Test 1 Flashcards
In what ways do humans rely on animals?
- Source of food
- Companionship
- Transportation
- Entertainment
- Sport
- Biomedical research etc.
What is zooeyia?
Alludes to the benefits of pet ownership to individuals and communities
Ex: Pets as family
Zoonotic disease
A disease communicable between humans and animals under natural conditions (not lab related)
- Transmission both ways
- Can be direct or indirect
Direct Zoonoses Examples
- Rabies
- Intestinal parasites
- Psittacosis
Indirect Zoonoses Examples
- RMSF (tick vector)
- West Nile encephalitis (mosquito vector)
- Chagas disease (“kissing bug” vector)
What is health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is Public Health?
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities and individuals.
OR
What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
Medicine vs. Public Health
Medicine: saves one life at a time
Public Health: saves millions of lives at a time
What is One Health?
A collaborative, multisectoral, and trans-disciplinary approach–working at local, regional, national, and global levels–to achieve optimal health and well-being outcomes recognizing the interconnections between people, animals, and their shared environment.
What is the essence of public health?
Maximize benefits for the highest number of people while protecting individual rights.
Why is public health controversial?
Ideologies:
- America emphasizes personal freedom and responsibility
- Minimal obligation to the common good
- Conflict between ‘market justice’ and ‘social justice’
Market Justice
- Individual responsibility
- Minimal obligation to the common good
- “Fundamental freedom to all individuals to be left alone”
Social Justice
- Minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education and health care should be seen as fundamental rights
- Preventable death and disability ought to be minimized
Economics makes public health controversial
- Long-term gains begin with costs NOW
- Costs are MUCH easier to calculate than benefits
- Costs are borne by wealthier; benefits by less wealthy
Religion and morals makes public health controversial
- Sex education
- Contraceptive use
- Abortion
Life expectancy
Has gone way up in the last 100 years
Most progress in life expectancy is due to?
A decrease in infectious diseases
- Has leveled off since the 1950s
Sir Austin Bradford Hill
English epidemiologist and statistician
- Pioneered the randomized clinical trial
- Demonstrated connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer
Without key public health interventions or if there were delays, how many excess people would have died between 1901 and 2032?
Almost 50 million
Determinants of overall health and %
Individual Behavior - 40%
Genetics - 30%
Social Circumference - 15%
Environmental Factors - 5%
Health Care - 10%
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
5 domains of SDOH
- Economic stability
- Education access and quality
- Health care access and quality
- Neighborhood and built environment
- Social and community context
SDOH-Economic Stability
- 1 in 10 people live in poverty in US
- Employment programs, career counseling and high-quality childcare can help more people find and keep jobs.
- Policies to help people pay for food, housing, health care, and education can reduce poverty and improve health and well-being.
SDOH-Education Access and Quality
- Interventions to help children and adolescents dow ell in school and help families pay for college can have long term health benefits.
- Higher educations = more likely to be healthier and live longer
SDOH-Health Care Access and Quality
- 1 and 10 people in the US don’t have health insurance
- Strategies to increase insurance coverage rates are critical for making sure more people get important health care services, like preventive care and treatment for chronic illnesses
SDOH-Neighborhood and Built Environment
- Many people live in areas with high rates of violence, unsafe air or water, and other health and safety risks
- Interventions and policy changes at the local, state, and federal level can promote health
SDOH-Social and Community Context
- Positive relationships at home, at work, and in the community can help reduce these negative impacts
- Interventions to help people get the social and community support they need are critical for improving health and well-being
Health Disparities
Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations
Health disparities result from multiple factors, including:
- Poverty
- Environmental factors
- Inadequate access to health care or options
- Individual and behavioral factors
- Educational inequalities
Levels of Prevention Strategies
Primary
- Avoid disease development
- Remove risk factor
Secondary
- Early detection treatment
- Prevent progression
Tertiary
- Reduce complications of est. disease
Return on Investment at the Primary Level
Intervening at the primary level (i.e. with a vaccine) saves $$$$
What is the neglected component of the one health triad?
Environment
What is environmental health?
All physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors
How many deaths are related environmental factors?
About 13 million are due to known avoidable environmental risks (about 25% of deaths worldwide)
What is one of the biggest environmental health risks?
