isotopes of an element. Also,some isotopes are radioactive and useful in dating different types of samples due to their half-life

109
Q

When do electrons shells have a greater amount of potential energy

A

the farther they are from the nucleus

110
Q

How many valence electrons would an atom larger than hydrogen or helium “like” to ultimately have

A

8

111
Q

Why do the elements in the same column of the periodic table display similar bonding “behavior?”

A

The elements in each group have the same number of valence electrons.

112
Q

relative strength of covalent bonds

A

high strength

113
Q

relative strength of ionic bonds

A

medium strength (strong on a vacuum but weak in water)

114
Q

relative strength of hydrogen bonds

A

poor strength

115
Q

How do the polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms (within water molecules) give water molecules the capacity to form hydrogen bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules because the positively charged hydrogen end of one water molecule attracts the negatively charged oxygen end of another water molecule. Water molecules stick to other materials due to its polar nature

116
Q

Why do ionic bonds (which are fairly strong in a dry environment) break easily in an aqueous environment?

A

the interaction between ions of opposite charge is minimal and ionic bonds can be considered weak.

117
Q

Why do all reactions require a source of energy

A

to overcome inertia and cause reactants to become unstable/more likely to react

118
Q

what do hydrogen bonds do for water?

A

give water its unique cohesive and adhesive properties, as well as causing it to have high surface tension. It also gives water a high specific heat and high heat of vaporization

119
Q

Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

A

Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density.

120
Q

In living systems, what is used as solvent?

A

water

121
Q

What types of substances (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) will easily dissolve in water?

A

Sugar, sodium chloride, and hydrophilic proteins

122
Q

organic compounds

A

carbon-based and are a primary component of all living organisms

123
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules including only carbon and hydrogen

124
Q

isomers

A

compounds with identical molecular formulas, but with different structures and characteristics

125
Q

geometric isomers

A

have identical covalent bonding patterns but different spatial positioning around a carbon-carbon double bond

126
Q

enantiomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of each other

127
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way

128
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex organic molecules made of smaller subunits

129
Q

polymers

A

large, many unit molecules

130
Q

monomers

A

small single unit molecule

131
Q

condensation/dehydration reaction

A

capable or linking monomers to form polymers

132
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

capable of splitting a polymer into its monomers

133
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

134
Q

carbohydrates

A

molecules are used primarily for energy that are composed of carbon, hydrogens and oxygen

135
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest sugars

136
Q

disaccharides

A

carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides

137
Q

polysaccharides

A

long series of monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers

138
Q

lipids

A

molecules used for energy storage and structural purposes that are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

139
Q

triglycerides

A

three fatty acid tails joined to glycerol

140
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

lipid subunits in which all single bonds are present between carbon atoms in the carbo chain/backbone

141
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

lipid subunits in which one or more double bonds are present between carbon atoms the carbon chain

142
Q

phospholipids

A

molecules that are the major component of cell membrane

143
Q

steroids

A

molecules with carbon structure consisting of four fused carbon rings

144
Q

cholesterol

A

precursor steroid from which other steroids can be synthesized

145
Q

proteins

A

macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, as well as small amounts of sulfur

146
Q

amino acids

A

the monomers of proteins that are joined by dehydration reactions and can be broken apart by hydrolysis reactions

147
Q

polypeptide

A

long protein chain

148
Q

primary protein structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in the protein

149
Q

secondary protein structure

A

chemical and physical interactions cause folding

150
Q

territory protein structure

A

complex, overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide

151
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

made up of two or more polypeptides

152
Q

nucleic acids

A

biological macromolecules responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information

153
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of a nucleic acid consisting of pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

154
Q

DNA

A

serves as the genetic master blueprint that direct RNA synthesis and is passed to offspring

155
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

serves as the working copy of a segment of DNA and controls protein synthesis

156
Q

gene expression

A

creation of a protein from the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule, which was dictated by the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecule

157
Q

How many bonds does carbon need in order to be most stable?

A

4

Bio 121 (4 decks)

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