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Public Health > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases/infections naturally transmitted between animals and humans

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2
Q

Anthropozoonosis

A

Animal to human infection
-Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease

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3
Q

Zooanthroponosis

A

Human to animal infection
- Tuberculosis to elephants, influenza to ferrets

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4
Q

What are zoonoses NOT

A
  • Poisoning/envenomation by animals/insects
  • Bites, kicks, or scratches by animals
  • Allergies to animals
  • Anthroponoses (diseases that people get from other people)
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5
Q

Where might zoonoses occur?

A
  1. Farm sites: close contact w/ livestock & their by products (milk, placenta)
  2. Animal processing facilities: slaughterhouses and processing plants
  3. Forestry/outdoors: wildlife habitat for professional or recreational reasons
  4. Recreation: contact with pets or wildlife
  5. Laboratories/clinics: handle specimens, tissues, carcasses
  6. Emergencies: catastrophes, refugees, temporarily living in crowded or high stress situations
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6
Q

Agent

A

Organism causing the disease
- Can act alone or in concert with other organisms
- Transient or persistent

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7
Q

Reservoir

A

“Carrier”; source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts
- May/may not have symptoms
- Sometimes, may be environment itself

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8
Q

Amplifier

A

“intermediate host”
- High levels of agent replication
- Often in closer human contact than a reservoir
- Asymptomatic infections in many cases, but not always
- Most commonly associated with vector-borne diseases

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9
Q

Dead-end host

A
  • Agent does not replicate to the level of necessary for further transmission
  • Asymptomatic infections in many cases, but in some cases severe disease is possible
  • Often associated with vector-borne diseases
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10
Q

Common bacterial zoonotic agents

A

Anthrax, brucellosis, lepto, plague, Q fever

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11
Q

Common viral zoonotic agents

A

COVID-19, influenza, monkeypox, rabies, west nile virus

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12
Q

Common fungal zoonotic agents

A

Dermatophytes, histoplasma, basidiobolus

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13
Q

Common prion zoonotic agents

A

Mad Cow Disease (BSE)

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14
Q

Common parasitic zoonotic agents

A

Protozoal: Toxoplasma, giardia
Helminths: Baylisascaris, trichinella
Arthropods: scabies

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15
Q

Dogs/Cats reservoir diseases

A

Rabies, roundworms, ringworm, cat scratch disease

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16
Q

Livestock reservoir diseases

A

Salmonella, E. coli, brucellosis, Q fever

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17
Q

Birds/Poultry reservoir diseases

A

Avian influenza, chlamydiosis, cryptococcus

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18
Q

Reptiles, fish, amphibians reservoir diseases

A

Salmonella, mycobacterium

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19
Q

Wildlife reservoir species

A

Rabies, hantavirus, plague, tularemia

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20
Q

Routes of zoonotic disease transmission

A

Direct contact: infected tissue, bite wounds, body fluids
Indirect contact: fomites, aerosol
Foodborne: contaminated food/water
Vectorborne: rodents, mosquitoes, fleas, ticks

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21
Q

“SIR” model of pathogenesis

A

Susceptible —(incubation period)—> Infected/symptomatic —–> Recovered, removed, or dead (immune, carriers, or remain susceptible)
*transmission = IR

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22
Q

How many nationally notifiable zoonotic diseases?

A

25

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23
Q

Notifiable zoonotic diseases

A

Reportable disease vary by locality
- National vs state
Examples: yersinia pestis (plague), rabies, bacillus antracis, myobacterium bovis, VEE

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24
Q

What is the cost of zoonotic diseases?

A

Cost to human health
- Lost productivity, loss of life due to disease
Economic costs
- Direct/indirect costs of prophylaxis & tx
- Cost of import/export restrictions
- Loss of trade and tourism

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25
Q

Traditional health management

A

Focuses on tx of sick animals
- Called to the farm to treat sick animals; directed at medical treatment, less towards protection

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26
Q

Herd Health Management (HHM) Approach

A

Optimizes HEALTH, WELFARE, PRODUCTION through systematic analysis of relevant DATA and through REGULAR objective observations of the ANIMALS and their ENVIRONMENT. INFORMED, TIMELY decisions are made to adjust and improve herd management over time

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27
Q

Where is the focus in HHM approach?

