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Immunology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What induces effector functions such as phagocytosis and degradation?

A

Inflammatory response

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2
Q

Heat, pain, and redness and swelling can best be described as:

A

inflammation

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3
Q

inflammatory mediators impact what structure?

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and worms are examples of?

A

microbial invaders

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5
Q

what is the enormous numbers of microorganisms that colonize body surfaces called?

A

commensal microbiota

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6
Q

these organisms colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and do not normally cause disease:

A

commensals

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7
Q

organism that causes disease:

A

pathogen

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8
Q

cause disease every time it invades the body, even in small numbers (i.e. HIV, brucella abortus)

A

primary pathogen

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9
Q

cause disease only when administered in high doses or influenced by exogenous factors (stress, other viruses)

A

opportunistic pathogen

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10
Q

what pathogens are considered extracellular agents (in the tissue fluid)?

A

bacteria, parasites, some pathogenic proteins (allergens, toxins)

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11
Q

what pathogens rely on host machinery to replicate or are found in cells?

A

viruses, mycobacteria, some pathogen proteins (toxins)

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12
Q

True/False: no immune response is limited to a single biochemical mechanism or pathway

A

TRUE

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13
Q

what is the first layer of defense of the body?

A

physical/chemical barriers (ie. skin)

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14
Q

immunity can be divided into two catagories:

A

innate and adaptive

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15
Q

t and B cell activation leads to which two outcomes?

A

immunologic memory or pathogen elimination

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16
Q

what is the signal transduction of innate immunity?

A

recognition of pathogens (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs)
inflammation
pathogen elimination

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17
Q

what is the signal transduction of adaptive immunity?

A

antigen capture and processing
t and B cell activation
immunologic memory/pathogen elimination

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18
Q

innate immunity triggers what?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

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19
Q

Innate immune cells can be broken down into two subtypes:

A

cellular and humoral

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20
Q

List the components of cellular immunity:

A

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
lymphoid cells
basophils
eosinophils
cytokines/chemokine production

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21
Q

List the components of the humoral innate immunity:

A

complement system
acute-phase proteins
anti-microbial peptides

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22
Q

adaptive immunity can be broken into two subtypes:

A

humoral response
cell-mediated response

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23
Q

humoral response produces:

A

b lymphocytes

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24
Q

cell-mediated response produces:

A

t lymphocytes

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25
Q

what protein messenger molecules (intracellular communication) act on other cells or the cell that produced it

A

cytokines

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26
Q

what is secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

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27
Q

what causes cells to migrate to sites of infection and are secreted by immune cells and other epithelial cells

A

chemokines

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28
Q

what interferes with replication of some viruses and is produced by virally infected cells?

A

interferons

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29
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to the cells engaged:

A

innate immunity- macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

adaptive immunity- t and b cells

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30
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their evolutionary history:

A

innate immunity: ancient

adaptive immunity: recent

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31
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their onset:

A

innate immunity: rapid (minutes to hours)

adaptive immunity: slow (days to weeks)

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32
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their specificity:

A

innate immunity: common microbial structures

adaptive: unique antigens

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33
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their potency:

A

innate: may be overwhelmed

adaptive: rarely overwhelmed

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34
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their memory:

A

innate: none

adaptive: significant memory

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35
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their effectiveness:

A

innate immunity: does not improve

adaptive immunity: improves with exposure

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36
Q

mammalian blood cells are also known as

A

hematopoetic cells

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37
Q

all cellular blood components are derived from:

A

the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

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38
Q

what cells are considered white blood cells?

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

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39
Q

what cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells (innate cells)?

A

neutrophils, basophils, esoinophils, monocytes, macrophages

40
Q

what cells are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

t and b lymphocytes
NK cells

41
Q

where do mast cells arise from?

A

hematopoetic ștem cells via a unique pathway

42
Q

where do dendritic cells arise from?

A

hematopoetic stem cells via multiple lineages

43
Q

where do all immune cells originate?

A

bone marrow

44
Q

what are the three lineages of immune cells?

A
  1. erythroid
  2. myeloid
  3. lymphoid
45
Q

what cells are considered erythroid?

A

RBCs and platelets

46
Q

what cells are considered myeloid?

