Test 1 Flashcards
What induces effector functions such as phagocytosis and degradation?
Inflammatory response
Heat, pain, and redness and swelling can best be described as:
inflammation
inflammatory mediators impact what structure?
blood vessels
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and worms are examples of?
microbial invaders
what is the enormous numbers of microorganisms that colonize body surfaces called?
commensal microbiota
these organisms colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and do not normally cause disease:
commensals
organism that causes disease:
pathogen
cause disease every time it invades the body, even in small numbers (i.e. HIV, brucella abortus)
primary pathogen
cause disease only when administered in high doses or influenced by exogenous factors (stress, other viruses)
opportunistic pathogen
what pathogens are considered extracellular agents (in the tissue fluid)?
bacteria, parasites, some pathogenic proteins (allergens, toxins)
what pathogens rely on host machinery to replicate or are found in cells?
viruses, mycobacteria, some pathogen proteins (toxins)
True/False: no immune response is limited to a single biochemical mechanism or pathway
TRUE
what is the first layer of defense of the body?
physical/chemical barriers (ie. skin)
immunity can be divided into two catagories:
innate and adaptive
t and B cell activation leads to which two outcomes?
immunologic memory or pathogen elimination
what is the signal transduction of innate immunity?
recognition of pathogens (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs)
inflammation
pathogen elimination
what is the signal transduction of adaptive immunity?
antigen capture and processing
t and B cell activation
immunologic memory/pathogen elimination
innate immunity triggers what?
PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
Innate immune cells can be broken down into two subtypes:
cellular and humoral
List the components of cellular immunity:
neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
lymphoid cells
basophils
eosinophils
cytokines/chemokine production
List the components of the humoral innate immunity:
complement system
acute-phase proteins
anti-microbial peptides
adaptive immunity can be broken into two subtypes:
humoral response
cell-mediated response
humoral response produces:
b lymphocytes
cell-mediated response produces:
t lymphocytes
what protein messenger molecules (intracellular communication) act on other cells or the cell that produced it
cytokines
what is secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs?
pro-inflammatory cytokines
what causes cells to migrate to sites of infection and are secreted by immune cells and other epithelial cells
chemokines
what interferes with replication of some viruses and is produced by virally infected cells?
interferons
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to the cells engaged:
innate immunity- macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
adaptive immunity- t and b cells
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their evolutionary history:
innate immunity: ancient
adaptive immunity: recent
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their onset:
innate immunity: rapid (minutes to hours)
adaptive immunity: slow (days to weeks)
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their specificity:
innate immunity: common microbial structures
adaptive: unique antigens
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their potency:
innate: may be overwhelmed
adaptive: rarely overwhelmed
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their memory:
innate: none
adaptive: significant memory
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their effectiveness:
innate immunity: does not improve
adaptive immunity: improves with exposure
mammalian blood cells are also known as
hematopoetic cells
all cellular blood components are derived from:
the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
what cells are considered white blood cells?
monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils
what cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells (innate cells)?
neutrophils, basophils, esoinophils, monocytes, macrophages
what cells are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells?
t and b lymphocytes
NK cells
where do mast cells arise from?
hematopoetic ștem cells via a unique pathway
where do dendritic cells arise from?
hematopoetic stem cells via multiple lineages
where do all immune cells originate?
bone marrow
what are the three lineages of immune cells?
- erythroid
- myeloid
- lymphoid
what cells are considered erythroid?
RBCs and platelets
what cells are considered myeloid?
monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, some dendritic cells
what cells are considered lymphoid?
B cells, T cells, NK cells, some dendritic cells
what is the scientific term for white blood cells?
leukocytes
Granulocytes contain:
a multibodied nucleus
many cytoplasmic granules
what do mononuclear cells contain?
single, rounded nucleus
few cytoplasmic granules
what cells are considered granulocytes?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
mononuclear cells can have two functions:
phagocytotic
non-phagocytotic
what is a phagocytotic mononuclear cell?
monocyte
what is a non phagocytotic mononuclear cell?
lymphocytes- T, B cells, and NK cells
what is the function of primary lymphoid cells?
place of maturation of lymphocytes
what is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?
lymphocytes respond to antigens
What are the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
BALT, NALT, SALT, GALT
what is considered a primary lymphoid tissue for T- cells?
thymus
where do t lymphocytes go to mature?
thymus
T lymphocytes are release from the bone marrow as what?
pre-T cells
What is the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells?
Most mammals: bone marrow
Birds: bursa of fabricus
Dogs, pigs, ruminants: Peyer’s patches (part of GALT)
in primary lymphoid tissue, the B cells develops at :
its receptor (BCR)
where are Peyer’s patches located?
walls of the small intestine
Mature, naive B and T cells differentiate when they meet its antigen in what structures?
secondary lymphoid tissue
structures included in the secondary lymphoid tissues include:
lymph nodes, spleen, Peyers patches in the intestines
what is the spleen’s function as a secondary lymphoid tissue?
traps blood-borne antigens
Where do mature T and B cells reside?
spleen
where does the blood circulation containing the antigen proceed into the spleen?
splenic artery
what is the function of the T and B cells in the spleen?
filter antigens from the blood
where does the maturation of granulocytes occur?
they are release in the mature state (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
where does the maturation of monocytes occur?
they are released in the mature state
what is the function of monocytes?
in blood circulation, they remove apoptotic cells and release cytokines
where do macrophages mature?
they differentiate in the tissues (powerful phagocytes)
where do the dendritic cells mature?
they migrate to tissues and mature
what is the function of dendritic cells?
they are key in initiation of adaptive immunity
important sentinel cells and APCs
where do mast cells mature?
precursors leave the bone marrow and mature in tissues
what is the function of mast cells?
they are important in parasitic infections and allergies
what is the term for a mature neutrophil?
segmented
what is the term for an immature neutrophil?
banded
where does maturation of NK cells occur>
NK cells are released from the bone marrow ready to function
what is the function of NK cells?
they recognize and kill many virus-infected and tumor cells
what is GALT?
gut associated lymphoid tissues
what is MALT?
mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
what is NALT?
nasopharynx associated lymphoid tissues
what is BALT?
bronchi associated lymphoid tissues
what is SALT?
skin associated lymphoid tisses
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
returns fluid and protein that has leaked from the blood into the tissues back into the blood stream
what is the function of lymph nodes?
filter the returning lymph for foreign antigens
where does does the fluid that feeds into the right lymphatic duct originate?
the upper R quadrant of the body
where does the fluid from the right lymphatic duct empty into?
right subclavian vein
where does the fluid drained into the thoracic duct come from?
all other parts of the body (except the upper R quadrant)
where does the fluid in the thoracic duct empty into?
left subclavian vein
what is lymph fluid?
blood plasma
blood plasma that leaks through the capillaries and tissue eventually enters tiny vessels Called:
lymphatic capillaries
valves in the lymphatic capillaries ensure lymph and its contents move only which direction?
forward
lymphatic capillaries collect into larger lymphatic vessels which eventually connect with what structure?
secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes)