Air pollution
How much of the world is exposed to unsafely managed water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene?
More than half the world. Resulting in 800k deaths each year
How many people die from unsafe workplace and how many die from exposure to chemicals?
More than 1 million for both
How does climate change compromise the ecological and environmental integrity of living systems?
- Inducing lifecycle changes in pathogens, vectors, and reservoirs
- New and emerging diseases of plans and food and domestic and wild animals
- Trophic cascades
- Modifying or destroying habitats
- Interfering with species in a particular habitat
What is termed the “threat multiplier” and why?
Climate change; b/c it adversely affects infectious diseases, zoonosis, food security and safety, and local, regional, & global responses to them.
Who is being harmed first and the worst by the climate crisis?
The people who contribute the least to its causes: people in low-income and disadvantaged countries and communities.
How many approximate deaths will occur between 2030 and 2050 due to climate change?
~250k from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress alone causing the $2-4 billion per year
What is malaria?
The world’s most important and deadly tropical mosquito-borne parasitic disease.
- Kills approximately 1 million people and affects 1 billion
Example of a fungal pathogen
Potato famine
Soybean rust
Extreme weather events affecting health
Heat waves, floods, hurricanes
Socioeconomic and Behavioral factors:
- Change location of urban centers due to flooding
- Population migrations
- changing land use regulations
- Changing agricultural practices
930 million people spend at least how much of on health care?
At least 10% of their household budget to pay for healthcare
What would happen if a loss of biodiversity occurs?
It may limit the discovery of potential treatments for many diseases and health problems.
Nutritional impact of biodiversity
Ensures the sustainable productivity of soils and provides the genetic resources for all crops, livestock, and marine species harvested for food
Major processes affecting infectious disease reservoirs and transmission
- Deforestation
- Land-use change
- Water management i.e. through dam construction, irrigation
- Uncontrolled urbanization or urban sprawl
- Resistance to pesticide chemicals used to control certain disease vectors
- Climate variability and change
- Migration and international travel and trade
- Accidental or intentional human introduction of pathogens
What are trophic cascades?
The effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic levels
1st trophic level
producer level
2nd trophic level
Prey primary consumer level
3rd trophic level
predator
Keystone species
Present when a single species, or just a few species, play a crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community
- disappearance of a keystone species results in a complete rearrangement of the food web
True or False: trophic cascade can only be top down?
False: It can be either top down or bottom up
How do vets safeguard public health?
Either directly or indirectly, it can be categorized into 6 core domains:
- Diagnosis
- Surveillance
- Epidemiology
- Control
- Prevention
- Elimination of Zoonotic Diseases
How do vets best serve communities?
When they approach collective health issues with a “heard health” perspective, applying epidemiologic principles
Small Animal examples of zoonoses
- West Nile disease
- Coccidiodomycosis
Large Animal examples of zoonoses
- Bovine leukosis
- Foot and mouth disease
- Fowlpox
Why care that livestock are vulnerable to infectious disease?
~20k food borne illnesses, 4.2k hospitalizations, and 80 deaths, most of which are caused by pathogens of animal origin
Lab animal facilities and diagnostic labs
Vets manage and maintain lab animal colonies for research and diagnostic efforts
- International collab is important
Vets and Health Education
All vets help educate the public on the threat of infectious and noninfectious diseases
Vets in in government/legislative activity
More than 3k are employed federally
- 66% at USDA
- Others at DoD, DHHS (CDC, FDA, NIH)
Who shares responsibility of ensuring that food, animal feed, drugs, vaccines and devices are safe and efficacious?
FDA, USDA, and the EPA
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- Oversees the possession, use, and transfer of certain biologic agents and toxins
What does the FDA regulate?
All foods and food ingredients introduced into or offered for sale in the interstate commerce (except for meat, poultry, and certain processed egg products which are regulated by the USDA)
What does the FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine regulate?
Animal drugs, animal feeds, and veterinary devices
What does the USDA regulate?
Animal vaccines and biologics
- and meat, poultry and certain processed egg products
What does the EPA regulate?
