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Endocrine and Metabolism > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

enzyme required for first step of pyruvate to make glucose

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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2
Q

pyruvate carboxylase

A

enzyme for the first step in the use of pyruvate to make glucose

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3
Q

lactate dehydrogenase

A

first step in the use of lactate to make glucose

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4
Q

first step in the use of lactate to make glucose

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

glyerol kinase

A

full name of enzyme required for use of glycerol to make glucose

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6
Q

first enzyme for making glucose from glycerol

A

glycerol kinase

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7
Q

alanine transaminase

A

first enzyme for making use of alanine to make glucose

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8
Q

A glucose is made from 2 pyruvates, how many ATPs and how many GTPs does it cost?

A

4 ATP and 2 GTP

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9
Q

Two products that inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

acetyl coA and NADH

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10
Q

What part of the bifunctional enzyme PFK-2/F2,6 BPase is the active part when it is dephosphorlated

A

the kinase part

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11
Q

the liver’s pyruvate kinase is… (activated or inactivated by phosphorylation)

A

inhibited / inactivated

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12
Q

full name of enzyme of gluconeogenesis that is inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

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13
Q

where inside the cell is the glucose 6-phosphatase

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

where are the cells other than liver cells that are capable of gluconeogenesis

A

renal cortex

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15
Q

what is the activator of pyruvate carboxylase

A

acetyl coA

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16
Q

The reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (related to NADH use in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis)

A

makes NADH in the glycolysis direction and uses NADH in the gluconeogenesis direction

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17
Q

reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase

A

makes ATP in the glycolysis direction and uses ATP in the gluconeogenesis direction

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18
Q

two reactants for the aldolase reaction to go in the gluconeogenesis direction

A

DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3-P

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19
Q

the reaction catalyzed by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase …

A

is an irreversible reaction of gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What is the other reactant in the reaction that converts oxaloacetate into aspartate

A

glutamate

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21
Q

What causes the malate dehydrogenase reaction to go the reverse direction from what we studied for the TCA cycle when the liver is in the fasting state

A

the high concentration of NADH produced by beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix.

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22
Q

glycogen synthase

A

enzyme in liver glycogen metabolism thats inhibited by phosphorylation

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23
Q

two enzymes activated by phosphorylation in liver glycogen

A

phosphorylase kinase

glycogen phosphorylase

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24
Q

full name for membrane associated enzyme that’s activated by a G protein’s alpha subunit with epinephrine binds to an alpha adrenergic receptor

