Test 1 Flashcards
Exercise Physiology:
The study of the body’s responses and it’s adaptations to the stress of exercise.
Two Types Body Responses to The Stress of Exercise:
Immediate (acute) responses
and Long-term (chronic) responses
Exercise Physiologists tend to Specialize
Clinical areas such as cardiac rehabilitation, research based exercise physiology {such as performance and heat stress}. Assess, plan, or implement fitness programs–exercise or physical activities such as those designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility.
Exercise Physiologists Study:
Human energy transfer, human energy expenditure, evaluation of energy-generating capacities, the nervous system, respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, the musculoskeletal system, endocrine system (including hormones) and the interaction of these.
Plus training methods, environmental effects on physiology, and ergogenic aids.
The Cardiovascular System Consists of:
Heart and blood vessels–Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins.
Roles of the Cardiovascular System:
As a closed circuit it deliver nutrients to and remove metabolic wastes from tissues and helps maintain normal function at rest and during exercise.
Respiratory System Consists of:
Two tracts,
1) The Upper respiratory tract–the nose, nasal cavity (sinuses), pharynx, and larynx.
2) The Lower Respiratory Tract–the trachea, bronchial tree (bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli) and lungs
Actions of Respiratory System:
Helps filter air and is responsible for gas exchange within the lungs.
The Muscular System includes:
Three major muscle types:
Skeletal (voluntary movement)
Smooth ( involuntary movement)
Cardiac ( involuntary movement)
Roles of the Muscular System:
Every movement (involves muscular action)
Muscle fiber types:
Type 1 (Slow twitch)--low intensity, long duration and aerobic Type 11a and Type 11b (Fast Twitch)--high intensity, short duration and anaerobic
The Nervous System Consists of:
The Central Nervous System (CNS)– Brain and spinal cord–and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)–Sensory and motor nerves. The PNS relays information back to the CNS
The Autonomic Nervous System:
is part of the PNS and consists of two pathways; sympathetic (fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).
Who said ”If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health”
Hippocrates (~400 BCE)
Who said “Take exercise: for whilst inaction weakens the body, work strengthens it; the former brings on premature old age, the latter prolongs youth”
Cornelius Celsus (~ 40 CE)
Who said “those movements which do not alter respiration are not called exercise”
Galen (~200 CE)
Who said “exercise is deliberate and planned movement of the human frame, accompanied by breathlessness, and undertaken for the sake of health or fitness…”
Hieronymus Mercuralis (1530 –1606)
Who was director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University 1879-1919. Developed a system for physical examination including strength testing and anthropometric measures, designed individual exercise programs based on this data. Sargent Jump Test = still used today.
Dudley A. Sargent (1849-1924)
Who studied crew members from Harvard and Yale and found a diet of 15.6% protein, 40.7% fat, 44.2% carbos, ~4085 Kcal/day
Atwater and Bryant (1900)
The revival of what and the formation of what committee may have stimulated some interest in exercise physiology and sports physiology
The revival of the Modern Olympic Games in the 1890’s and the formation of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894
The Sargent Jump Test:
is a vertical jump test that is a test of muscular power, often used in fitness testing. It consists of measuring the difference between a person’s maximum vertical reach before jumping and at the highest point during a jump.
How is the Sargent Jump Test performed?
Typically, the person swings his or her arms downwards and backwards, assumes a crouching position, pauses momentarily to get balance, and then leaps as high as possible, swinging the arms forcefully forwards and upwards. Usually, the fingers are covered in chalk so that a mark can be made on a board to record the heights reached before and after jumping.
What is the Bohr Effect and who published it with Bohr?
August Krogh 1874-1949 Denmark, Krogh and Bohr published work in 1904 demonstrating that binding carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (thus promoting unloading of O2).
August Krogh also
Demonstrated in 1906 that oxygen passes from alveolus to capillary via passive diffusion. Designed an automatically controlled bicycle ergometer and a devise to measure changes in body weight during exercise. Demonstrated that muscles could use fat as substrate during exercise.
With Johannas Lindhard August Krough:
started field of exercise physiology in Scandinavia.
With Marie Krough, August Krough:
developed synthetic insulin for treatment of diabetes patients in Scandinavia.
August Krough won the Nobel Prize what year for what work?
1920 for his study of capillary blood flow in working muscle
Claudius Galenus [131-201 AD] “Laws of Health”:
Breathe Fresh Air, Eat Proper Foods, Drink the Right Beverages, Exercise, Get Adequate Sleep, Have a Daily Bowel Movement, Control the Emotions.
Galen was a prolific writer, scientist, and physician to the gladiators!
In the Early Years of Exercise Physiology:
Attempt to find the “fire of life,” studied Calorimetry, how muscle contract, and the conversion of energy from food to movement
How many 1st edition American authored medical tests existed prior to what date.
39 prior to 1800.
When was the first Medical School established?
1782
When was the first Medical Journal established?
1797
What were the first American “Doctors”?
Salesmen with no formal requirements to practice medicine needed.
When did medical schools begin to graduate students?
By middle of 19th Century and the first requirements to practice medicine appeared
The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory:
1) started
2) is credited by many
1) in 1927 as a part of the Business School of Harvard
2) as the origin of exercise physiology in the United States.
The director of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
David Bruce Dill (DB Dill) was interested in environmental effects on exercise performance and among other things he studied the effects of altitude on exercise and thermoregulation during exercise. Dill was often a subject in his own studies – including some unpleasant scenarios – like walking across the desert with a donkey and a dog
What is Jap, when was it started, and what does it do?
the Journal of Applied Physiology published by the American Physiological Society in 1948. It publishes high quality research in exercise physiology.
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1953 and why?
Krebs and Lipmann for Krebs Cycle and CoEnzyme A
What did the World Wars do?
raised concerns about health and fitness b/c large numbers of draftees failed induction exams
What is NATA and when was it formed?
The National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) was formed in 1950
What is ACSM and when was it founded?
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) founded 1954
What started publishing in 1969?
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
What did Eisenhower do in 1955?
President’s Council on Youth Fitness
Who defined and studied the use of overload to increase muscular strength
in 1956 Hellenbrandt and Houtz
Who is accredited for ACSM certification programs, 1970’s
Bruno Balke