A

On prevention
- Based on the identification of risk factors for disease

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28
Q

Role of State Department of Agriculture:

A
  • Animal health & welfare regulations
  • Classifying reportable diseases
  • Animal import/export requirements
    AZ State Vet: Dr. Ryan Wolker
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29
Q

Role of USDA/APHIS

A
  • CVO: Dr. Rosemary Sifford
  • Area veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
  • Animal health and welfare regulations
  • Classifying reportable diseases
  • Animal import/export requirements
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30
Q

Role of World Organization for Animal Health

A
  • Director: Dr. Monique Eloit
  • Sets disease prevention & control standards
  • Serves as point of contact for disease occurrence
  • Ensures members have access to all the tools necessary to respond to disease threats
  • Foster a One Health approach across borders
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31
Q

Agroterrorism

A

“Deliberate introduction of animal/plant disease”
- Generate fear, economic loss, or undermining social stability
Departments/agencies responsible for protection: Homeland, APHIS, FSIS, ARS

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32
Q

Likely agroterrorism agents

A
  • Newcastle disease, rift valley fever, highly pathogenic avian flu
  • WOAH List A
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33
Q

Emerging infection

A

New or newly identified pathogen or syndrome, or one that has resulted in new manifestation of an infectious disease
Examples: 1982 Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme); 2019 COVID-19

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34
Q

Re-emerging infection

A

Previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new populations or species
Ex: omicron variant; Rabies, TB

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35
Q

Genetic & biological disease emergence

A
  • Microbial adaptation and change
  • Host susceptibility to infection
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36
Q

Physical environment disease emergence

A
  • Climate and weather
  • Urbanization and land use
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37
Q

Ecological disease emergence

A
  • Changing ecosystems
  • Human demographics and behavior
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38
Q

Social, political, economic disease emergence

A
  • International travel and commerce
  • Technology and industry
  • Breakdown of public health measures
  • Poverty and social inequality
  • Lack of political will
  • War and famine
  • Intent to harm
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39
Q

Hotspots of Potential Elevated Risk for Diseases

A

Hantavirus, Plague = Western US
Chikungunya, Dengue Fever = Central US
Malaria = Northern South America
Hemorrhagic Fever = SE Asia
Cholera, Malaria, Rift Valley Fever = Eastern Africa

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40
Q

How many people will be living in urban areas by 2030?

A

60% compared to 47% in 2000

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41
Q

True or False: Diseases spread more due to (international) travel.

A

True
Ex: neuroinvasive disease in 2000 = NY; in 2003 spread across most of the US

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42
Q

How much has life expectancy increased in the 20th century?

A

30 years

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43
Q

Factors promoting zoonoses transmission

A
  • Frequent contact (people-animal, animal-animal, vector expansion, habitat loss/overlap)
  • Animal husbandry and health (nontraditional pets, intensive production sys)
  • Personal hygiene
    ** Globalization: increased domestic and international travel (people, animals, products)
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44
Q

Strategies for mitigating future disease emergence

A
  • Novel vaccines & delivery systems
  • Address antimicrobial resistance as a national priority
  • Grow One Health practitioners & research teams
  • Build predictive capability
  • Reduce effects of poverty and inequality
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45
Q

Human focused - High Risk groups

A

Recognize Immunocompromised/high risk:
- HIV/AIDS, chemo, chronic disease
- Elderly
- Pregnant women
- Children
- Frequent travelers
Discuss occupation: livestock producers/ stockmen, vets, zookeepers, lab techs etc.