A

phospholipase C

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25
full name for membrane associated enzyme that is activated by a G protein's subunit when epinephrine binds to a beta adrenergic receptor
adenylate cyclase
26
full name for the second messenger that binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum and opens channels for calcium ion
inositol triphosphate
27
intermediate product of the glycogen phosphorylase reaction
glucose 1 phosphate
28
which pathway requires UDP glucse
glycogenesis
29
which one would not speed up liver cells in response to glucagon signals
glycolysis
30
the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase is ... (reversible or irreversible)
reversible
31
what is the reaction that makes UDP glucose?
glucose 1 P + UTP glucose --> UDP glucose + PPi
32
what is the enzyme in liver glycogen metabolism that is most directly activated by calcium ion?
phosphorylase kinase / protein kinase c
33
what large family of hormone receptors do glucagon, eta adrenergic receptors, and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors belong to?
heptahelical
34
what is the fate of HMG coA in the cytosol?
used to make cholesterol
35
what is the fate of HMG coA in the matrix of a mitochondira ?
becomes acetoacetate
36
what does the HMG in HMG coA stand for
hydroxymethylglutaryl
37
how many acetyl coAs make 1 HMG coA?
3
38
the HMG coA lyase reaction produces acetyl coA and
acetoacetate
39
ketogenesis is facilitated by... high or low insulin/glucagon blood ratio
low insulin/glucagon ratio
40
ketogenesis is facilitated by... a high or low level of oxaloacetate in mitochondria
low level of mitochondria
41
reaction catalyzed by beta hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase
beta hydroxybutarate + NAD+ --> acetoacetate + NADH + H+
42
what is the name of the enzyme that catalyzed production of an ammonium ion using glutamate as a reactant?
glutamate dehydrogenase
43
the two enzymes needed for conversion of plp are
a dehydrogenase and a kinase
44
with what does citruline react to form arginosuccinate?
aspartate and ATP
45
what is the reactant that provides a nitrogen for the carbamoy phosphate synthetase CPS1 reaction?
NH4 ammonium ion
46
what is the enzyme in urea cycle that catalyzes step producing urea
arginase (requires manganese as a cofactor)
47
urea breath test is used for...
h pylori infection
48
blood urea test is used for
kidney function
49
Are all branched chain amino acids essential amino acids?
yes
50
are all aromatic amino acids essential amino acids?
no
51
threonine is...
an essential amino acid
52
What are the essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine, methionine, arginine, lysine, leucine
53
what is the two step pathway from an alpha hydroxy acid to an alpha amino acid
oxidation followed by a transamination
54
what is the intermediate of glycolysis that is diverted from glycolysis for synthesis of serine?
3 phosphoglycerate
55
with what does serine react with in reaction catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase?
FH4
56
which nonessential amino acid is made from serine in reaction catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase
glycine
57
how many carbons does a methylmalonyl group have?
four
58
what catalytic cofactor resides in active site of enzyme that catalyzes conversion of propionyl coA to methylmalonyl CoA?
biotin
59
tetrahydrobioterin is
a reducing agent
60
which four amino acids form propionyl coA in their degredation?
valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine | VITM
61
what are four enzymes that require thiamine?
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrognase pyruvate dehydrogenase branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase transketolase
62
what reactant provides the new nitrogen that converts aspartate into asparagine in the asparagine synthetase reaction
glutamine
63
what amino acid reacts with homocysteine in the reaction catalyzed by cystathione beta synthase
serine
64
what b vitamin resides in active site of methylmalonyl coA mutase?
B12
65
what amino acid is precursor for melanins
tyrosine
66
what amino acid is precursor for synthesis of gaba
glutamate
67
what amino acid is precursor for synthesis of thyroid hormones
tyrosine
68
serotonin precursor
tryptophan
69
histamine precursor
histidine
70
nitric oxide precursor
arginine
71
purine nucleotide precursor
aspartate, glutamine, and glycine
72
pyrimidine nucleotide precursor
aspartate and glutamine
73
epinephrine precursor
methionine
74
carnitine
lysine
75
glutatione precursor
glu, ,cysteine, and glycine
76
NAD+
trp
77
heme
glycine
78
createine
glycine and arginine
79
catecholamines
tyrosine
80
melatonin
tryptophan
81
what kind of hydrolyzable bond exists in structure of nucleoside
beta n glycosidic
82
what is the nucleoside that has a cytosine and ribose as its parts
cytidine
83
what three amino acids are used in cells synthesis of purines
glutamine, glycine, and aspartate
84
what two amino acids are used in pyrmidine synthesis
glutamine and aspartate
85
what does PRPP stand for
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
86
reaction that is catalyzed by phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
ribose 5P + ATP --> PRPP + AMP
87
reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthase
dUMP + MEthylene FH4 --> dTMP + FH2
88
in de novo purine synthesis, PRPP reacts with...
glutamine
89
in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis PRPP reacts with...
orotate
90
which amino acid donates carbons as well as nitrogen in synthesis of a purine?
glycine
91
which amino acid donates carbons and a nitrogen for synthesis of a pyrimidine
aspartate
92
what tetrahydroflate derivate donates carbons for synthesis of a purine?
formyl FH4
93
what amino acid is required to convert inosine monophosphate into guanosine monophosphate?
glutamine
94
what aminoacid is needed to change a uracil nucleotide into a cytosine nucleotide?
glutamine
95
what two prodcuts of the reaction catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase?
inosine + Pi --> hyoxanthine and ribose 1 P
96
what reactive oxygen species is a product of xanthine oxidase reactions?
H2O2
97
what metal cofactor resides in the active site of xanthine oxidase?
molybdenum
98
what is the enzyme that catalyzes conversion of a nucleoside diphosphate into a deoxynucleoside diphosphate?
ribonucleotide reductase
99
what is the oxidizing agent for the reaction catalyyzed by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
oxygen
100
what is the oxidizing agent for the reaction catalyzed by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
NAD+
101
what inducible enzyme in liver cells turns acetaminophen into a toxin that can kill the liver cells?
CYP2E1
102
in what part of liver is its alcohol dehydrogenase
cytosol
103
microsomal refers to?
endoplasmic reticulum
104
explain why percentage of ethanol oxidized by the MEOS might be greater in an infrequent drinker who consumes a lot one night vs. same person who consumes less that night
on night when they drink lot, alcohol dehydrogenase gets saturated with ethanol
105
in terms of their functional groups, explain why it takes two oxidations to turn ethanol into acetate
ethanol is a primary alcohol, ti takes the first oxidation to produce an aldehyde and the second oxidation produces a carboxylic acid
106
explain the difficulty that ethanol metabolism causes with gluconeogenesis using glycerol to make glucose
glycerol 3P can't be oxidized to DHAP; the glycerol 3P dehydrogenase reaction is pushed to go the wrong direction by the NADH in the cytosol from the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction
107
for acetate to be used as fuel, what must it first be converted to?
acetyl coA
108
what enzyme is inhibited by grapefruit juice and induced by st. john's wort
CYP3A4
109
what does PAPS stand for
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
110
what amino acid is PAPS made from
cysteine
111
what is the function of PAPS
the sulfate donor for sulfation reactions catalyzed by the phase 2 sulfotransferase

Endocrine and Metabolism (9 decks)

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