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Pathophysiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

A

night blindness

rhodopsin in retina rejuvenated with vit A

OD = induce abortion, birth defects toxic to kids

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2
Q

Vitamin D

A

cholesterol fully activated by kidneys

allows absorption of Calcium

20 mins in sun 2-3 times per week

rickets

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3
Q

Vitamin E

A

antioxidant removes free radicals preemies-respirator = free O2 in blood = optic nerve blindess

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4
Q

Vitamin K

A

activation of coagulation factors leafy greens, E. coli babies get shot at birth (hemorrhagic disease of the newborn)

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5
Q

Vitamin B1

A

thiamine BeriBeri weak alcoholics/eating disorders req’d to move pyruvic acid into Krebs pyruvic acid builds up lowers blood pH raises serum K heart not excitable

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6
Q

Vitamin B2

A

riboflavin hard to be deficient oral cavity symptoms-lips, bleeding gums

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7
Q

Biotin

A

involved in protein synthesis and neurotransmitter production raw eggs (avidin protein) can cause deficiency

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8
Q

B6

A

pyroxidine produces neurotransmitters (serotonin, acetylcholine) neuropathy MS given to TB pts-side effect of TB drugs = neuropathy PMS–but studies show Ca is better for PMS (1400 mg/day)

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9
Q

Niacin

A

aka nicotinamid deficiency = Pellagra (4 D’s-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) 1900’s US epidemic since-added to flour used as drug-can lower cholesterol cheaply side effect is skin flushing (non-flushing niacin) large amounts can help depression, anxiety, aggression can find in chocolate, tea

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10
Q

B12

A

deficiency if not ingested tape worms love B12 need intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells to absorb B12 pernicious anemia (flimsy RBC’s-breakdown easily) inject B12, or up nose when [low] = psychotic

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11
Q

Histamine

A

increase vascular permeability vasodilation lowers BP dilates blood vessels constricts bronchi (can’t breath) basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, platelets

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12
Q

Epinephrine

A

vasoconstricts bronchio-dilates

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13
Q

G-6-PD

A

Afr. American lack enzyme in RBC’s therefore easily hemolyzed pt. looks like they are bleeding somewhere sex-linked (X chromosome) doesn’t show up until RBC’s are subject to acidosis, heavy aspirin, sulfa drugs, etc. correct acidosis, correct disease

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14
Q

cellular injury

A
  1. oxygen decrease-hypoxia
  2. physical-disrupt cell-cell relationship
  3. living agents-bacteria, parasites
  4. chemical-toxins, gases, hypertonic solutions, ethanol
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15
Q

cell necrosis (not apoptosis)

A
  1. coagulative (tissue maintains architecture)
  2. liquefactive (brain)
  3. caseous (cavity formation-TB)
  4. gangrene
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16
Q

Turners Syndrome

A

congenital sex-linked 45 chromosomes (X only) look female short, infertile, immature sex anatomy

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17
Q

Klinefelders Syndrome

A

XXY look male tall, thin, infertile, immature sex anatomy sex change always to female

18
Q

XXX (Trisomy X)

A

Antithesis of Turners 47 chromosomes super female tall, decreased intellegence fertile!!

19
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21 heart problems increase alzheimers decreased immune system small brain increase leukemia heart problems 1:700 births

20
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism (single gene disorders)

A
  • glycogen storage(recessive, 11 types, look hypoglycemic-go to fat)
  • PKUria-recessive
  • Albinism (missing hepatic enzyme to break down tyrosine)
  • Gaucher’s (Jewish)
  • Tay-Sach’s (Jewish)
21
Q

SLE (systemic lupus erythmatosus)

A

Protein in nucleus of WBC’s seen as antigen

Nucleus pulled out of cell,

ab attaches = LE cell LE cell too big to get through nephron-kills it

Kidney failure + ANA test

22
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

protein in synovial fluid seen as antigen IgG antibody (not IgE-like other allergies and autoimmune) precipitating prior event-virus

23
Q

Greater Saphenous Vein

A

used for coronary bypass =autograph isograph = identical twins heterograps = dif species

24
Q

Strep Throat

A

bacteria produce leukocidins, kinase, hemolysins. sometimes body sees hemolysins as antigen and produces antibody. similar protein on heart valve (rheumatic heart disease) and kidney (glomerular nephritis)

25
Q

Viruses

A

Hepatitis Herpes Simplex I and II Infectious Mono-Epstien-Barr Rubella-German Measles Rabies

26
Q

AIDS-opportunistic infections

A

CMV, Epstein-Barr = virus cryptococcus, candida, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis = fungus toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidium = parasite malignant lymphoma, karposis sarcoma, primary CNS lymphoma = cancers

27
Q

Endotoxic Shock/Gram Negative Shock

A

E.coli produced endotoxin. When E. coli gets in blood stream, antibiotics to kill it, when it dies-releases endotoxin. Endotoxin paralyzes smooth muscle (diaphragm), vasodilates, paralyzes cardiac muscle and shuts down kidneys. 50% mortality. Use bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal.

28
Q

T. palladium

A

syphillis

29
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

C. tetani (strong exotoxin) C. perfringens-gangrene (exotoxin) C. botulinum (exotoxin)

30
Q

PKU

A

inborn error of metabolism-recessive trait-lack hepatic enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. phenylalanine accumulates–gets filtered through the kidneys-get phenylketonuria. Delays myelination of neurons–movement problems. Fat accumulation in CNS, mental retardation. 1:10,000 births.

31
Q

Gaucher’s

A

Jewish recessive deficient liver enzyme enlarged livers, spleens neurological problems

32
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

Jewish recessive neurological ganglion destruction kids die early

33
Q

complications of burns

A

shock (lack of perfusion)

pulmonary edema

stress ulcers

infection

34
Q

Heat Related Illnesses

A
  1. heat cramps-large muscle groups
  2. heat exhaustion-brief cardiac episode(dizzy/faint)=deydration and electrolyte imbalance
  3. heat injury-passed out 102-104, hypotensive, tachycardic, can’t cool body
  4. heat stroke-body temp 110+, lasting neurological problems.
  5. hypothermia (body temp 35)
  6. Malignant hyperthermia-only from general anesthesia-Ca influx into muscles-lots of heat generated-genetic.
35
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

A

skin turns purple-lacking platelets-result of IgG antibodies destroy own platelets petechiae-normal leakage of capillaries ITP can be transferred through blood transfusion

36
Q

Sub-lethal Cellular Injury

A
  1. cell gets bigger (water, lipids-heart, liver, kidney)
  2. cell becomes malignant (body destroys cells)
37
Q

Adaptive Response to Cellular Injury

A

barbituate abuse-liver breaks it down (ER) enlarged liver, more ER

38
Q

Vitamin C

A

scurvy Linus Pauling lack of collagen development lack of serotonin production

39
Q

Hemophilia

Menke’s Diseas

A

Sex-linked, female carriers, males get it.

Menke’s devastating neurological disease-dead by 6 months

Test for with amniocentesis 14-16 weeks

40
Q

Wound Healing

A

Plasma factors-inflammation

XII-Hageman (little white strings)

Exudates-serum = protein + water (plasma without clotting factors)

Transudate (less protein than serous exudate) = normal interstitial fluid

Fibrinous exudate = fluid with lots of fibrous stuff (fibrinogen)–pelural space and pericardial sac = friction rub

Neutrophilic exudate = pus/purulent

Mixed exudate

ganulomatous inflammation-repair that doesn’t work-granulmas

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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