Test #1 Flashcards
1
Q
What Greek word does limnology come from?
A
limne
2
Q
What does limne mean?
A
pool, marsh, or lake
3
Q
Limnology began as the study of what and then expanded to what?
A
lakes; all inland waters
4
Q
What does a lotic habitat have?
A
running water
5
Q
What does a lentic habitat have?
A
standing water
6
Q
Is Limnology exclusive to freshwater?
A
no
7
Q
Where do saline lakes exist on Earth?
A
arid regions
8
Q
How much of the Earth’s water is in oceans?
A
97.3%
9
Q
How much of the Earth’s water is in glaciers and polar caps?
A
2.19%
10
Q
What percent of Earth’s water is ground water, soil moisture, water vapor, lakes, and rivers?
A
0.51%
11
Q
Shoreline with shallow water, rooted plants, and lots of sunlight
A
littoral zone
12
Q
Slightly deep, dim sunlight but still well oxygenated
A
sublittoral zone
13
Q
Region of a lake with open water
A
pelagic zone
14
Q
Warm, upper layer of a temperature stratified lake
A
Epilimnion
15
Q
Area of rapid transition of temperature
A
metalimnion
16
Q
point of rapid temperature transition
A
thermocline
17
Q
cold, lower layer of a temperature stratified lake
A
hypolimnion
18
Q
uniformly deep, dark, and cold region below the hypolimnion
A
profundal zone
19
Q
all bottom regions of a lake
A
benthic zone
20
Q
poor in phytoplankton nutrients
A
oligotrophic lake
21
Q
Characteristics of an oligotrophic lake
A
transparent, blue or green water, little organic matter, oxygen abundant, limited plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
22
Q
rich in phytoplankton nutrients
A
eutrophic lake
23
Q
characteristics of a eutrophic lake
A
murky water, green to yellow to brownish green water, organic matter, oxygen depleted in summer hypolimnion, lots of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
24
Q
What are the levels of study?
A
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
25
individuals of the same species
population
26
all the living species in an area
community
27
living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic)
ecosystem
28
category that constitutes the world
biosphere
29
What are the Laurentian Great Lakes?
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
30
Who are the primary producers?
autotrophs
31
What do primary producers do?
capture energy for biological use
32
What are the primary producers?
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
33
Who are the primary consumers?
herbivores
34
What do the primary consumers do?
eat the producers
35
Who are the secondary and tertiary producers?
carnivores
36
What do grazers eat?
zooplankton
37
What do detritovores do?
eat dead organisms and their waste
38
What is the energy source for chemotrophs?
H2S, NH3, and FE2+
39
What is the energy source for photoautotrophs?
sunlight
40
What is biogeochemistry?
chemical cycling in the ecosystem
41
What do minerals cycle between?
land, air, water, and living organisms
42
How much sunlight do plants and algae capture?
6.1%
43
How much of the cordgrass is consumed by herbivorous insects?
4.6%
44
What do the small consumption percentages demonstrate?
why food chains are limited in size
45
Gross or total photosynthesis during daylight hours
P
46
total respiration during a 24 hour period
R
47
What is the ratio for autochthonous oligotrophic lakes?
~1
48
What is the ratio for autochthonous eutrophic lakes?
>1
49
What is the ratio for lakes with organic input from outside of system (allochthonous)?
<1
50
autochthonous oligotrophic lake example
shallow, darkened ice-covered lakes
51
autochthonous eutrophic lake example
dystrophic lakes (bogs): have low decay and low nutrient cycling
52
lakes with organic input from outside of system example
sewage lagoon
53
>1
autotrophic lake
54
<1
heterotrophic lake
55
What does the eltonian pyramid describe?
relationships among trophic levels
56
What can trophic levels be compared by?
numbers, mass, or energy
57
Why can terrestrial trophic pyramids be very different from aquatic trophic pyramids?
phytoplankton are short-lived and reproduce rapidly
58
How are trophic cascades controlled?
top-down
59
What type of pressure causes top-down control of food chains?
predatory
60
What important thing did Hutchinson do in 1957?
recognized 11 major lake types
61
What are the 11 major lake types?
1. Glacial Lake
2. Tectonic Lake
3. Landslide Lake
4. Volcanic Lake
5. Solution Lake
6. Fluvial Lake
7. Lakes excavated by organisms
8. Anthropogenic Lakes
9. Aeolian Lakes
10. Shoreline Lakes
11. Lakes created by Extraterrestrial Objects
62
What is gravel and sand deposited by a glacier that can dam the water called?
moraine
63
How are glacial scour lakes formed?
ice moving over rocks carving out a basin
64
What kind of lakes are the Laurentian Great Lakes?
glacial
65
What kinds of lakes are glacial lakes?
finger lakes and fjords
66
What are tectonic lakes formed from?
movements of the continental plates
67
What forms when 2 blocks of Earth move apart and the in between block slides downward?
