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Endocrine and Metabolism > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

enzyme required for first step of pyruvate to make glucose

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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2
Q

pyruvate carboxylase

A

enzyme for the first step in the use of pyruvate to make glucose

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3
Q

lactate dehydrogenase

A

first step in the use of lactate to make glucose

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4
Q

first step in the use of lactate to make glucose

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

glyerol kinase

A

full name of enzyme required for use of glycerol to make glucose

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6
Q

first enzyme for making glucose from glycerol

A

glycerol kinase

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7
Q

alanine transaminase

A

first enzyme for making use of alanine to make glucose

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8
Q

A glucose is made from 2 pyruvates, how many ATPs and how many GTPs does it cost?

A

4 ATP and 2 GTP

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9
Q

Two products that inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

acetyl coA and NADH

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10
Q

What part of the bifunctional enzyme PFK-2/F2,6 BPase is the active part when it is dephosphorlated

A

the kinase part

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11
Q

the liver’s pyruvate kinase is… (activated or inactivated by phosphorylation)

A

inhibited / inactivated

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12
Q

full name of enzyme of gluconeogenesis that is inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

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13
Q

where inside the cell is the glucose 6-phosphatase

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

where are the cells other than liver cells that are capable of gluconeogenesis

A

renal cortex

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15
Q

what is the activator of pyruvate carboxylase

A

acetyl coA

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16
Q

The reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (related to NADH use in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis)

A

makes NADH in the glycolysis direction and uses NADH in the gluconeogenesis direction

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17
Q

reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase

A

makes ATP in the glycolysis direction and uses ATP in the gluconeogenesis direction

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18
Q

two reactants for the aldolase reaction to go in the gluconeogenesis direction

A

DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3-P

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19
Q

the reaction catalyzed by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase …

A

is an irreversible reaction of gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What is the other reactant in the reaction that converts oxaloacetate into aspartate

A

glutamate

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21
Q

What causes the malate dehydrogenase reaction to go the reverse direction from what we studied for the TCA cycle when the liver is in the fasting state

A

the high concentration of NADH produced by beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix.

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22
Q

glycogen synthase

A

enzyme in liver glycogen metabolism thats inhibited by phosphorylation

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23
Q

two enzymes activated by phosphorylation in liver glycogen

A

phosphorylase kinase

glycogen phosphorylase

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24
Q

full name for membrane associated enzyme that’s activated by a G protein’s alpha subunit with epinephrine binds to an alpha adrenergic receptor

A

phospholipase C

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25
Q

full name for membrane associated enzyme that is activated by a G protein’s subunit when epinephrine binds to a beta adrenergic receptor

A

adenylate cyclase

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26
Q

full name for the second messenger that binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum and opens channels for calcium ion

A

inositol triphosphate

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27
Q

intermediate product of the glycogen phosphorylase reaction

A

glucose 1 phosphate

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28
Q

which pathway requires UDP glucse

A

glycogenesis

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29
Q

which one would not speed up liver cells in response to glucagon signals

A

glycolysis

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30
Q

the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase is … (reversible or irreversible)

A

reversible

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31
Q

what is the reaction that makes UDP glucose?

A

glucose 1 P + UTP glucose –> UDP glucose + PPi

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32
Q

what is the enzyme in liver glycogen metabolism that is most directly activated by calcium ion?

A

phosphorylase kinase / protein kinase c

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33
Q

what large family of hormone receptors do glucagon, eta adrenergic receptors, and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors belong to?

A

heptahelical

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34
Q

what is the fate of HMG coA in the cytosol?

A

used to make cholesterol

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35
Q

what is the fate of HMG coA in the matrix of a mitochondira ?

A

becomes acetoacetate

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36
Q

what does the HMG in HMG coA stand for

A

hydroxymethylglutaryl

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37
Q

how many acetyl coAs make 1 HMG coA?

A

3

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38
Q

the HMG coA lyase reaction produces acetyl coA and

A

acetoacetate

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39
Q

ketogenesis is facilitated by… high or low insulin/glucagon blood ratio

A

low insulin/glucagon ratio

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40
Q

ketogenesis is facilitated by… a high or low level of oxaloacetate in mitochondria

A

low level of mitochondria

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41
Q

reaction catalyzed by beta hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase

A

beta hydroxybutarate + NAD+ –> acetoacetate + NADH + H+

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42
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that catalyzed production of an ammonium ion using glutamate as a reactant?

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

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43
Q

the two enzymes needed for conversion of plp are

A

a dehydrogenase and a kinase

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44
Q

with what does citruline react to form arginosuccinate?

A

aspartate and ATP

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45
Q

what is the reactant that provides a nitrogen for the carbamoy phosphate synthetase CPS1 reaction?

A

NH4 ammonium ion

46
Q

what is the enzyme in urea cycle that catalyzes step producing urea

A

arginase (requires manganese as a cofactor)

47
Q

urea breath test is used for…

A

h pylori infection

48
Q

blood urea test is used for

A

kidney function

49
Q

Are all branched chain amino acids essential amino acids?

A

yes

50
Q

are all aromatic amino acids essential amino acids?

A

no

51
Q

threonine is…

A

an essential amino acid

52
Q

What are the essential amino acids

A

PVT TIM HALL

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine, methionine, arginine, lysine, leucine

53
Q

what is the two step pathway from an alpha hydroxy acid to an alpha amino acid

A

oxidation followed by a transamination

54
Q

what is the intermediate of glycolysis that is diverted from glycolysis for synthesis of serine?