Many pesticides
FDA vs EPA (flea control)
- Most insecticides are regulated by EPA
- Some products (topical applied flea control) are intended to work systemically and are regulated by FDA
- This means licensed vets can use Revolution off label b/c it’s regulated by FDA
Where do vets fall in the USDA?
- Under Secretary for Food Safety
- Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs (animal and plant health inspection service)
FSIS
Food Safety and Inspection Services
- Enhances public health and well-being by protecting the public from food borne illness and ensuring correct packaging
What is the overall job of the State Veterinarian?
- Directly protects livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries
- Indirectly protecting the public through regulation of livestock, poultry, and fish diseases
What do State Public Health Vets typically do?
- Work in zoonotic disease control and prevention, directly focusing on protecting the public health
State Vet vs. Public Health Vet
-State: works for the state agriculture department; primarily target livestock diseases
-Public Health: works for the state health department; generally work in zoonotic disease control and prevention
NASPHV (National Association of State Public Health Vets)
- Helps direct and develop uniform public health procedures involving zoonotic diseases
- Compendium of animal Rabies Prevention and Control
How many vets are in the 117th Congress?
3; 2 in senate, 1 in house
Reportable and Notifiable diseases
Legally, physicians and other health-care providers must report cases of certain diseases to health authorities
- Usually infectious and communicable diseases that will endanger a population
- Animal diseases of great economic importance
WHO International Health Regulations
- 1969: cholera, yellow fever, plague
- 2005: broadened the scope to focus on criteria to determine whether an event is notifiable to the WHO
NNDSS (National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System)
- Helps public health monitor, control and prevent about 120 diseases
True or False: The list of reportable diseases varies from state to state.
True, but all are recommended to be reported to the NNDSS
OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Reportable diseases
Intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health worldwide.
- Maintains list of reportable diseases
- Voluntary for countries to participate, although most do
Arizona Administrative Code R3-2-402
Veterinary professionals are MANDATED to report potential zoonotic diseases in animals to state agencies
- ADA (AZ Dept. Ag.)
- AGFD (AZ Game and Fish Dept.)
- ADHS (AZ Dept. Human Services)
May revoke or suspend license if not reported
Diseases required to report to ADA
Anthrax, Avian flu, brucellosis, tuberculosis, equine encephalomyelitis, Q fever, vesicular stomatitis
Disease required to report to ADA/ADHS
Leptospirosis, west nile virus
Disease required to report to ADA/AGFD/ADHS
Rabies, tularemia, psittacosis/avian chlamydiosis
What are the disease and eradication measures APHIS controls?
- Quarantines
- Testing/examination to detect infection; destruction of infected animals
- Treatment to eliminate parasites
- Vaccination
- Cleaning and disinfection of contaminated premises
Also track status of select diseases by state
Be suspicious!! Signs of suspicious activity
High morbidity/high mortality
Severe abortion storms
Severe respiratory conditions
Poor or no response to Tx
History of foreign travel/visitors
Etc.
Epidemiology
Study of disease patterns and transmission.
Concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
Epidemiologists are required to have some knowledge of:
Public health
Clinical medicine
Pathophysiology
Biostatistics
Social Sciences
Epidemiologist
A professional who strives to study and control the factors that influence the occurence of disease or health-related conditions and events
What does an epdemiologist do?
Biostatistics
Mental health/psychiatric
Infectious disease
Cancer
Etc.
What are some practical Epi applications?