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46
Q

Prevention strategies - humans

A
  • Good hygiene
  • PPE/Barrier precautions
  • Food preparation
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47
Q

Prevention strategies - animals

A
  • Control programs (vaccinations, wellness exams)
  • Screening and treatment (parasites etc.)
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48
Q

Site specific prevention strategies

A
  • Public settings: childcare/schools, pet stores
  • Health care facilities (therapy animals): vaccinated, healthy, free of parasites etc.
  • Vet clinics: handwashing, PPE, infection control, attention to bites/scratch prevention

**HANDWASHING!!

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49
Q

Most important aspect of coordinating with Human HCPs

A

Reporting!
- Refer clients suspected, communicate directly with HCPs

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50
Q

Primary causes of immunodeficiency

A

Congenital acquisition
- manifested by recurrent or persistent infections of developmental delay

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51
Q

Secondary causes of immunodeficiency

A

Immune system damaged later in life:
- Age, malnutrition, infection/disease, medical treatments

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52
Q

Immunocompromised children, elderly, pregnant women

A
  • Under 5 are at greater risk
  • 13% > 65 years
  • Pregnant women experience immune changes
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53
Q

Immunocompromised HIV/AIDS, chronically diseased, long-term medical tx

A
  • 1.1 mil positive HIV/AIDS in US
  • Cancer and diabetes
  • Cancer chemotherapies, anti-inflammatory drugs
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54
Q

Pet selection

A
  • Young animals are more likely to be infected
  • Consider those that don’t bite/scratch
  • High risk species (reptiles, some birds, non-human primates, exotics, wildlife)
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55
Q

Human-animal contact

A
  • Routine care: raw meat, fecal contact, reptile habitats
  • Animal bites: children
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56
Q

Important zoonoses for immunocompromised clients

A
  • Bartonella henselae “cat scratch disease”
  • Toxoplasma gondii “toxoplasmosis”
  • staphylococcus aureus “MRSA”
  • Chlamydophila psittaci “avian chlamydiosis”
  • Myobacterium spp. “TB, leprosy”
  • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virsus
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57
Q

Preventing zoonotic disease in immunocompromised client

A
  • Urge consultation with HCP
  • Discuss human implications of zoonotic dx
  • Guidance topics: pet care, animal bite avoidance, food prep etc.
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58
Q

Should immunocompromised clients keep their pets?

A

In most cases yes:
- High risk: more susceptible to pathogens, disease may be more virulent, affected person likely to transmit to others
- Benefits: decrease depression, anxiety, BP, medical visits, pain perception; increases activity, socialization, happiness, confidence etc.

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59
Q

Prevention zoonotic disease in pets

A

Diet: reputable commercial diet
Vet care: yearly exams, UTD on vax, deworming etc.
Grooming/flea control: keep environments clean

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60
Q

What is tularemia?

A

Occurs year-round, comes from rabbits, common in children during summer

61
Q

Tularemia in AZ

A

Circulates naturally among rabbits and rodents: usually found in areas above 3000 ft

62
Q

Tularemia agent

A

Considered a potential bioterrorism weapon (can be aerosolized)

Francisella tularensis (gram neg)

63
Q

Tularemia epidemiology

A
  • Period of communicability: not directly transmitted from person-person, drainage is potentially dangerous; flies & ticks
  • Susceptibility & resistance: all ages; long-term immunity follows
64
Q

Tularemia clinical diagnosis

A
  • Supported by evidence/hx of tick or deerfly bite, exposure to contaminated water
  • Flu like symptoms
  • Differential diagnosis is plague
65
Q

Clinical forms of tularemia

A
  • Ulceroglandular: most common; cutaneous ulcer
  • Glandular: no ulcer
  • Oculoglandular: bacteria enter eye
  • Oropharyngeal: eating/drinking contaminated
  • Pneumonic: most serious form
  • Typhoidal: ‘catch all’
66
Q

Tularemia reservoirs

A

Type A infections from rabbits/ticks (A II strains are localized to western US)

67
Q

Tularemia mode of transmission

A
  • Bites of arthropods
  • Contaminated water/food
  • Inhalation of dust
  • Contaminated pelt and paws of animals
    Etc
68
Q

Tularemia treatments

A
  • Antibiotics: streptomycin, doxy etc.
  • Lasts 10-21 days
69
Q

Tularemia testing

A

Report all confirmed, probable, and suspect cases to AZDA within 4 hours

70
Q

Tularemia prevention

A

Note any change in the behavior of your pets (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares) or livestock

71
Q

What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?

