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adult health 1 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of immunity

A

defense
homeostasis
surveillance

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2
Q

innate immunity

A

present at birth, first line defense against pathogens but not antigen specific

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3
Q

acquired immunity

A

developed immunity, 2 types: active and passive

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4
Q

natural active

A

from natural contact with pathogen, develops slowly, and is specific

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5
Q

natural passive

A

from mother to child. last months

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6
Q

artificial active

A

immunization with antigen. last years

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7
Q

artificial passive

A

injection of serum with antibodies, last several weeks

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8
Q

mostly composed of proteins, recognized as foreign and triggers immune system to produce antibodies

A

antigen

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9
Q

produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens, also called immunoglobulins

A

antibody

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10
Q

involved in differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes

A

thymus gland

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11
Q

produce RBC, WBC, and platelets

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

humoral immunity

A

involved is B cells
produces antibodies and memory cells
fights against bacteria, extracellular viruses, resp and GI pathogens

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13
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

involved is T cells and macrophages
produces sensitized T cells and cytokines, and memory cells
fights against fungus, intracellular viruses, tumors

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14
Q

largest componet to Ig, found in plasma and interstital fluid. only Ig that can pass thru placenta

Protects bodily fluids

A

IgG

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15
Q

found in body secretion, lines mucous memb

protects bodily surfaces

A

IgA

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16
Q

Ig found in plasma, primary immune response

Protects blood stream

A

IgM

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17
Q

found in body secretion, lines mucous memb

protects body surfaces

A

IgA

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18
Q

Ig whose role isnt known

A

IgD

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19
Q

Ig responsible for allergic response. Mediated type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE

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20
Q

number 1 cause of death of elderly

A

bacterial pneumonia

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21
Q

decline of immune system from age

A

immunosenescence

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22
Q

RBC level

A

4-6

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23
Q

WBC level

A

5-10

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24
Q

PLT level

A

150-300

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25
Q

Hgb level

A

11-14

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26
Q

Hct level

A

30%

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27
Q

common BP med that has possible side effect of angioedema

A

ace inhibitor

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28
Q

whats included in CBC

A

RBC, WBC, PLT, Hgb, Hct

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29
Q

apheresis

A

autoimmunity treatment,
blood is taken and bad things are removed

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30
Q

high lactic acid in blood

A

something is wrong

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31
Q

primary immune disorder

A

missing a type of immune cell

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32
Q

secondary immune disorder

A

from meds, malnutrition, cancer, radiation, stress

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33
Q

most common immunosuppressive therapy

A

cyclosporine

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34
Q

hyperactive organ rejection

A

within 24 hours

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35
Q

acute organ rejection

A

within 6 months

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36
Q

chronic organ rejection

A

over months to years, manage symptoms

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37
Q

small proteins that help control growth and activity of other immune and blood cells

A

cytokines

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38
Q

localized infection that spreaded

A

disseminated

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39
Q

infection through out body

A

systemic

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40
Q

infection throughout body

A

systemic

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41
Q

different type of pathogens

A

bacteria
virus
fungi
protozoa
multicellular parasite

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42
Q

diseases that newly appeared or have existed but have been rapidly increasing

A

emerging infections

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43
Q

health care associated infections

A

health care acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Clostridium difficile (c-diff)
surgical site infections
catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

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44
Q

What’s needed for contact precautions

A

gloves, gown

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45
Q

what’s needed for droplet precautions

A

surgical mask

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46
Q

whats needed for airborne precautions

A

N-95

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47
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

blood
semen
vaginal secretions
breast milk

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48
Q

normal range of CD4 T cells

A

800-1200

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49
Q

what is HIV

A

a retrovirus that destructs immune system damaging CD4 T cells

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50
Q

What range of CD4 T cells start having immune issues

A

> 500

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51
Q

acute HIV

A

Happens 2-4 weeks after initial infection
mono like symptoms

52
Q

asymptomatic HIV

A

stage between untreated infection and AIDS diagnosis, some symptoms may occur like fatigue, fever, night sweats

53
Q

symptomatic HIV, or “stage 2”

A

CD4 T cells drop to 200-500
symptoms worsen and other issues arise

54
Q

AIDS

A

CD4 cell count is less than 200
severe immune system suppression

55
Q

diagnostic test for AIDS

A

ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
CD4 T cell count

56
Q

occur in people with weakened immune system, from something that typically does not cause disease

A

opportunistic disease

57
Q

opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS

A

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
cytomegalovirus
kaposi sarcoma
herpes virus

58
Q

HIV management

A

monitor, ART, prevent and treat opportunistic, drug therapy

59
Q

what moves into tissue when vasodilation occurs

A

serous fluid and albumin

60
Q

what happens when bleeding occurs from inflammation

A

fibrinogen is activated to fibrin, clot

61
Q

what is the first cell to move in for inflammation

A

neutrophils (within 6-12 hours)

62
Q

what is pus

A

dead neutrophils, digested bacteria, and cell debris

63
Q

what do monocytes turn into in tissue space

A

macrophages

64
Q

what do macrophages do

A

eat debri, clean for healing process, can stay in tissues for weeks

65
Q

local infection system

A

redness, heat, swelling

66
Q

systemic infection symptoms

A

increased WBC, malaise, anorexia, increased pulse and RR, fever

67
Q

nursing implementation of inflammation

A

RICE

68
Q

serous exudate

A

thin, watery, straw colored fluid
would see this in something like a blister

69
Q

serosanguineous exudate

A

blood and serous fluid
would see with something like a surgery wound

70
Q

sanguineous exudate

A

bright red blood
from open fresh wound

71
Q

purulent

A

thick, odorous buildup, from infection

72
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

alot of fibrin in exudate

73
Q

catarrhal exudate

A

mucous production with WBC
found in sinus cavities

74
Q

primary intention

A

wound is sutured shut

75
Q

secondary intention

A

heals from inside out, usually scars

76
Q

tertiary intention

A

wound is left open but will eventually be closed by suture

77
Q

dehiscence

A

wound that was closed split open

78
Q

evisceration

A

organs protrude

79
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage for things that typically dont connect