“Herd Health”
- Discover current disease burden
- Describe the natural history of a disease
- Compare various treatments/interventions
- Differentiate between natural and intentional diseases
Classic example of epidemiology
Cholera: Caused great fear due to dramatic symptoms and high mortality
- Found cause to be Cholerae bacterium
- case fatality rate usually less than 1% w/ Tx
- 19th century: big outbreak in London, believed to be spread by water
Miasmatic theory of disease
Explanation for infectious diseases which stated that disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth
- Before connection between microorganisms and disease
Epidemiologic Transition
A shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
Demographic transition
Shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries
Distribution
Implies that disease do not occur randomly
Determinants
Factors that can cause a change in health condition or outcome
Morbidity
Illness due to a specific disease or cause
Mortality
Death due to a specific disease or cause
Population
Can be humans, animals, or plants
Endemic
Habitual presence of a disease w/in a given geographic area
Ex: Plague-among rodents in AZ
Ex: Rabies-among several species in US
Ex: Valley fever in AZ
Epidemic
Occurrence of an infectious disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and generated from a common or propagated source
Ex: Upper respiratory infections
Human rabies
Vibrio infections (cholera) after Hurricane Kat
Pandemic
A worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population
Exs: COVID, 1918 flu, HIV/AIDS
Sporadic
Disease occurring singly; widely scattered; not epidemic or endemic
Ex: Human rabies
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Natural History of Disease (Steps)
- Exposure
- Preclinical Phase
a. Biological onset
b. symptoms appear - Clinical phase (symptoms appear)
a. Diagnosis
b. Therapy begun - Outcomes (cured; living w/ disease, deteriorated, died
- Possible relapse and change in therapy
Koch’s Postulates
- The organism must be observed in every case of the disease
- It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- Pure culture must reproduce the disease
- Organism must be observed in and recovered from the experimental animal
Hill’s Criteria for Causation
Strength (Some)
Consistency (Cats)
Specificity (Say)
Temporality That)
Biological gradient (Big)
Plausibility (Pigs)
Coherence (Can)
Experiment (Eat)
Analogy (Anything)
Hill’s Criteria: Strength
Strong associations give support to a causal relationship between factor & disease
Hill’s Criteria: Consistency
An association has been observed repeatedly
Hill’s Criteria: Specificity
Association is constrained to a particular disease-exposure relationship
Hill’s Criteria: Temporality
The cause (exposure) must be observed before the effect
Hill’s Criteria: Biological gradient
AKA dose-response; shows a linear trend in association between exposure and disease
HIll’s Criteria: Plausibility
The association must be biologically plausible from the standpoint of contemporary biological knowledge
Hill’s Criteria: Coherence
One thing interrupts with the known ideal
Hill’s Criteria: Experiment
Preventative actions alter the frequency of the outcome
Hill’s Criteria: Analogy
Should be similarities between known associations and one that is being evaluated for causality
Multifactorial Causality
Many types of causal relationships involve diseases with more than one causal factor
-Ex: specific exposures, family Hx, lifestyle characteristics
Epidemiologic Triangle
Host, agent, environment all connected
- Affected by influences such as time, transmission types, vectors or fomites
Web of Causation
Very complex system of causes for a disease that all interact together
How do you rule out chance?
Cannot completely rule out chance
Epidemiologists employ stats to assess degree in which chance may have accounted for observed associations (technical answer)
Illustrations of association
- Scatter plot
- Dose response curve (sigmoid curve)
- Epidemic curve (bar graph) - over time
Internal Validity
The degree to which a study has used methodologically sound procedures
External Validity
One’s ability to generalize the results of the study
Error
difference between the value obtained and the true value for the population
Sampling error
Variation that occurs b/c we are studying a sample rather than an entire population
- Natural variation
- Estimates will vary from sample to sample
- Can be quantified (confidence interval, standard error, margin of error, coefficient of variance)
Non-sampling error AKA bias
Systematic deviation of results or inferences from truth
- Recall bias
- Selection bias
- Observer bias
- Confounding
True or false: Bias is more prevalent in descriptive studies over analytic studies
False: more common in analytic studies
Type I Error
Occurs if the null hypothesis IS rejected when it is actually TRUE
- false Positive
Type II Error
Occurs if the null hypothesis IS NOT rejected when it is actually FALSE
- false Negative
Descriptive Epidemiology