Graben or Rift Lakes
68
characteristics of Graben or Rift Lakes
deep, narrow, elongate
69
lakes formed due to epirogeny
uplift lakes
70
formation of landslide lakes
blockage of a valley by mud and rocks
71
formation of volcanic lakes
craters, calderas, and maars, often in areas of tectonic activity
72
formation of solution lakes
corrosion and chemical erosion of bedrock
73
formation of fluvial lakes
moving water
74
fluvial lakes curved in a river
oxbow lakes
75
fluvial lakes parallel to a river
levee lakes
76
formation of lakes excavated by organisms
dams made by bog plants or beavers
77
formation of antrophogenic lakes
humans
78
formation of aeolian lakes
wind action
79
formation of shoreline lakes
blockage of an estuary
80
formation of extraterrestrial object lakes
meteorite impact
81
formation of salt lakes
water flowing into the lake contains salt and minerals with no outlet
82
zones of transition between terrestrial and aquatic
wetland
83
possible wetland environment
shallow water or saturated soil
84
height of water surface relative to substrate
hydrology
85
Where does wetland water come from?
precipitation, runoff, streams, lakes, underground seepage, coastal wetlands
86
Do wetlands have high or low biodiversity?
low
87
What plants grow in wetlands?
hydrophytes
88
Are rates of photosynthesis in a wetland high or low?
high
89
What is true of wetland soil?
anaerobic
90
What happens to roots in a wetland?
become anoxic
91
What do plants in a wetland need to get oxygen to their roots?
air spaces
92
How do animals adapt to living in a wetland?
complete lifecycle quickly or have lifecycle split between water and air
93
What happens hydric soils slow decomposition?
peat accumulates
94
dead sphagnum moss
peat
95
N is converted to N gas
denitrification
96
What does peat do?
causes denitrification
97
What does denitrification do in a wetland?
removes pollution that comes from upstream
98
What does sphagnum moss do to bogs?
lowers pH and produces tannins
99
where fresh water meets salt water
estuarine marshes
100
freshwater tidal marsh salt content
low
101
salt marsh salt content
high
102
all non-forested wetlands except peatlands
freshwater marshes
103
lacustrine wetlands
fringe of lake
104
riverine wetlands
flood plain associated with a river
105
palustrine wetlands
isolated
106
bog acidity
high
107
fen acidity
low
108
Southern deep water swamps
swamp forests
109
northern swamps
coniferous swamps
110
seasonal water in forests
vernal pools
111
riparian wetlands
along rivers
112
What are wetlands protected by?
Clean Water Act of 1972 and other laws
113
3 ways wetlands are identified
hydrology, vegetation, and soil
114
How are wetlands mitigated?
one is created where another was destroyed
115
place where river begins
headwaters
116
place where river ends
mouth
117
area drained by a stream
watershed
118
what pattern do watersheds form
dendritic
119
streams from smallest to largest
1 and up
120
rarer, very slow moving water where all liquid travels at the same speed and direction
laminar flow
121
common, faster flow where neighboring liquids move a different speeds and directions causing mixing and churning
turbulent flow
122
flow measurement
Reynolds numbers
123
rate that water moves downstream (cross sectional area x speed)
discharge (Q)
124
4 factors in measuring rate of flow:
1. steepness of slope
2. velocity increases with an increased volume of water
3. velocity increases with increased depth
4. smooth vs rough channels
125
3 things flow transports:
1. dissolved matter
2. suspended solids
3. bed load
126
straight river channel
< 1.5x linear span
127
meandering river channel
> 1.5x linear span
128
2 behavioral adaptations to unidirectional flow
1. avoid swift currents by seeking shelter
2. seek current for food and oxygen
129
6 morphological adaptations to unidirectional flow
1. small
2. flat
3. streamlined
4. hooks and holdfasts
5. roots
6. ballasting
130
3 types of lotic animals
1. large grazers and detritivores (scrapers who eat algae and shredders who shred aquatic plants)
2. carnivores (piercers and engulfers)
3. collectors (filter small particles and bacteria)
131
2 human impacts on rivers
1. straighten and deepen channels
2. change flow rate
132
What 3 things do limnologists want to know about sunlight?
