Test 1 Flashcards
why do single celled organisms not need a circulatory system?
The distance between the surface of a single-celled organism to the center is very small
so oxygen can reach all of the mitochondria in the cell by DIFFUSION and carbon dioxide can pass out in the same way.
blood
a tissue that is composed of cells suspended in a liquid which is mostly water
blood vessels
tubes that carry the blood to all parts of the body. and are ‘leaky’
The heart
a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the pigment molecule which makes these cells, and our blood, appear red.
It transports oxygen from the lungs to the body.
Red blood cells also contain an
ENZYME that
helps the blood to remove plenty of carbon dioxide as it flows through respiring tissues.
Anemia
a lack of iron in the diet
Carbon monoxide
a gas binds permanently to hemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin
High altitudes
less oxygen in the air at high altitudes
2 types of white blood cell
phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Phagocytes function
Phagocytes engulf cells, pathogens and cell debris, and digest them within vacuoles
2 types- Monocytes are phagocytes
pathogens
an organism causing disease to its host
Neutrophils travel in the blood as a’ __________ __________ __________’
‘rapid reaction force’
Lymphocytes are concentrated where?
in lymph nodes in organ systems (like the gut, respiratory system and reproductive system)
agglutination
Antibodies kill microbes directly or help phagocytes by ‘sticking’ pathogens together in clumps making them easier to engulf.
Platelets
are tiny non-nucleated cell fragments formed in the bone marrow.
How is Serum prepared?
from blood plasma by removing the blood clotting protein such as fibrinogen.
Valves function
prevent the backflow of blood from ventricle to atrium during a heartbeat.
right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs
left ventricle pumps blood to the
body
The heart beats at about _______ beats per minute
72
Systole
The contraction of a chamber of the heart
diastole
cardiac muscle is NOT contracting
One complete heart beat is called
a cardiac cycle
These heart sounds are caused by
the closure of the heart valves.
1st- atrio-ventricular valves closing
2nd- semi-lunar valves closing
Whats the main source of the blood pressure?
The contraction of the ventricles
2 advantages of double circulatory system
-oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
are kept separate
- left ventricle pumps blood at a much higher pressure into the systemic circulation than the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
angina
pain across the chest, left arm and shoulder caused by insufcient blood getting to the heart muscle
coronary thrombosis
a blockage occurs in a coronary artery so that
some cardiac muscle is starved of blood and dies –this is a heart attack.
atherosclerosis
fatty material, particularly cholesterol, is deposited in the inner wall of the coronary arteries.
Hypertension
blood pressure is consistently high
Treatment of heart disease
-Balloon inflation
- Heart bypass
-Heart transplant
