1. oxygen decrease-hypoxia 2. physical-disrupt cell-cell relationship 3. living agents-bacteria, parasites 4. chemical-toxins, gases, hypertonic solutions, ethanol

Test 1 Flashcards by Liz Hall

Vitamin A

night blindness

rhodopsin in retina rejuvenated with vit A

OD = induce abortion, birth defects toxic to kids

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Vitamin D

cholesterol fully activated by kidneys

allows absorption of Calcium

20 mins in sun 2-3 times per week

rickets

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Vitamin E

antioxidant removes free radicals preemies-respirator = free O2 in blood = optic nerve blindess

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Vitamin K

activation of coagulation factors leafy greens, E. coli babies get shot at birth (hemorrhagic disease of the newborn)

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Vitamin B1

thiamine BeriBeri weak alcoholics/eating disorders req’d to move pyruvic acid into Krebs pyruvic acid builds up lowers blood pH raises serum K heart not excitable

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Vitamin B2

riboflavin hard to be deficient oral cavity symptoms-lips, bleeding gums

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Biotin

involved in protein synthesis and neurotransmitter production raw eggs (avidin protein) can cause deficiency

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pyroxidine produces neurotransmitters (serotonin, acetylcholine) neuropathy MS given to TB pts-side effect of TB drugs = neuropathy PMS–but studies show Ca is better for PMS (1400 mg/day)

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Niacin

aka nicotinamid deficiency = Pellagra (4 D’s-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) 1900’s US epidemic since-added to flour used as drug-can lower cholesterol cheaply side effect is skin flushing (non-flushing niacin) large amounts can help depression, anxiety, aggression can find in chocolate, tea

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B12

deficiency if not ingested tape worms love B12 need intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells to absorb B12 pernicious anemia (flimsy RBC’s-breakdown easily) inject B12, or up nose when [low] = psychotic

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Histamine

increase vascular permeability vasodilation lowers BP dilates blood vessels constricts bronchi (can’t breath) basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, platelets

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Epinephrine

vasoconstricts bronchio-dilates

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G-6-PD

Afr. American lack enzyme in RBC’s therefore easily hemolyzed pt. looks like they are bleeding somewhere sex-linked (X chromosome) doesn’t show up until RBC’s are subject to acidosis, heavy aspirin, sulfa drugs, etc. correct acidosis, correct disease

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cellular injury

oxygen decrease-hypoxia
physical-disrupt cell-cell relationship
living agents-bacteria, parasites
chemical-toxins, gases, hypertonic solutions, ethanol

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cell necrosis (not apoptosis)

coagulative (tissue maintains architecture)
liquefactive (brain)
caseous (cavity formation-TB)
gangrene

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Turners Syndrome

congenital sex-linked 45 chromosomes (X only) look female short, infertile, immature sex anatomy

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Klinefelders Syndrome

XXY look male tall, thin, infertile, immature sex anatomy sex change always to female

XXX (Trisomy X)

Antithesis of Turners 47 chromosomes super female tall, decreased intellegence fertile!!

Down’s Syndrome

Trisomy 21 heart problems increase alzheimers decreased immune system small brain increase leukemia heart problems 1:700 births

Inborn errors of metabolism (single gene disorders)

glycogen storage(recessive, 11 types, look hypoglycemic-go to fat)
PKUria-recessive
Albinism (missing hepatic enzyme to break down tyrosine)
Gaucher’s (Jewish)
Tay-Sach’s (Jewish)

SLE (systemic lupus erythmatosus)

Protein in nucleus of WBC’s seen as antigen

Nucleus pulled out of cell,

ab attaches = LE cell LE cell too big to get through nephron-kills it

Kidney failure + ANA test

Rheumatoid Arthritis

protein in synovial fluid seen as antigen IgG antibody (not IgE-like other allergies and autoimmune) precipitating prior event-virus

Greater Saphenous Vein

used for coronary bypass =autograph isograph = identical twins heterograps = dif species

Strep Throat

bacteria produce leukocidins, kinase, hemolysins. sometimes body sees hemolysins as antigen and produces antibody. similar protein on heart valve (rheumatic heart disease) and kidney (glomerular nephritis)

Viruses

Hepatitis Herpes Simplex I and II Infectious Mono-Epstien-Barr Rubella-German Measles Rabies

AIDS-opportunistic infections

CMV, Epstein-Barr = virus cryptococcus, candida, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis = fungus toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidium = parasite malignant lymphoma, karposis sarcoma, primary CNS lymphoma = cancers

Endotoxic Shock/Gram Negative Shock

E.coli produced endotoxin. When E. coli gets in blood stream, antibiotics to kill it, when it dies-releases endotoxin. Endotoxin paralyzes smooth muscle (diaphragm), vasodilates, paralyzes cardiac muscle and shuts down kidneys. 50% mortality. Use bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal.

T. palladium

syphillis

Anaerobic bacteria

C. tetani (strong exotoxin) C. perfringens-gangrene (exotoxin) C. botulinum (exotoxin)

PKU

inborn error of metabolism-recessive trait-lack hepatic enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. phenylalanine accumulates--gets filtered through the kidneys-get phenylketonuria. Delays myelination of neurons--movement problems. Fat accumulation in CNS, mental retardation. 1:10,000 births.

Gaucher's

Jewish recessive deficient liver enzyme enlarged livers, spleens neurological problems

Tay-Sachs

Jewish recessive neurological ganglion destruction kids die early

complications of burns

shock (lack of perfusion) pulmonary edema stress ulcers infection

Heat Related Illnesses

1. heat cramps-large muscle groups 2. heat exhaustion-brief cardiac episode(dizzy/faint)=deydration and electrolyte imbalance 3. heat injury-passed out 102-104, hypotensive, tachycardic, can't cool body 4. heat stroke-body temp 110+, lasting neurological problems. 5. hypothermia (body temp 35) 6. Malignant hyperthermia-only from general anesthesia-Ca influx into muscles-lots of heat generated-genetic.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

skin turns purple-lacking platelets-result of IgG antibodies destroy own platelets petechiae-normal leakage of capillaries ITP can be transferred through blood transfusion

Sub-lethal Cellular Injury

1. cell gets bigger (water, lipids-heart, liver, kidney) 2. cell becomes malignant (body destroys cells)

Adaptive Response to Cellular Injury

barbituate abuse-liver breaks it down (ER) enlarged liver, more ER

Vitamin C

scurvy Linus Pauling lack of collagen development lack of serotonin production

Hemophilia Menke's Diseas

Sex-linked, female carriers, males get it. Menke's devastating neurological disease-dead by 6 months Test for with amniocentesis 14-16 weeks

Wound Healing

Plasma factors-inflammation XII-Hageman (little white strings) Exudates-serum = protein + water (plasma without clotting factors) Transudate (less protein than serous exudate) = normal interstitial fluid Fibrinous exudate = fluid with lots of fibrous stuff (fibrinogen)--pelural space and pericardial sac = friction rub Neutrophilic exudate = pus/purulent Mixed exudate ganulomatous inflammation-repair that doesn't work-granulmas