A

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, some dendritic cells

47
Q

what cells are considered lymphoid?

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells, some dendritic cells

48
Q

what is the scientific term for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

49
Q

Granulocytes contain:

A

a multibodied nucleus
many cytoplasmic granules

50
Q

what do mononuclear cells contain?

A

single, rounded nucleus
few cytoplasmic granules

51
Q

what cells are considered granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

52
Q

mononuclear cells can have two functions:

A

phagocytotic
non-phagocytotic

53
Q

what is a phagocytotic mononuclear cell?

A

monocyte

54
Q

what is a non phagocytotic mononuclear cell?

A

lymphocytes- T, B cells, and NK cells

55
Q

what is the function of primary lymphoid cells?

A

place of maturation of lymphocytes

56
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

lymphocytes respond to antigens

57
Q

What are the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

A

BALT, NALT, SALT, GALT

58
Q

what is considered a primary lymphoid tissue for T- cells?

A

thymus

59
Q

where do t lymphocytes go to mature?

A

thymus

60
Q

T lymphocytes are release from the bone marrow as what?

A

pre-T cells

61
Q

What is the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells?

A

Most mammals: bone marrow

Birds: bursa of fabricus

Dogs, pigs, ruminants: Peyer’s patches (part of GALT)

62
Q

in primary lymphoid tissue, the B cells develops at :

A

its receptor (BCR)

63
Q

where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

walls of the small intestine

64
Q

Mature, naive B and T cells differentiate when they meet its antigen in what structures?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

65
Q

structures included in the secondary lymphoid tissues include:

A

lymph nodes, spleen, Peyers patches in the intestines

66
Q

what is the spleen’s function as a secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

traps blood-borne antigens

67
Q

Where do mature T and B cells reside?

A

spleen

68
Q

where does the blood circulation containing the antigen proceed into the spleen?

A

splenic artery

69
Q

what is the function of the T and B cells in the spleen?

A

filter antigens from the blood

70
Q

where does the maturation of granulocytes occur?

A

they are release in the mature state (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

71
Q

where does the maturation of monocytes occur?

A

they are released in the mature state

72
Q

what is the function of monocytes?

A

in blood circulation, they remove apoptotic cells and release cytokines

73
Q

where do macrophages mature?

A

they differentiate in the tissues (powerful phagocytes)

74
Q

where do the dendritic cells mature?

A

they migrate to tissues and mature

75
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells?

A

they are key in initiation of adaptive immunity
important sentinel cells and APCs

76
Q

where do mast cells mature?

A

precursors leave the bone marrow and mature in tissues

77
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

they are important in parasitic infections and allergies

78
Q

what is the term for a mature neutrophil?

A

segmented

79
Q

what is the term for an immature neutrophil?

A

banded

80
Q

where does maturation of NK cells occur>

A

NK cells are released from the bone marrow ready to function

81
Q

what is the function of NK cells?

A

they recognize and kill many virus-infected and tumor cells

82
Q

what is GALT?

A

gut associated lymphoid tissues

83
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

84
Q

what is NALT?

A

nasopharynx associated lymphoid tissues

85
Q

what is BALT?

A

bronchi associated lymphoid tissues

86
Q

what is SALT?

A

skin associated lymphoid tisses

87
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

returns fluid and protein that has leaked from the blood into the tissues back into the blood stream

88
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A

filter the returning lymph for foreign antigens

89
Q

where does does the fluid that feeds into the right lymphatic duct originate?

A

the upper R quadrant of the body

90
Q

where does the fluid from the right lymphatic duct empty into?

A

right subclavian vein

91
Q

where does the fluid drained into the thoracic duct come from?

A

all other parts of the body (except the upper R quadrant)

92
Q

where does the fluid in the thoracic duct empty into?

A

left subclavian vein

93
Q

what is lymph fluid?

A

blood plasma

94
Q

blood plasma that leaks through the capillaries and tissue eventually enters tiny vessels Called:

A

lymphatic capillaries

95
Q

valves in the lymphatic capillaries ensure lymph and its contents move only which direction?

A

forward

96
Q

lymphatic capillaries collect into larger lymphatic vessels which eventually connect with what structure?

A

secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes)

Immunology (7 decks)

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