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Limnology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What Greek word does limnology come from?

A

limne

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2
Q

What does limne mean?

A

pool, marsh, or lake

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3
Q

Limnology began as the study of what and then expanded to what?

A

lakes; all inland waters

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4
Q

What does a lotic habitat have?

A

running water

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5
Q

What does a lentic habitat have?

A

standing water

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6
Q

Is Limnology exclusive to freshwater?

A

no

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7
Q

Where do saline lakes exist on Earth?

A

arid regions

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8
Q

How much of the Earth’s water is in oceans?

A

97.3%

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9
Q

How much of the Earth’s water is in glaciers and polar caps?

A

2.19%

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10
Q

What percent of Earth’s water is ground water, soil moisture, water vapor, lakes, and rivers?

A

0.51%

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11
Q

Shoreline with shallow water, rooted plants, and lots of sunlight

A

littoral zone

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12
Q

Slightly deep, dim sunlight but still well oxygenated

A

sublittoral zone

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13
Q

Region of a lake with open water

A

pelagic zone

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14
Q

Warm, upper layer of a temperature stratified lake

A

Epilimnion

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15
Q

Area of rapid transition of temperature

A

metalimnion

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16
Q

point of rapid temperature transition

A

thermocline

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17
Q

cold, lower layer of a temperature stratified lake

A

hypolimnion

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18
Q

uniformly deep, dark, and cold region below the hypolimnion

A

profundal zone

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19
Q

all bottom regions of a lake

A

benthic zone

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20
Q

poor in phytoplankton nutrients

A

oligotrophic lake

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21
Q

Characteristics of an oligotrophic lake

A

transparent, blue or green water, little organic matter, oxygen abundant, limited plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

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22
Q

rich in phytoplankton nutrients

A

eutrophic lake

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23
Q

characteristics of a eutrophic lake

A

murky water, green to yellow to brownish green water, organic matter, oxygen depleted in summer hypolimnion, lots of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

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24
Q

What are the levels of study?

A

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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25
Q

individuals of the same species

A

population

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26
Q

all the living species in an area

A

community

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27
Q

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic)

A

ecosystem

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28
Q

category that constitutes the world

A

biosphere

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29
Q

What are the Laurentian Great Lakes?

A

Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

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30
Q

Who are the primary producers?

A

autotrophs

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31
Q

What do primary producers do?

A

capture energy for biological use

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32
Q

What are the primary producers?

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

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33
Q

Who are the primary consumers?

A

herbivores

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34
Q

What do the primary consumers do?

A

eat the producers

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35
Q

Who are the secondary and tertiary producers?

A

carnivores

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36
Q

What do grazers eat?

A

zooplankton

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37
Q

What do detritovores do?

A

eat dead organisms and their waste

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38
Q

What is the energy source for chemotrophs?

A

H2S, NH3, and FE2+

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39
Q

What is the energy source for photoautotrophs?

A

sunlight

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40
Q

What is biogeochemistry?

A

chemical cycling in the ecosystem

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41
Q

What do minerals cycle between?

A

land, air, water, and living organisms

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42
Q

How much sunlight do plants and algae capture?

A

6.1%

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43
Q

How much of the cordgrass is consumed by herbivorous insects?

A

4.6%

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44
Q

What do the small consumption percentages demonstrate?

A

why food chains are limited in size

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45
Q

Gross or total photosynthesis during daylight hours

A

P

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46
Q

total respiration during a 24 hour period

A

R

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47
Q

What is the ratio for autochthonous oligotrophic lakes?

A

~1

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48
Q

What is the ratio for autochthonous eutrophic lakes?

A

> 1

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49
Q

What is the ratio for lakes with organic input from outside of system (allochthonous)?

A

<1

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50
Q

autochthonous oligotrophic lake example

A

shallow, darkened ice-covered lakes

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51
Q

autochthonous eutrophic lake example

A

dystrophic lakes (bogs): have low decay and low nutrient cycling

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52
Q

lakes with organic input from outside of system example

A

sewage lagoon

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53
Q

> 1

A

autotrophic lake

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54
Q

<1

A

heterotrophic lake

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55
Q

What does the eltonian pyramid describe?