A

Most severe disease caused by a tick in the US
Notifiable to CDC
About 5-10% cases fatal w/ tx

72
Q

RMSF in AZ

A

Most cases in the US
Majority is due to roaming dogs and lots of ticks

73
Q

RMSF causative agents and epidemiology

A

Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
- transmitted through bite of infected tick
Invaded endothelial cells of venules/capillaries

74
Q

RMSF clinical signs

A
  • Nonspecific symptoms initially
  • 60% of cases have some type of rash (uncommon in AZ RMSF cases)
  • Late stage: necrosis, abd pain, vomiting, etc.
  • Lab findings: hypoalbuminemia, moderate leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia
75
Q

RMSF diagnosis

A
  • Gold standard: IFA w/ R. rickettsii antigen
  • PCR testing
76
Q

RMSF treatment

A
  • Antibiotic: Doxy
  • Mortality directly related to incorrect treatment, delayed diagnosis or both
77
Q

RMSF prevention

A
  • Prevent RMSF in dogs: prevent tick attachment/remove ticks
  • Applications fo acaricidal tx
78
Q

What is chagas?

A
  • Primary domestic reservoir = dogs
  • Infection is lifelong if untreated
79
Q

Chagas in AZ

A

Up to half of ‘kissing bugs’ collected and tested positive

80
Q

Chagas causative organism

A

Transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors

81
Q

Chagas transmission to humans

A
  • Vector-borne
  • Congenital
  • Control in the US focused on the non vector-borne methods
82
Q

Chagas clinical signs and epidemiology

A

Acute: nonspecific fever, swelling of eyelids
Chronic: decades to lifetime; 20-30% develop cardiac or GI complications

83
Q

Chagas diagnosis

A

Acute: can find trypomastigotes in blood or CSF
Chronic: serologic testing

84
Q

Chagas treatment and monitoring

A
  • Antiparasitic treatment to kill parasite
  • Symptomatic treatment
  • Monitor heart rate via heart tracing test
85
Q

Chagas in dogs and emidemiology

A

Similar to humans
- Diagnostic differential for dogs with heart problems

Outdoor work/housing lifestyles
High densities of dogs in confined areas

86
Q

Chagas prevention

A

Vector control
Traditional flea and tick repellants do not repel kissing bugs

87
Q

What is onchocerca lupi?

A

An emerging zoonosis in the US
Concentrated in southwestern states

88
Q

Onchocerca lupi organism and epidemiology

A
  • Filarial nematode
  • Embedded in ocular nodules and granulomatous masses of infected dogs
89
Q

Onchocerca lupi clinical diagnosis

A
  • Eyes, joints, upper servical spine masses
  • Most infected dogs are asymptomatic
90
Q

Onchocerca lupi treatment

A

No evidence-based protocols for treatment
- If possible, surgical excision of periocular nodules and cysts

91
Q

Other southwestern zoonoses (rodent-borne)

A

Hantavirus & Plague

92
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Salmonellosis, chlamydiosis, mycobacteriosis, rat bite fever

93
Q

Parasitic diseases

A

Rat lungworm, encphalitozoonosis

94
Q

Viral diseases

A

Influenzas, Herpesviruses, Coronaviruses

95
Q

Salmonellosis etiology/exposure

A

Etiologic agent: Salmonella spp.; gram neg
Exposure root: infectious food-borne pathogen; reptiles, birds, sugar gliders, hedgehogs, rodents