1. how much radiation falls on the lake surface
2. how far does it penetrate
3. how can it be used by aquatic organisms
133
amount of light arriving from the sun
solar constant
134
How much sunlight energy is lost to Earth's atmosphere?
more than 50%
135
distance between waves
wavelength
136
unit for wavelength
nanometer
137
number of waver per unit area of time
frequency
138
What is the photosynthetically active rannge?
400-700 nm
139
light directly from the sun
direct radiation
140
light that bounces off of clouds and sky
diffuse radiation
141
incoming light
incident ray
142
a portion of the light is immediately reflected
relected ray
143
What causes different rays?
sun's angle of incidence
144
helps determine photic zone
secchi disk
145
secchi disk hours
10am-2pm
146
Where should a secchi disk be placed?
shady side of a boat
147
depth of the photic zone in oligotrophic lakes
40 m
148
depth of the photic zone in polluted lakes
1m
149
inorganic particles eroded from soil and organisms
red water
150
euglena
green water
151
diatoms and dinoflagellates
yellow water
152
clearest lakes cause by molecular scattering
blue water
153
2 ways plants interfere with light penetration
1. add shading
2. add nutrients which increase phytoplankton that block light
154
animals buried in the sediment will rise at sunset
photoperiodicity
155
mixed thoroughly by the wind
epilimnion
156
area of raid change of temperature
metalimnion/thermocline
157
colder region with heavier water not affected by wind
hypolimnion
158
water is heaviest at
4 degrees C
159
as water cools it becomes
lighter
160
what occurs in water after ice forms
inverse stratification
161
What 3 factors affect temperature
1. pressure
2. solutes
3. suspended particles
162
water never circulates due to being permanently ice covered
amixis
163
wind-driven circulation patterns mix the entire lake
holomixis
164
irregular intervals of mixing
oligomictic lakes
165
one regular mixing period/year
monomictic
166
2 types of monomixis
cold and warm
167
2 regular mixing periods/year (vernal and autumn)
dimictic
168
many mixing peroids/year
polymictic
169
oligomitic- warm throughout, little mixing
equatorial lakes
170
oligomictic- very deep and cold
subalpine lakes
171
cold monomixis
frozen in winter, mix in summer
172
same temp throughout
isothermal
173
warm monomixis
mix in winter
174
stratify during warm days and mix during cold nights
polymictic
175
incomplete mixing
meromixis
176
where salinity increases rapidity
chemocline
177
free oscillation of water or "slosh"
seiche
178
3 agents that drive seiches
1. wind
2. localized hard rain
3. earthquakes
179
5 elements of quality assurance and control in sampling techniques
1. analytically clean glassware
2. samples taken at proper time and place
3. proper sampling techniques used
4. sample preservation
5. reporting of units of measurement
180
N in air
78%
181
O in air
21%
182
Ar in air
1%
183
CO2 in air
0.4%
184
4 factors in how well gas in dissolved in liquid water
1. type of gas
2. pressure
3. temp
4. salinity
185
4 other sources of gas
1. CO2: respiration and decay
2. O2: photosynthesis
3: CH4: anaerobic decay
4. ammonia: excretion of aquatic invertebrates
186
How to measure dissolved O?
electronic instrument or chemical assay
187
What does supersaturation of O2 cause?
gas bubble disease
188
Ex of supersaturation?
Montezuma Well
189
6 ways O2 is lost
1. respiration of plants and animals
2. respiration by aerobic bacteria
3. gas bubble rising from sediments remove O2
4. warming of the epilimnion in summer
5. shallow, ice-covered lakes
6. summer fish kills in calm, hot water
190
respiration and decay prevail, O2 consumed
below the photic zone
191
O2 evenly distributed vertically
orthograde
192
O2 decreases with depth
clinograde
193
unusual O2 distribution
heterograde
194
3 glass stoppered bottles (BOD)
light-dark bottle technique
195
return to water should increase
light bottle
196
return to water should decrease
dark bottle
197
analyzed immediately for dissolved O2
initial bottle
198
LB-IB
net gain of O2
199
IB-DB
respiration only
200
LB-DB
gross primary production
201
2 problems with L-D bottle technique
1. photorespiration
2. polluted waters
202
goes up during the day and down at night
diel O2
203
where does photosynthesis peak
below the uppermost layer, maybe 2 if cyanobacteria
204
compare amount of O2 present to that if it were saturated
actual deficit
205
compare amount of O2 present to that at the end of spring turnover
relative deficit
206
includes volume of the hypolimnion
hypolimnetic areal deficit
207
16O
common
208
17O
very, very rare
209
18O
rare
210
measure in the sediments to infer past levels in the lake that decreases with temperature
18O/16O
211
microcystin
liver toxin
212
What produces microcystin?
cyanobacteria