A

relationships among trophic levels

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56
Q

What can trophic levels be compared by?

A

numbers, mass, or energy

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57
Q

Why can terrestrial trophic pyramids be very different from aquatic trophic pyramids?

A

phytoplankton are short-lived and reproduce rapidly

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58
Q

How are trophic cascades controlled?

A

top-down

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59
Q

What type of pressure causes top-down control of food chains?

A

predatory

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60
Q

What important thing did Hutchinson do in 1957?

A

recognized 11 major lake types

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61
Q

What are the 11 major lake types?

A
  1. Glacial Lake
  2. Tectonic Lake
  3. Landslide Lake
  4. Volcanic Lake
  5. Solution Lake
  6. Fluvial Lake
  7. Lakes excavated by organisms
  8. Anthropogenic Lakes
  9. Aeolian Lakes
  10. Shoreline Lakes
  11. Lakes created by Extraterrestrial Objects
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62
Q

What is gravel and sand deposited by a glacier that can dam the water called?

A

moraine

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63
Q

How are glacial scour lakes formed?

A

ice moving over rocks carving out a basin

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64
Q

What kind of lakes are the Laurentian Great Lakes?

A

glacial

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65
Q

What kinds of lakes are glacial lakes?

A

finger lakes and fjords

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66
Q

What are tectonic lakes formed from?

A

movements of the continental plates

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67
Q

What forms when 2 blocks of Earth move apart and the in between block slides downward?

A

Graben or Rift Lakes

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68
Q

characteristics of Graben or Rift Lakes

A

deep, narrow, elongate

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69
Q

lakes formed due to epirogeny

A

uplift lakes

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70
Q

formation of landslide lakes

A

blockage of a valley by mud and rocks

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71
Q

formation of volcanic lakes

A

craters, calderas, and maars, often in areas of tectonic activity

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72
Q

formation of solution lakes

A

corrosion and chemical erosion of bedrock

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73
Q

formation of fluvial lakes

A

moving water

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74
Q

fluvial lakes curved in a river

A

oxbow lakes

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75
Q

fluvial lakes parallel to a river

A

levee lakes

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76
Q

formation of lakes excavated by organisms

A

dams made by bog plants or beavers

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77
Q

formation of antrophogenic lakes

A

humans

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78
Q

formation of aeolian lakes

A

wind action

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79
Q

formation of shoreline lakes

A

blockage of an estuary

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80
Q

formation of extraterrestrial object lakes

A

meteorite impact

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81
Q

formation of salt lakes

A

water flowing into the lake contains salt and minerals with no outlet

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82
Q

zones of transition between terrestrial and aquatic

A

wetland

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83
Q

possible wetland environment

A

shallow water or saturated soil

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84
Q

height of water surface relative to substrate

A

hydrology

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85
Q

Where does wetland water come from?

A

precipitation, runoff, streams, lakes, underground seepage, coastal wetlands

86
Q

Do wetlands have high or low biodiversity?

A

low

87
Q

What plants grow in wetlands?

A

hydrophytes

88
Q

Are rates of photosynthesis in a wetland high or low?

A

high

89
Q

What is true of wetland soil?

A

anaerobic

90
Q

What happens to roots in a wetland?

A

become anoxic

91
Q

What do plants in a wetland need to get oxygen to their roots?

A

air spaces

92
Q

How do animals adapt to living in a wetland?

A

complete lifecycle quickly or have lifecycle split between water and air

93
Q

What happens hydric soils slow decomposition?

A

peat accumulates

94
Q

dead sphagnum moss

A

peat

95
Q

N is converted to N gas

A

denitrification

96
Q

What does peat do?

A

causes denitrification

97
Q

What does denitrification do in a wetland?

A

removes pollution that comes from upstream

98
Q

What does sphagnum moss do to bogs?