Who, where, when
(Person, Place, Time)
Person variables examples
Age - shingles in older adults
Sex - men more likely to have unintentional injuries
Race/Ethnicity - maternal morality higher in black americans
Occupation - vets 2nd most likely to have nonfatal work injuries
Socioeconomic status - outcomes improve with increasing SES
Place variables examples
Life expectancy varies for countries
Urban vs rural differences - injuries more common in rural setting
Endemic diseases vary
Infrastructure - unsafe water
Time variables examples
Secular trends - average age of puberty in USA is decreasing
Seasonal trends - giardia cases more common when people are outsideCyclical trends - parainfluenza viruses 1 & 2 peak every couple years
Clustering - can be related to time or place
Ecological fallacy
Associations observed at the group level do not necessarily hold true at the individual level
Ex: high levels of toxic pollution and cancer in NJ; therefore its causing cancer (but don’t know for sure)
Descriptive epidemiology measures - Count
Refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied
- Sometimes a single case may have public health significance
Descriptive epidemiology measures - ratio
A relationship of 2 numbers
Exs: risk ratio, rate ratio, odds ratio
Proportion measures
Comparison of a part to the whole
- the numerator is part of the denomiator
Exs: attack rate, point prevalence, attribute proportion, proportionate mortality
Rate measures
Compares 2 numbers - Measure of frequency where event occurs in a defined population over a specific period of time
Exs: mortality rate, birth rate, incidence rate, age- specific mortality rate
Population at risk (PAR)
Those members (animal or human) of the overall population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied
Crude rate
Summary rate based on the actual number of events in a population over a given time period
Ex: incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality
Specific rate
Based on a particular subgroup of the population defined
Ex: cause, age, proportional mortality rate, case-fatality
Adjusted rate
Measures where statistical procedures have been applied to remove the effect of differences in population distributions
Ex: standardized mortality rate
Prevalence
of cases/# of ppl in the population
Measure of the number of affected persons
Number of persons with disease of interest
Number of new cases/ number of people in the population
Incidence
Number of new cases of disease during a specified time period
Number of new cases/number of persons in population
Factors that cause prevalance to increase
- Increase in incidence
- Longer duration of the case
- In-migration of cases
- prolongation of life of patients w/o a cure
Adjusted Rates: direct
Used when you know the age-specific rates of mortality/morbidity in all the populations under study
Adjusted rates: indirect method
Only need to know the total number of deaths/cases and the age of the structure of the study population
Analytic epidemiology
Used when insight about various aspects of disease is available
The ‘why’
Odds Ratio
Measure of association between exposure and outcome in Case-Controlled Studies
OR=1: exposure does not affect odds
OR>1: exposure associated w/ higher odds
OR<1: exposure associated w/ lower odds
OR = ad/bc
Relative Risk
A measure of the strength of association based on cohort studies and randomized clinical trials
Incidence in exposed/incidence in unexposed = (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
RR=1 no difference between groups
RR>1 risk among exposed group higher
RR<1 risk among exposed group lower
Relative risk vs odds ratio
RR when comparing outcomes of those exposed vs not exposed
OR in case-control studies
In rare disease, the RR and the OR will be very nearly the same
Community Trial
Intervention designed for the usual purpose of educational and behavioral changes at the population level. Particularly of interest in public health
Contingency Table
Compares your test to the best test that we have
a=true positive
b=false positive
c=false negative
d=true negative
Sensitivity
% truly positive identified by your test; the proportion of people who test positive among the subpopulation who are positive
a/(a+c)
Specificity
% truly negative; proportion of people who test negative among the subpopulation who are negative
d/(b+d)
If sensitivity is very high…
…c (false negatives) MUST be very low
SnNOUT
Sn=sensitive
N=negative
OUT=rule out
If specificity is very high…
…b (false positive) MUST be very low
SpPIN
Sp=specific
P=postive
IN=rule in
How do you improve sensitivity?
Parallel testing
- Run different tests simultaneously
- Positive if either or both positive
- Negative if both are negative
How do you improve specificity?
Serial testing
- Run screening test, then a confirmatory test if screening test is positive
- Disease positive if confirmatory test is pos
- Disease negative if first test is negative
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
How prevalent is the disease; is it truly positive?