A

3 phosphoglycerate

55
Q

with what does serine react with in reaction catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase?

A

FH4

56
Q

which nonessential amino acid is made from serine in reaction catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase

A

glycine

57
Q

how many carbons does a methylmalonyl group have?

A

four

58
Q

what catalytic cofactor resides in active site of enzyme that catalyzes conversion of propionyl coA to methylmalonyl CoA?

A

biotin

59
Q

tetrahydrobioterin is

A

a reducing agent

60
Q

which four amino acids form propionyl coA in their degredation?

A

valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine

VITM

61
Q

what are four enzymes that require thiamine?

A

alpha ketoglutarate dehydrognase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
transketolase

62
Q

what reactant provides the new nitrogen that converts aspartate into asparagine in the asparagine synthetase reaction

A

glutamine

63
Q

what amino acid reacts with homocysteine in the reaction catalyzed by cystathione beta synthase

A

serine

64
Q

what b vitamin resides in active site of methylmalonyl coA mutase?

A

B12

65
Q

what amino acid is precursor for melanins

A

tyrosine

66
Q

what amino acid is precursor for synthesis of gaba

A

glutamate

67
Q

what amino acid is precursor for synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine

68
Q

serotonin precursor

A

tryptophan

69
Q

histamine precursor

A

histidine

70
Q

nitric oxide precursor

A

arginine

71
Q

purine nucleotide precursor

A

aspartate, glutamine, and glycine

72
Q

pyrimidine nucleotide precursor

A

aspartate and glutamine

73
Q

epinephrine precursor

A

methionine

74
Q

carnitine

A

lysine

75
Q

glutatione precursor

A

glu, ,cysteine, and glycine

76
Q

NAD+

A

trp

77
Q

heme

A

glycine

78
Q

createine

A

glycine and arginine

79
Q

catecholamines

A

tyrosine

80
Q

melatonin

A

tryptophan

81
Q

what kind of hydrolyzable bond exists in structure of nucleoside

A

beta n glycosidic

82
Q

what is the nucleoside that has a cytosine and ribose as its parts

A

cytidine

83
Q

what three amino acids are used in cells synthesis of purines

A

glutamine, glycine, and aspartate

84
Q

what two amino acids are used in pyrmidine synthesis

A

glutamine and aspartate

85
Q

what does PRPP stand for

A

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

86
Q

reaction that is catalyzed by phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

A

ribose 5P + ATP –> PRPP + AMP

87
Q

reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthase

A

dUMP + MEthylene FH4 –> dTMP + FH2

88
Q

in de novo purine synthesis, PRPP reacts with…

A

glutamine

89
Q

in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis PRPP reacts with…

A

orotate

90
Q

which amino acid donates carbons as well as nitrogen in synthesis of a purine?

A

glycine

91
Q

which amino acid donates carbons and a nitrogen for synthesis of a pyrimidine

A

aspartate

92
Q

what tetrahydroflate derivate donates carbons for synthesis of a purine?

A

formyl FH4

93
Q

what amino acid is required to convert inosine monophosphate into guanosine monophosphate?

A

glutamine

94
Q

what aminoacid is needed to change a uracil nucleotide into a cytosine nucleotide?

A

glutamine

95
Q

what two prodcuts of the reaction catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase?

A

inosine + Pi –> hyoxanthine and ribose 1 P

96
Q

what reactive oxygen species is a product of xanthine oxidase reactions?

A

H2O2

97
Q

what metal cofactor resides in the active site of xanthine oxidase?

A

molybdenum

98
Q

what is the enzyme that catalyzes conversion of a nucleoside diphosphate into a deoxynucleoside diphosphate?

A

ribonucleotide reductase

99
Q

what is the oxidizing agent for the reaction catalyyzed by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

A

oxygen

100
Q

what is the oxidizing agent for the reaction catalyzed by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

A

NAD+

101
Q

what inducible enzyme in liver cells turns acetaminophen into a toxin that can kill the liver cells?

A

CYP2E1

102
Q

in what part of liver is its alcohol dehydrogenase

A

cytosol

103
Q

microsomal refers to?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

104
Q

explain why percentage of ethanol oxidized by the MEOS might be greater in an infrequent drinker who consumes a lot one night vs. same person who consumes less that night

A

on night when they drink lot, alcohol dehydrogenase gets saturated with ethanol

105
Q

in terms of their functional groups, explain why it takes two oxidations to turn ethanol into acetate

A

ethanol is a primary alcohol, ti takes the first oxidation to produce an aldehyde and the second oxidation produces a carboxylic acid

106
Q

explain the difficulty that ethanol metabolism causes with gluconeogenesis using glycerol to make glucose

A

glycerol 3P can’t be oxidized to DHAP; the glycerol 3P dehydrogenase reaction is pushed to go the wrong direction by the NADH in the cytosol from the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction

107
Q

for acetate to be used as fuel, what must it first be converted to?

A

acetyl coA

108
Q

what enzyme is inhibited by grapefruit juice and induced by st. john’s wort

A

CYP3A4

109
Q

what does PAPS stand for

A

phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate

110
Q

what amino acid is PAPS made from

A

cysteine

111
Q

what is the function of PAPS

A

the sulfate donor for sulfation reactions catalyzed by the phase 2 sulfotransferase

Endocrine and Metabolism (9 decks)

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