A

lowers pH and produces tannins

99
Q

where fresh water meets salt water

A

estuarine marshes

100
Q

freshwater tidal marsh salt content

A

low

101
Q

salt marsh salt content

A

high

102
Q

all non-forested wetlands except peatlands

A

freshwater marshes

103
Q

lacustrine wetlands

A

fringe of lake

104
Q

riverine wetlands

A

flood plain associated with a river

105
Q

palustrine wetlands

A

isolated

106
Q

bog acidity

A

high

107
Q

fen acidity

A

low

108
Q

Southern deep water swamps

A

swamp forests

109
Q

northern swamps

A

coniferous swamps

110
Q

seasonal water in forests

A

vernal pools

111
Q

riparian wetlands

A

along rivers

112
Q

What are wetlands protected by?

A

Clean Water Act of 1972 and other laws

113
Q

3 ways wetlands are identified

A

hydrology, vegetation, and soil

114
Q

How are wetlands mitigated?

A

one is created where another was destroyed

115
Q

place where river begins

A

headwaters

116
Q

place where river ends

A

mouth

117
Q

area drained by a stream

A

watershed

118
Q

what pattern do watersheds form

A

dendritic

119
Q

streams from smallest to largest

A

1 and up

120
Q

rarer, very slow moving water where all liquid travels at the same speed and direction

A

laminar flow

121
Q

common, faster flow where neighboring liquids move a different speeds and directions causing mixing and churning

A

turbulent flow

122
Q

flow measurement

A

Reynolds numbers

123
Q

rate that water moves downstream (cross sectional area x speed)

A

discharge (Q)

124
Q

4 factors in measuring rate of flow:

A
  1. steepness of slope
  2. velocity increases with an increased volume of water
  3. velocity increases with increased depth
  4. smooth vs rough channels
125
Q

3 things flow transports:

A
  1. dissolved matter
  2. suspended solids
  3. bed load
126
Q

straight river channel

A

< 1.5x linear span

127
Q

meandering river channel

A

> 1.5x linear span

128
Q

2 behavioral adaptations to unidirectional flow

A
  1. avoid swift currents by seeking shelter
  2. seek current for food and oxygen
129
Q

6 morphological adaptations to unidirectional flow

A
  1. small
  2. flat
  3. streamlined
  4. hooks and holdfasts
  5. roots
  6. ballasting
130
Q

3 types of lotic animals

A
  1. large grazers and detritivores (scrapers who eat algae and shredders who shred aquatic plants)
  2. carnivores (piercers and engulfers)
  3. collectors (filter small particles and bacteria)
131
Q

2 human impacts on rivers

A
  1. straighten and deepen channels
  2. change flow rate
132
Q

What 3 things do limnologists want to know about sunlight?

A
  1. how much radiation falls on the lake surface
  2. how far does it penetrate
  3. how can it be used by aquatic organisms
133
Q

amount of light arriving from the sun

A

solar constant

134
Q

How much sunlight energy is lost to Earth’s atmosphere?

A

more than 50%

135
Q

distance between waves

A

wavelength

136
Q

unit for wavelength

A

nanometer

137
Q

number of waver per unit area of time

A

frequency

138
Q

What is the photosynthetically active rannge?

A

400-700 nm

139
Q

light directly from the sun

A

direct radiation

140
Q

light that bounces off of clouds and sky

A

diffuse radiation

141
Q

incoming light

A

incident ray

142
Q

a portion of the light is immediately reflected

A

relected ray

143
Q

What causes different rays?

A

sun’s angle of incidence

144
Q

helps determine photic zone

A

secchi disk

145
Q

secchi disk hours

A

10am-2pm

146
Q

Where should a secchi disk be placed?

A

shady side of a boat

147
Q

depth of the photic zone in oligotrophic lakes

A

40 m

148
Q

depth of the photic zone in polluted lakes

A

1m

149
Q

inorganic particles eroded from soil and organisms

A

red water

150
Q

euglena

A

green water

151
Q

diatoms and dinoflagellates

A

yellow water

152
Q

clearest lakes cause by molecular scattering

A

blue water

153
Q

2 ways plants interfere with light penetration

A
  1. add shading
  2. add nutrients which increase phytoplankton that block light
154
Q

