6: Induced innate immunity and systemic responses Flashcards
what are the two types of cytokines?
- interleukins
- interferons
what is the function of ILs?
act in the secreting cell, between leukocytes, or signaling other organs
what is the function of IFNs?
interfere with viral replication and serve as signals to other cells
IFN-alpha and beta are what type of interferons?
type 1
IFN-gamma is what type of interferon?
type 2
antigens that trigger cytokine release have an effect on which receptors?
t-cell
antigen triggering pathway produces what cytokines?
IFN gamma, IL-2,4,10,13
PAMPs that trigger cytokine release have an effect on which receptors?
Toll-like
PAMPs triggering pathways produces what cytokines?
IL-1 and 6, TNF-alpha, IFN gamma
antibodies that trigger cytokine release have an effect on which receptors?
Fc
antibody triggering pathways produce what cytokines?
IL-1 and TNF-alpha
what are cytokines?
messenger proteins (signaling molecules)
describe the signal transduction of cytokines and chemokines:
- ligand binds to a receptor- tyrosine kinase activity is generated by the receptor
- secondary messengers amplify and transmit signals
- transcription factors are generated
- gene transcription leads to protein synthesis and cell division
- cytokines and chemokines are released
what are the two types of cytokines?
- mediate and regulate innate immunity
- mediate and regulate adaptive immunity
cytokines produced by activated immune cells and epithelia cells that are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions are known as?
pro-inflammatory cytokines
what pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the process of pathological pain?
IL-beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha
cytokines that serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing are known as?
anti-inflammatory cytokines
what is the major functions of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta?
- antiviral and antiproliferative
- promote inflammation
what are the major functions fo IFN-gamma?
- antiviral and antiproliferative
- promote inflammation
- influences t-cell subset differentiation
- macrophage activation
what are the major functions of IL-2?
- stimulates b-cell activation
- T, B cell and NK cell proliferation
- promotes tolerance
what are the major functions of IL-4?
- promotes t-cell subset differentiation
- promotes humoral response
what are the major functions of IL-6?
- promotes hematopoesis and inflammation
- stimulates B AND T cell subset differentiation
what are the major functions of IL-10?
- Damps down inflammation
- has immunosuppressive effects on lymphocytes
what are the major functions of TNFs?
- mediates inflammation
- has immunoregulatory, cytotoxic, antiviral effects
- can trigger apoptosis or cell survival signaling
what are the major functions of the chemokine: CCL2?
chemoattractant for monocytes
what is the major function of the chemokine: CCL4?
chemoattractant for neutrophils, basophils and T cells
how do cytokines help in intracellular communication?
help make space for complement proteins and immune cells
where are type 1 interferons produced?
virally-infected nucleated cells
what receptors produce IFN-beta?
TLRs 3,7,8,9
how do type 1 interferons work (IFN-alpha and beta)?
induce the production of enzymes that block viral replication
where are type 2 interferons produced?
by NK cells
what does type 2 interferons (IFN-gamma) activate?
macrophages and dendritic cells
what is the acute phase response?
production of certain proteins that appear in the blood shortly after many infections
what are acute phase proteins?
proteins whose serum concentrations increase or decrease during inflammatory states
what are the + acute phase proteins?
haptoglobin (Hp)
serum amyloid A (SAA)
ceruloplasmin (Cp)
c-reactive protein (CRP)
what are the - acute phase proteins?
albumin
paraoxonase (PON)
apolipoproteins
which acute phase protein is the major mediator for the heptatocytic secretion of most of the APPs?
IL-6
what cytokines are triggered in an acute phase response?
IL-1 and 6, TNF-alpha
increased APPs=
biomarkers of inflammation
what is the function of haptoglobin?
bacteriostat
what APPs are elevated in acute phase responses in pigs and dogs?
CRP- c-reactive protein and SAA- serum amyloid a
what APPs are elevated in acute phase responses in cats?
SAA- serum amyloid a
what APPs are elevated in acute phase responses in cows?
Haptoglobin (Hp) and SAA- serum amyloid a
in systemic responses, IL-1 and 6, TNF-alpha and HMGB-1 can have effects on what cells and organs?
Cells:
macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
Organs:
hypothalamus, liver, bone marrow