96
Q

Salmonellosis in humans/animals

A

Clinical signs: A-rare, asymptomatic; P- headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Diagnostics: culture, pcr, serology
Treatments: treat exotics if they have symptoms; supportive care

97
Q

Chlamydiosis etiology/exposure

A
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Direct/indirect contact; contaminated bedding, dust, dander; aerosolized and ingested feces
98
Q

Chlamydiosis human/animals

A

A: conjunctivitis, granulomas, respiratory disease
P: flu-like, ketatoconjunctivits, pneumonia
- PCR, culture, serology (high false pos)
- Birds: doxy

**Reportable disease in AZ

99
Q

Mycobacteriosis etiology/exposure

A

Mycobacteria spp. (tuberculosis reportable)
- direct contact w/ contaminated water
- aerosol of infectious material

100
Q

Mycobacteriosis humans/animals

A

A: weight loss, anorexia, respiratory discharge, appetite loss, cough
H: cutaneous, pulmonary disease, weight loss
- Culture, PCR, biopsy, routine testing, TB skin test
-Tx: may need sx, prolonged antibiotics, combo of drugs over several months

101
Q

Rat bite fever etiology/exposure

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis; Spirilum minus
- bite wounds/scratches

102
Q

Rat bite fever humans/animals

A

Rats: asymptomatic, otitis, pneumonia
H: flu-like, petechial rash
- screening PCR, culture
Tx: immediate disinfection of bite; antibiotic

103
Q

Avian influenza etiology/expsoure

A

Influenza A – enveloped RNA virus
- occurs worldwide, broad host range, mainly fecal-oral/fecal-cloacal transmission

104
Q

Avian flu humans/animals

A

Both: respiratory, GI, nervous systems
- Highly pathogenic avian flue reportable
- Serology, PCR, viral isolation
Tx: no specific, disinfection

105
Q

Human flu (seen in ferrets)

A

Human flu type A and B
- Human to ferret transmission
- Primarily upper respiratory disease
- Treat supportively

106
Q

Human herpesvirus etiology/exposure

A

Herpesvirus 1/2; zooanthroponotic (reverse)
- worldwide, direct contact w/ infected people

107
Q

Human herpes humans/animals

A

H: blisters/ulcers around oral cavity/genitalia
A: GI signs, oral ulcers, Peracure encephalitis
- Sample vesicles: serology, PCR, histopath, virus isolation
Tx: antiviral agents, supportive care

108
Q

Definitive host

A

Final host; parasite becomes sexually mature

109
Q

Intermediate host

A

a necessary host in which a parasite passes one or more of its asexual stages

110
Q

Paratenic host

A

potential intermediate host that serves until definitive host is reached; no development occurs; may/may not be needed to complete parasite life cycle

111
Q

Accidental host

A

one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily part of the parasite life cycle; may cause severe disease in this host

112
Q

Rat lungworm etiology/exposure

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Def host: rats
Inter host: snails/slugs
Para host: crabs, shrimp, amphibians
Affects: primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillo etc.

113
Q

Rat lungworm humans/animals

A
  • Primarily neurologic signs
  • diagnosis difficult, hx is helpful, eosinophilia
    Tx: many recover w/o tx, anthelmintics/supportive care if heavy burden
114
Q

Encephalitozoonosis etiology/exposure

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- rabbits, rodents, carnivores, primates, birds
- commonly shed in rabbit urine

115
Q

Encephalitozoonosis humans/animals

A

Rabbits: latent
H: neurologic signs, diarrhea, hepatitis, nephritis, spores
- urine antibody levels, CSF analysis, histopathology, serologic testing
Tx: quiet environment for neuro cases; benzimidazoles help decrease clinical signs

116
Q

Managing Zoonotic Disease Outbreak

A
  1. Identify triggers
  2. Notify stakeholders
  3. Isolate the animal
  4. waste management
  5. report to authorities (if appropriate)
  6. treatment/animal management
117
Q

How do rats/mice act as disease vectors?