animals buried in the sediment will rise at sunset

A

photoperiodicity

155
Q

mixed thoroughly by the wind

A

epilimnion

156
Q

area of raid change of temperature

A

metalimnion/thermocline

157
Q

colder region with heavier water not affected by wind

A

hypolimnion

158
Q

water is heaviest at

A

4 degrees C

159
Q

as water cools it becomes

A

lighter

160
Q

what occurs in water after ice forms

A

inverse stratification

161
Q

What 3 factors affect temperature

A
  1. pressure
  2. solutes
  3. suspended particles
162
Q

water never circulates due to being permanently ice covered

A

amixis

163
Q

wind-driven circulation patterns mix the entire lake

A

holomixis

164
Q

irregular intervals of mixing

A

oligomictic lakes

165
Q

one regular mixing period/year

A

monomictic

166
Q

2 types of monomixis

A

cold and warm

167
Q

2 regular mixing periods/year (vernal and autumn)

A

dimictic

168
Q

many mixing peroids/year

A

polymictic

169
Q

oligomitic- warm throughout, little mixing

A

equatorial lakes

170
Q

oligomictic- very deep and cold

A

subalpine lakes

171
Q

cold monomixis

A

frozen in winter, mix in summer

172
Q

same temp throughout

A

isothermal

173
Q

warm monomixis

A

mix in winter

174
Q

stratify during warm days and mix during cold nights

A

polymictic

175
Q

incomplete mixing

A

meromixis

176
Q

where salinity increases rapidity

A

chemocline

177
Q

free oscillation of water or “slosh”

A

seiche

178
Q

3 agents that drive seiches

A
  1. wind
  2. localized hard rain
  3. earthquakes
179
Q

5 elements of quality assurance and control in sampling techniques

A
  1. analytically clean glassware
  2. samples taken at proper time and place
  3. proper sampling techniques used
  4. sample preservation
  5. reporting of units of measurement
180
Q

N in air

A

78%

181
Q

O in air

A

21%

182
Q

Ar in air

A

1%

183
Q

CO2 in air

A

0.4%

184
Q

4 factors in how well gas in dissolved in liquid water

A
  1. type of gas
  2. pressure
  3. temp
  4. salinity
185
Q

4 other sources of gas

A
  1. CO2: respiration and decay
  2. O2: photosynthesis
    3: CH4: anaerobic decay
  3. ammonia: excretion of aquatic invertebrates
186
Q

How to measure dissolved O?

A

electronic instrument or chemical assay

187
Q

What does supersaturation of O2 cause?

A

gas bubble disease

188
Q

Ex of supersaturation?

A

Montezuma Well

189
Q

6 ways O2 is lost

A
  1. respiration of plants and animals
  2. respiration by aerobic bacteria
  3. gas bubble rising from sediments remove O2
  4. warming of the epilimnion in summer
  5. shallow, ice-covered lakes
  6. summer fish kills in calm, hot water
190
Q

respiration and decay prevail, O2 consumed

A

below the photic zone

191
Q

O2 evenly distributed vertically

A

orthograde

192
Q

O2 decreases with depth

A

clinograde

193
Q

unusual O2 distribution

A

heterograde

194
Q

3 glass stoppered bottles (BOD)

A

light-dark bottle technique

195
Q

return to water should increase

A

light bottle

196
Q

return to water should decrease

A

dark bottle

197
Q

analyzed immediately for dissolved O2

A

initial bottle

198
Q

LB-IB

A

net gain of O2

199
Q

IB-DB

A

respiration only

200
Q

LB-DB

A

gross primary production

201
Q

2 problems with L-D bottle technique

A
  1. photorespiration
  2. polluted waters
202
Q

goes up during the day and down at night

A

diel O2

203
Q

where does photosynthesis peak

A

below the uppermost layer, maybe 2 if cyanobacteria

204
Q

compare amount of O2 present to that if it were saturated

A

actual deficit

205
Q

compare amount of O2 present to that at the end of spring turnover

A

relative deficit

206
Q

includes volume of the hypolimnion

A

hypolimnetic areal deficit

207
Q

16O

A

common

208
Q

17O

A

very, very rare

209
Q

18O

A

rare

210
Q

measure in the sediments to infer past levels in the lake that decreases with temperature

A

18O/16O

211
Q

microcystin

A

liver toxin

212
Q

What produces microcystin?

A

cyanobacteria

Limnology (2 decks)

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