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biology 109 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

scientific tools evolution provides

A

medicine; cell, developmental and molecular biology; conservation and management; agriculture and sustainability; forensic science

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2
Q

3 foundational observations about life

A

1) all individuals are different; 2) some have higher reproductive success than others because of those differences; 3) individuals inherit their differences

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3
Q

different jargon for all individuals are different

A

their phenotypes are different

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4
Q

trait

A

anything about an individual that can be measured/observed; separated into categories

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5
Q

different types of traits

A

polymorphic and continuous

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6
Q

polymorphic trait

A

can sort individuals into easily categorized groups

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7
Q

continuous trait

A

individuals vary along a spectrum of values; can’t categorize people easily into groups because of too much gray area

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8
Q

how are clones different from each other?

A

same genotype but different phenotype

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9
Q

phenotype:

A

the appearance of an organism for any and all its traits; absence of a trait

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10
Q

traits and phenotypes

A

1) morphology/anatomy
2) physiology
3) behavior
4) life cycle
5) details of DNA/protein structure
6) gender diversity
7) bilateral gynandromorphs

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11
Q

no individuals are the same because…

A

different traits, different behaviors, and different life cycles

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12
Q

reproductive success

A

average number of (successful) offspring that a type of genetic variant has

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13
Q

differences that lead to a higher reproductive success also lead to

A

leaving more descendants, reproducing at a young age, having more babies more often, and competing better

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14
Q

locus (plural: loci)

A

a gene; named for “location” on a chromosome

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15
Q

allele

A

variant of a single gene (unique DNA sequence)

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16
Q

everyone shares a ______ but we all (might) have different _______

A

locus; allele

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17
Q

genotype

A

a set of gene variants an individual carries

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18
Q

genotype + all effects of the environment

A

phenotype

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19
Q

phenotypes and genotypes are the same while…

A

reading DNA sequence

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20
Q

female chromosomes

A

2 Xs and 2 gene copies

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21
Q

male chromosomes

A

XY and 1 gene copy

22
Q

under these 3 conditions (after several gens) phenotypes with more _____ become _________

A

offspring; the most common

23
Q

differences tend to accumulate and more offspring will have it when…

A

they are in the same environment

24
Q

offspring maintain differences because of outside factors when…

A

they are in different environments

25
Q

accepting 3 conditions

A

“believing” in evolution by natural selection

26
Q

any of 3 conditions missing –>

A

no change in the next generation

27
Q

verify all 3 of the conditions –>

A

verify evolution by natural selection

28
Q

natural selection is impossible if…

A

data only supports 2 conditions

29
Q

T or F: evolution is impossible to prove/disprove because nobody was there to watch it happen

A

F; from past documentation/fossils/genetic trees, you can defer how evolution has happened and how life forms have changed over time

30
Q

2 different types of selection

A

natural and artificial

31
Q

darwin on the origin of species

A

populations change when humans decide –> selective breeding

32
Q

natural selection

A

when humans alter the environment and it doesn’t work out the way they wanted it to

33
Q

artificial selection

A

when humans alter the environment and it works out the way they wanted it to

34
Q

microevolution

A

relatively minor, short-term evolutionary changes caused by 4 evolutionary mechanisms; usually not disputed

35
Q

4 evolutionary mechanisms

A

1) natural selection; 2) mutation; 3) genetic drift; 4) gene flow

36
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution of major differences between organisms

37
Q

what is undebatable about evolving from one thing to another?

A

every ancestral state has to be able to survive

38
Q

do ancestors have to be intermediate?

A

no

39
Q

microevolutionary events, over time, lead to ________

A

macroevolutionary change

40
Q

population

A

a group of organisms o the same species (more precisely: in the same “place” at the same “time” –> vague)

41
Q

frequency

A

how common/rare gene/allele is; in evolution, usually expressed as relative frequency

42
Q

how is relative frequency presented?

A

fraction or percentage

43
Q

rough-draft definition of (biological) evolution

A

change over generations in the makeup of organisms; never of individual organisms, but populations of organisms; an individual will not biologically evolve over their lifetime

44
Q

a more precise definition of biological evolution should:

A

apply to all 4 mechanisms of evolution, incorporate criterion #3 of natural selection (differences can be inherited), and give us measurable predictions

45
Q

evolution

A

change over generations in frequencies of genetic variants in populations (things that can be passed on)

46
Q

equation for fitness

A

reproductive success for variant of interest / reproductive success for most successful variant

47
Q

fitness

A

how well an individual can reproduce

48
Q

genetic drift

A

evolution by luck

49
Q

acting alone, ________ _________ results in populations that survive and reproduce best in their local environments

A

natural selection

50
Q

is there any way evolution can operate except by natural selection?

A

yes; genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation

51
Q

is there any way adaptation can occur except by natural selection?

A

no

52
Q

differential reproductive success

A

on average, some phenotypes leave more descendants than others

biology 109 (3 decks)

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