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Med Surg Nursing (352) > Test 1 (12, 17, 28, 29, 31) > Flashcards

Test 1 (12, 17, 28, 29, 31) Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body.

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2
Q

Intracellular space

A

inside the cells; constitutes approx. 40% of body weight of an adult

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3
Q

extracellular space

A

outside the cells; consists of interstitial fluid, composed of the fluid in the interstitium (space between cells) and fluid contained within specialized cavities of the body (cerebrospinal fluid; fluid in the GI tract; and pleural, synovial, peritoneal, intraocular, and pericardial fluid.)

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4
Q

anion

A

ion that carries a negative charge (examples are bicarbonate (HCO3), chloride (CL) and phosphate (PO4)

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5
Q

cation

A

ion that carries a positive charge (examples are sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)

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6
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that dissociates in solution into ions (charged particles); a molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl) in a solution becomes Na+ and Cl-

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7
Q

monovalent

A

an ion that has the combining power of one hydrogen atom

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8
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

substance that dows not dissociate into ions in solution; examples include glocose and urea

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9
Q

osmolality

A

a measure of the total solute concentration per kilogram of solvent

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10
Q

osmolarity

A

a measure of the total solute concentration per liter of solution

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11
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved in a solvent

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12
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent

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13
Q

solvent

A

substance that is capable of dissolving a solute (liquid or gas)

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14
Q

valence

A

the degree of combining power of an ion

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15
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. it occurs in liquids, gases and solids.

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

moves molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration with assistance from a specific carrier molecule. Glucose transport into the cell is an example.

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17
Q

active transport

A

a process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. external energy is required for this process. By active transport, sodium moves out of the cell and potassium moves into the cell to maintin this concentration difference, also refered to as the sodium-potassium pump. the energy source for this mechanism is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced in teh cell’s mitochondria.

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18
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water between two compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane ( a membrane permeable to water but not to a solute).

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19
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water

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20
Q

osmolality

A

measures the osmotic fouce of solute per unit of weight of solvent (mOsm/kg or mmol/kg)

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21
Q

osmolarity

A

measures the total milliosmoles of solute per unit of total volume of solution (mOsm/L)

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22
Q

plasma osmolality

A

measurement of the water balance of the body. Normal is 275 - 295 mOsm/kg

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23
Q

water deficit

A

a plasma value greater than 295 mOsm/kg indicates that the concentration of particles is too great or that the water content is too little. (hypertonic solution results in cellular shrinkage)

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24
Q

water excess

A

a plasma value less than 275 mOsm/kg indicates too little solute for the amout of wter or too much water for the amount of solute. (hypotonic solution results in cellular swelling)

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25
Q

isotonic

A

fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior

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26
Q

hypotonic

A

solutions in whihc the solutes are less concentrated than the cells

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27
Q

hypertonic

A

those with solutes more concentrated than cells

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28
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the force within a fluid compartment

29
Q

oncotic pressure (colloidal osmotic pressure)

A

osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in a solution. major colloid in the vascular system contributing to the total osmotic pressure is protein. Protein molecules attract water, pulling fluid from teh tissue space to the vascular space.

30
Q

fluid spacing

A

term used to describe the distribution of body water

31
Q

first spacing

A

describes teh normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments

32
Q

second spacing

A

refers to an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (i.e. edema)

33
Q

third spacing

A

occurs when the fluid accumulates in a portion of the body (transcellular fluid) from which is not easily exchanged with the rest of the ECF. thrid spaced fluid is trapped and unavailable for functional use. examples are ascites, sequestration of fluid in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis and edema associated with burns, trauma or sepsis.

34
Q

polydypsia

A

excessive thirst

35
Q

insensible water loss

A

invisible vaporization from the lungs and skin

36
Q

hypovolemia

A

ECF volume deficit. can occur wth abnormal loss of body fluids (i.e. diarrhea, fistula drainage, hemorrhage, ployuria), inadequate intake or a shift of fluid from plasma into interstitial fluid.

37
Q

hypervolemia

A

ECF volume excess

38
Q

dehydration

A

refers to the loss of pure water alone without corresponding loss of sodium.

39
Q

bicarbonate (HCO3) normal value

A

22-26 mEq/L

40
Q

Chloride (Cl) normal value

A

96-106 mEq?l

41
Q

phosphate (PO4) normal value

A

2.4 - 4.4 mg/dL

42
Q

Potassium (K) normal value

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

43
Q

Magnesium (Mg) normal value

A

1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L

44
Q

Sodium (Na) normal value

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

45
Q

Calcium (Ca) normal value

A

8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL

46
Q

Calcium (ionized) normal value

A

4.6 - 5.3 mg/dL

47
Q

acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

48
Q

alkalosis

A

pH greater than 7.45

49
Q

buffer

A

act chemically to change strong acids into weaker acids or to bind acids to neutralize their effect

50
Q

central venous access devices (CVADs)

A

catheters that are placed in large blood vessels of people who require frequent access to the vascular system

51
Q

abstinence

A

avoidance of substance in use

52
Q

addiction

A

compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, behavior, or practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, or physiologic reactions

53
Q

addictive behavior

A

behavior associated with maintaining an addiction

54
Q

craving

A

subjective need for a substance, usually experienced after decreased use or abstinence. Cue-induced craving occurs in the prescence of experiences previously associated with drug taking

55
Q

Dependence

A

reliance on a substance that has reached the level that absence of it will cause an impairment in function

56
Q

physical dependence

A

altered physiologic state from prolonged substance use; regular use is necessary to prevent withdrawal

57
Q

psychologic dependence

A

compulsive need to experience pleasureable response from teh substance

58
Q

overdose

A

ingestion of excessive dose of one drug or when a combination of similarly acting drugs is used. Leads to toxic reactions including respiratory and circulatory arrest.

59
Q

relapse

A

return to substance use after a period of abstinence.

60
Q

substance abuse

A

overindulgence of a substance that has a negative impact on psychologic, physiologic, and/or social functioning of an individual

61
Q

substance misuse

A

use of a drug for purposes other than those for which it is intended.

62
Q

tolerance

A

decreased effect of a substance that results from repeated exposure. It is possible to develop cross-tolerance to other substances in teh same category.

63
Q

withdrawal

A

combination or physiologic and psychologic responses that occur when there is abrupt cessation or reduced intake of a substance on which an individual is dependent.

64
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

an inflammatory, hemorrhagic, degenerative condition of the brain. a serious complication of chronic alcohol abuse caused by thiamine deficiency resulting from poor diet and alcohol-induced suppression of thiamine absorption. reversible with administration of thiamine.

65
Q

korsakoff’s psychosis

A

an irreversible form of amnesia characterized by loss of short-term memory and an inability to learn.

66
Q

anemia

A

a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells), the quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit)

67
Q

anemia from decreased RBC production

A

deficient nutrients: iron, cobalamin, folic acid; decreased erythropoietin, decreased iron availability

68
Q

anemia from blood loss

A

Chroni hemorrhage: bleeding duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, liver disease, acute trauma, ruptured aortic aneurysm, GI bleeding

Med Surg Nursing (352) (2 decks)

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