A

Disease reservoirs: hosts that rarely transmit disease directly to humans (vector required)
Disease carriers: hosts can directly transmit to humans

118
Q

Why do rats/mice serve as effective disease vectors?

A

“Synanthopic” species: important human competitors for food

119
Q

Rodent-borne bacterial zoonoses

A

Plague, tularemia, lepto, murine typhus

120
Q

Plague

A
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Rodents are reservoir
  • Found in mountain west of US
  • Sym: enlarged lymph nodes
  • Transmission: Fleas
  • Prevention: avoiding contact w/ reservoirs and fleas
121
Q

Tularemia

A
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Rodents directly to humans, or mechanical via insects
  • Found in midwest river valleys of US
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • direct contact w/ rodents as carriers; or ticks/flies as reservoirs (aerosolization)
  • Prevention: avoid contact, limit exposure
122
Q

Leptospirosis

A
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Flu-like symptoms (jaundice, polyuria)
  • Globally = tropical areas; US = around bodies of water
  • Direct contact w/ urine
  • Prevention: avoid contact w/ urine; treat water in endemic areas
123
Q

Murine typhus

A
  • Rickettsia typhi
  • Mostly in Texas , Cali, Hawaii
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Fleas feeding on reservoir species/humans
  • Prevention: hygiene; rodent//flea control
124
Q

Rodent-borne viral zoonoses

A

Hantavirus, Mpox

125
Q

Hantavirus

A
  • Bunyaviridae
  • Rodents are carriers
  • Most seen in mountain west in US
  • Flu-like symptoms (severe)
  • Aerosolization of rodent urine/feces
  • Prevention: avoid aerosolization
126
Q

Mpox

A
  • Poxviridae
  • Rodents are carriers
  • Prior to 2022, almost all cases West Africa
  • Pox lesions on hands/genitals; rodents: oculonasal discharge, pox lesions
  • Handling affectsed rodents/primates, close contact
  • Prevention: smallpox vaccination
127
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A
  1. Categorize problems
  2. Set action points
  3. Identify specific problem species
  4. Understand lifecycle/behavior
  5. Monitor for evidence of species/problems
    * Seek solutions that focus preventing problems
128
Q

Pest management of rodents

A

Eliminate food sources and routes of entry

129
Q

Pest management of insects

A
  • Remove potential breeding grounds
  • Biological control
130
Q

Anthrax in animals

A
  • Bacillus anthracis (found in soil)
  • Reportable in all state
  • Primarily ruminants
  • Control: vaccination, quarantine, proper carcass disposal
131
Q

Anthrax in humans

A
  • Contact with infected tissues/animal products
  • Inhalation, ingestion, contact w/ skin wounds
  • Control of importation of meat/animal products (hides)
132
Q

Bovine TB

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis
  • Mainly cattle
  • Transmission by respiratory route/ingestion
  • Control: routine testing
    Humans: mycobacterium tuberculosis; similar to bovine
133
Q

Brucellosis

A
  • 5/9 Brucella species affect humans
  • B. melitensis (small ruminants) –> B. suis (pigs) –> B. abortus (cattle) –> B. canis
  • Contact with infected animals
  • Vaccination for cattle; testing/culling
    Humans: melitensis; training on livestock handling
134
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Cryptosporidium (coccidian parasite)
  • Dairy calves and lambs
  • Ingestion of oocysts; causes diarrhea
  • Ensure passive transfer of immunity
    Humans: C. hominis/parvum; outbreaks in daycares, swimming pools, potable water; hygiene, PPE
135
Q

Q fever

A
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Sheep, goats, and cattle (causes abortions)
  • Bacteria shed in birth products, urine, feces, and milk of infected animals
  • Humans: breathing in contaminated dust; avoid contact with animal
    *Notifiable disease
136
Q

Contagious ectherma (Orf)

A
  • (Para)poxvirus
  • Sheep and goats
  • Usually self-limiting
  • Commercial vaccine
    Humans: contamination of wounds
  • PPE
137
Q

How do insects act as disease vectors?

