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Natural Disasters > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant chemical element in the universe?

A

Hydrogen

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2
Q

The most abundant chemical element in the solid Earth is?

A

Iron

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3
Q

What are the crust and mantle of the Earth composed primarily of?

A

Rocky Silicates

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4
Q

What is the core of the Earth composed primary of?

A

Iron

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5
Q

Are iron and silicates distributed evenly?

A

No, but they are three of the most common chemical elements in the earth

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6
Q

What part of the earth comprises most of both its volume and mass?

A

the mantle

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7
Q

What is the lowest density layer of the Earth

A

The continental crust

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8
Q

What is the continental crust richer in and lower in?

A

Richer is middle weight(silicon/oxygen)
lower in heavier elements(magnesium, iron)

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9
Q

Continental crust vs oceanic crust?

A

Continental- higher topographically and is mainly dry land

Oceanic crust- lower in topographically and is mainly ocean floor

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10
Q

Where is new oceanic crust produced at?

A

Divergent plate boundaries?

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11
Q

Where would you expect earthquakes but not volcanism?

A

Convergent plate boundaries w/ two continental plates?

Transform plate boundaries

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12
Q

Where can you have volcanism at random locations on the earths surface?

A

mantle plumes

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13
Q

What type of deformation happens along a tectonic fault during an earthquake?

A

brittle deformation(Along a fault, brittle deformation happens
close to the surface under low pressure. At
depth and greater pressure, the deformation
changes to ductile deformation causing the
fault dip to flatten and movement along the
fault dies out.)

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14
Q

Where is the seismic energy release in a tectonic earthquake along a fault contained in?

A

S-waves

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15
Q

What are the two types of waves?

A

P-Waves
S-Waves

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16
Q

Which waves are the second to arrive and why?

A

S-waves are the second-arriving type of
seismic wave because some of their energy are wasted in up-and-
down shearing motion.

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17
Q

Which seismic waves are the fastest and first-arriving and can arrive and pass through any medium(solid, liquid, gas)

A

P-waves(hat most of the energy of explosions such as nuclear tests is contained in P-waves from that event)

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18
Q

Which seismic waves are last arriving from an earthquake event because they have to go the long way instead of traveling through?

A

Love waves, Rayleigh waves

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19
Q

What is the modified Mercalli Scale?(roman numerals)

A

An earthquake intensity scale based on the record damage and casualties caused by an earthquake. used to estimate earthquake size. Used before seismometers

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20
Q

What is the scale currently used in estimating the size of earthquakes all over the world?

A

Moment Magnitude

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21
Q

How many earthquakes of magnitude 9 happen each year?

A

none <1

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22
Q

Foreshocks tend to be ___ than aftershocks?

A

smaller (also know that
foreshocks are more
closely-spaced around the
focus (origin) of the main
earthquake event than are
aftershocks)

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23
Q

Maps where earthquakes are likely to happen show____, maps of where earthquakes are most like to cause damages and casualties show_____

A

seismic hazard
seismic risk

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24
Q

Sand volcanoes and sand boils are caused by what earthquake related hazard?

A

Liquefaction( know that positive floatation and
negative floatation is associated with liquefaction)

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25
Q

What is positive floatation?

A

meant to keep a compromised boat from sinking down to the depths.

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26
Q

What is negative floatation?

A
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27
Q

What earthquake hazard would be a major hazard in Manhattan if the earthquake repeated?

A

shedding(exterior building ornementation that might not be allowed in an area with more experience with earthquakes)

28
Q

What is an avalanche?

A

Avalanches are a type of landslide that moves by the mechanism of flow

29
Q

What is an earthquake generated wave or flood, basically a seismic pulse travelling up a river channel?

A

bore

30
Q

What is a series of seismic pulses travelling through an open body of water like the ocean?

A

a tsunami

31
Q

What is a prerequisite for a damburst flood?

A

an impoundment flood

32
Q

What holds great promise for real time earthquake warnings?

A

Social Media

33
Q

What earthquake is believed to have the highest number of casualties of any earthquake recorded?

A

Huaxian, China

34
Q

Eyewitnesses reported a fault rupture forming and throwing up debris during this notable earthquake?

A

The Gobi Desert

35
Q

What earthquakes were caused by strike-slip offsets of a seafloor spreading center?

A

Lisbon Portugal, The Atlas Mountains
MID ATLANTIC RIDGE

36
Q

Where we fires a significant earthquake hazard?

A

Lisbon Portugal, San Francisco

37
Q

Where was seismic shaking more of a hazard north and south of the San Andreas Fault?

A

San Francisco

38
Q

What earthquake caused bores and displacement along one of the worlds major river?

A

New Madrid, Missouri(Mississippi River)

39
Q

Where is seismic hazard highest in China?

A

Western China

40
Q

Where is seismic risk highest in China?

A

Eastern China

41
Q

If they happened today the seismic RISK resulting from the New Madrid earthquakes would be

A

Much higher, bigger population today

42
Q

What earthquake happened along a thrust fault(low angle reverse fault)?

A

Northridge California(was an existing fault that had never caused an earthquake before)

43
Q

What earthquake happened along a right lateral strike slip fault system where most of the other earthquakes took place happened with epicenters along the west of the fault system?

A

Izmit and Dunze Turkey

44
Q

International politics were associated with this earthquake.

A

Chi-Chi Taiwan

45
Q

How does Hawaii have volcanoes?

A

On a tectonic plate but has mantle plume

46
Q

What is seismology used to enforce compliance with?

A

The partial Nuclear Test Ban Theory

47
Q

Which type of seismic wave is characteristic of underground nuclear explosions rather than tectonic earthquakes along faults?

A

Pressure Body Seismic Waves

48
Q

What would shake more during an earthquake?

A

Loose soil

49
Q

What caused only buildings of intermediate height to fall during the Mexico City earthquake of 1985?

A

Resonance Frequency

50
Q

What is a seismometer?

A

The machine recording the seismic waves

51
Q

What is most of the energy in P-Waves?

A

Nuclear detonations

52
Q

What is the focus?

A

site of the first motion along fault(located below the surface)

53
Q

What is the epicenter?

A

Point on the surface directly above the surface

54
Q

What are the two body waves

A

P, S

55
Q

What are the two surface waves

A

Love, Rayleigh

56
Q

What can S-waves pass through?

A

solids

57
Q

How to measure earthquake strength?

A

Intensity, Magnitude, Strong motion

58
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking

59
Q

what is a tsunami?

A

seismic sea waves, sudden ocean floor movement

60
Q

what is impoundment flood?

A

river blocking by uplift/landslides

61
Q

what is a damburst flood?

A

dam/leeve failures

62
Q

what are displacement waves?

A

wave by landslide into body of water

63
Q

what are trangression floods?

A

permanent shift of shoreline

64
Q

what are seiches?

A

sloshing of water back and forth

65
Q

what are bores?

A

single wave crests that move upstream

66
Q
A

Natural Disasters (4 decks)

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