As prevalence decreases, PPV decreases
a/(a+b)
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
Is it truly negative
d/(c+d)
Likelihood ratio
Incorporates both the probability that the test is positive in patients with and without the disease
Community Engagement
Widespread and effectively-used approach in health and development interventions
Co-option
Token representatives chosen but have no real input or power
Compliance and informing
Tasks assigned with incentives, with outsiders deciding the agenda and directing the process
Consultation
Local opinions are sought, with outsiders analyzing and deciding on a course of action
Cooperation
Local people work together with outsiders to determine priorities, with the responsibility for directing the process remaining with outsiders
Co-learning
Local people and outsiders share their knowledge to create new understanding and work together to form actions plans, with outsider facilitation
International Companion Animal Management (ICAM) Coalition
Formed to support the development and use of humane and effective companion animal population management worldwide
ICAM Philosophy
Believes that legal fiscal responsibility for animal population management properly resides with local and central government
Dog Population Management (DPM)
- Goal is an improvement in dog welfare alongside benefits for public and environmental health
- Aims to have a sustained influence on the processes w/in dog population dynamics to change sub-populations in a targeted way
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) includes:
Vet safety and health section:
Hazard Prevention and Infection Control
Physical Safety
Chemical Safety
Biological Safety
Other hazards
Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination-physically remove the hazard (most effective)
Substitution-Replace the hazard
Engineering Controls-Isolate people from the hazard
Administrative Controls-Change the way people work
PPE-Protect the worker w/ PPE (relying on people is hard)
What are the most difficult actions to adopt?
Elimination and Substitution; They are best used at the design or development stage
Whose responsibility is it to address hazards in the workplace?
The employers!!
There are more than 200 points of compliance for which every veterinary facility should be check to prepare for OSHA inspection
OSHA Compliance Resources
- On site Consultation Programs (no cost and confidential)
Common Examples of vet biomedical waste
Needles and syringes, used bandages and gloves, animal tissue, blood and feces, medications
Regulated Medical Waste
Subset of medical waste that poses a significant risk of transmitting infection to people
-In most states, it’s limited to sharps waste
What do most vet clinics do with biohazardous medical waste?
Most will ship it. Some will treat (autoclave or incinerate) it.
How long should a generator (vet clinic) obtain a copy of the tracking document signed by the transporter?
One year
How are non-sharps packaged?
A red disposable plastic bag that is leak resistant, impervious to moisture, strong, sealed, and placed in secondary container that will prevent breakage.
How long can you keep the sharps once ready for pickup?
90 days or less
True or False: Regulated non-hazardous waste means that the substance is without risk.
False
Disposal of a needle used to give IV fluids is…?
…Regulated medical waste
While delivering a chemotherapy drug, the IV line is contaminated with blood. The IV line is…
…hazardous waste.
The IV line is disposed of in the sharps container. The sharps container is…
…hazardous waste.
What are biological substances, category A?
An infectious substance transported in a form that is capable of causing permanent disability or a life-threatening or fatal disease to humans or animals
Ex: Anthrax, Brucellosis
What are biological substances, category B?
Potential bodily components that most likley contain an etiologic agent that is being shipped for purposes of diagnosis or investigation
Ex: Leptospirosis, suspected cases of Cat A
Packaging for Category A
Watertight 1st container, absorbent material, watertight 2nd container with list of contents on the outside. UN rated outer container
Packaging for Category B
Leak-proof 1st container, absorbent material, leak-proof 2nd container like a sealed plastic bag, rigid outer package with proper markings
Manure management
contain manure so that it does not contaminate waterways; also protects air quality by reducing odors and gases
Where do you find guidelines for the depopulation of animals
AVMA; provides preferred methods, permitted in constrained circumstances, not recommended
Depopulation methods produce unconsciousness through 4 basic mechanisms:
- Physical disruption of brain activity
- Hypoxia
- Direct depression of neurons necessary for life function
- Epileptiform brain activity (electric stunning)
Disposal of diseases animals
Critical to prevent exposure of other wildlife and humans to disease
- Incineration
- Burying
- Rendering
Who declares a state of emergency?
Governor, sheriff, judge
AZ: emergency management coordinator
Factors that increase risk of disease in a disaster
Animal stress, overcrowding, inclement weather changes, exposure to wildlife, disposal of animal waste, food/water contamination, vector population proliferation, animal abandonment
Zoonotic disease distasters
Anthrax, avian flu, brucellosis, plague, rabies, tuberculosis, west nile virus etc.
True or False: There are organisms that occur naturally in animals that pose hazard to humans handling animal carcasses
True; giardia, salmonella, e coli etc.
Things to consider when euthanizing
-Method and/or drug type
-Rendering
-Risk to wildlife (scavengers could be affected)
What is one of the most efficient and safest options for animal disposal?
Rendering