A

Mechanical vectors: acting merely as a ‘dirty syringe’ going from host to host
Biological vectors: important stages of the infectious agent’s lifecycle take place in the insect host

138
Q

Why do insects serve as effective disease vectors?

A

Many are synanthropic

139
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A
  • Reckettsia rickettsii
  • Gram neg coccobacillus transmitted by Dermacentor/Ixodes ticks
  • Rash; vascular damage; non-specific in dogs
140
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • Rodents are reservoirs; disease transmission is via deer ticks
  • New England and upper Midwest
  • Flu like; ‘bulls-eye’ rash; shifting leg lameness
  • Deer ticks w/ humans and pets; 36-48 hrs
  • Tick preventatives; adequate clothing
141
Q

EEE/WEE

A
  • Togaviruses via Culiseta mosquitoes
  • Birds serve as amplifying reservoirs
  • 95% asymptomatic
  • Horses: neuro disease
142
Q

Powassan encephalitis

A
  • Mice/other rodents as reservoirs
  • via deer ticks and groundhog tick
  • New England and upper Midwest
  • Rare, flu-like +/- encephalitis in humans
  • No symptoms noted in animals
  • tick prevention
143
Q

Colorado Tick Fever

A
  • Squirrels, chipmunks, mice reservoirs
  • Via Rocky Mountain wood tick
  • Mountain west, extending into western Can.
  • Flu like +/- biphasic fever/rash, rarely CNS
  • No symptoms in animals
144
Q

Chagas disease

A
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Rodens/small animal reservoirs; ‘kissing bugs’
  • Southern states bordering Mexico
  • Swelling at infection; fever, fatigue, rash
  • Animals: asymptomatic rodents; depression, lethargy dogs
  • Can be passed via transfusions/transplants
  • Pest management and insecticides
145
Q

Babesia

A
  • Babesia microti
  • Rodents/small animals reservoirs via ticks
  • Mostly New England and upper Midwest
  • Flu like symptoms, hemolytic anemia
  • Animals: rodents asymptomatic, domestics anemia
  • Ixodes tick bites; blood transfusions
  • Tick prevention
146
Q

Bartonellosis ‘cat scratch disease’

A
  • Bartonella henselae
  • High risk to vets
  • Seroprevalence in cats
  • Transmission via cats by flea excrement
  • To humans: cat scratch/bite, fleas/ticks
  • Mild, self-limiting, skin rash, lymph node
  • Diagnosis: mostly by history and phys. exam
  • Tx: supportive care for humans; treat cats with clinical signs
  • Prevention: flea control; avoid bites/scratches
147
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii parasite
  • Cats definitive host
  • Oocysts require O2 and 1-5 days to sporulate
  • 4 stage: oocysts, tachyzoites, bradyzoites, tissue cysts
  • Cleaning litterbox, predation, mom to fetus
  • Cats: fatal disease; uveitis, fever
  • Diagnosis: detection of zoites, oocysts in feces
  • Tx: Recover with treatment
  • H: no or benign symptoms; ocular, encephalitis or congenital
  • Prevention: avoid raw meat, wash hands
148
Q

Larva migrans

A
  • Migration of immature (larval) worms
  • Cutaneous: worms species; humans - walking barefoot, unprotected skin
  • Visceral: roundworm infection
  • Diagnosis: red, raised itchy tracts; serologic test
  • Tx: help control symptoms; prevent 2nd bacterial infections; antiparasitics
  • Prevention: wear shoes, deworm dogs, cover sandboxes
149
Q

Dermatophytosis (ringworm)

A
  • Superficial fungal infection
  • Microsporum canis (vets most worried)
  • Circular rash in humans, red/itchy
  • Animals: ‘hair-borne’
  • Diagnosis: fungal culture; PCR; Wood’s lamp
  • Tx: shortens disease and avoid contagion; systemic antifungal
  • Prevention: PPE, be suspicious

Public Health (3 decks)

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