80
Q

keloid

A

over scar tissue
most common in African americans

81
Q

nutritional therapy for wound healing

A

protein, vitamin c

82
Q

how does hyperbaric oxygen therapy work for healing wounds

A

increases oxygen

83
Q

what is negative pressure wound therapy

A

wound vac

84
Q

unstageable pressure injury

A

full thickness, nut cant see wound bed due to slough/eschar
must be stage 3 or 4

85
Q

braden scale characters

A

mobility, nutrition, friction, activity, moisture, sensory perception

higher score=better

86
Q

what does C reactive protein / sedimentation test help detect

A

inflammation

87
Q

why does high blood sugar affect wound healing

A

blood moves slower

88
Q

deep tissue injury

A

purple localized intact skin area or blood blister, looks similar to stage 1 ulcer

89
Q

CNS disorder that is demyelination of myelin sheath

A

multiple sclerosis

90
Q

what is most common type of MS

A

relapse remiting

91
Q

what gender and age group does MS affect most

A

women, ages 20-50

92
Q

lhermittes sign

A

electric shock feeling down spine when turning head, MS sign

93
Q

how is MS diagnosed

A

evidence of 2 inflammatory demyelinating lesions at 2 locations
damage/attack occurring at 2 diff times

94
Q

meds for MS

A

corticosteroids, muscle relaxants/antispasmodics, anticholinergic, immunomodulators, immunosupressants

95
Q

neurodegenerative disease of CNS characterized by motor dysfunction

A

Parkinson’s disease

96
Q

what causes parkinsons

A

lack of dopamine

97
Q

lewy bodies

A

unusual clumps or protein, abnormal brain functioning

98
Q

TRAP mnemoic

A

tremor
rigidity
akinesia
posture and balance

99
Q

how is parkinson’s diagnosed/ confimed

A

no specific test diagnoses, but it’s confirmed by a positive response to antiparkinson drugs

100
Q

drugs for parkinsons

A

levodopa/carbidopa (sinemet), anticholinergics, antiviral agents

101
Q

side effects of anticholinergic drugs

A

everything is dry –> bladder, eyes, salvation, bowels

102
Q

PNS autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular junction

A

myasthenia gravis

103
Q

what is happening in MG

A

antibodies attach acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, reduction in these sites prevents stimulation of muscle contraction

104
Q

drugs/treatment for MG

A

anticholinesterase drugs
corticosteroids
immunotherapy
removal of thymus

105
Q

myasthenic crisis

A

exacerbation of MG with resp failure, not enough meds, treatment is more. A Lot of muscle fatigue and trouble breathing

106
Q

cholinergic crisis

A

ACh builds up, too much meds were given. treated by atropine.

107
Q

neuromuscular disease characterized by loss of motor neurons, they gradually degenerate and die

A

lou gehigs/ ALS

108
Q

What age group and gender does ALS affect more

A

men, age 45-75

109
Q

treatment ALS

A

riluzole- drug that slows process
baclofen- muscle relaxant
PT/OT
hospice

110
Q

genetically transmitted, autosomal dominant brain disorder

A

huntingtons

111
Q

what causes huntington’s

A

too much dopamine

112
Q

what is dementia characterized by a loss ( may just be one or two of these gone )

A

memory
orientation
attention
language
judgement
reasoning

113
Q

most common form of dementia

A

alzheimer’s

114
Q

vascular dementia

A

from impaired blood flow to brain

115
Q

lewy body dementia

A

protein deposits (lewy bodies) develop in nerve cells in brain affecting motor control
- associated with parkinson’s

116
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A

atrophy of frontal and temporal part of brain resulting in damage to neurons

117
Q

dementia risk factors

A

Aging
Family history
Diabetes
Obesity
Smoking
Cad/htn
hypercholesterolemia
hearing loss
diabetes
excessive alcohol intake

118
Q

what decreases risk of getting dementia

A

education
physical activity
social contact

119
Q

what dementia can be seen well with MRI

A

lewy bodies, maybe vascular

120
Q

alzheimer’s disease and characteristics

A

Chronic degenerative disease of the brain, most common form of dementia.
Gradual loss of connections between neurons and neuron death.
Result in structural damage
brain shrinks, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
can only be diagnosed after death

121
Q

nursing care for dementia

A

decreasing signs and symptoms, preventing harm, and supporting patient

122
Q

does facial recognition help dementia patients

A

yes

123
Q

delirium

A

can be med emergency
abrupt onset
disturbed sleep
has delusions and hallucinations
disorganized, distorted and slow speech
can last hours to weeks

124
Q

demetia

A

slow progression
last years
difficulty with abstract thinking
sleeps during day, frequent awakenings at night. fragmented
often has misperceptions

125
Q

stages of alzheimer’s

A

1- patients are unaware they have it, fully independent
2- memory begins to falter. not noticeable to others
3- difficulty concentrating and poor memory. usually this stage lasts years
4- a diagnosis is now possible. trouble with everyday tasks and need assistance
5- no longer can live independently, memory and communication deteriorates, this stage lasts 1.5 years
6- memory is severely impaired. patients confuse family members. personality changes
7- patients can no longer respond to their environment.

adult health 1 (5 decks)

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