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PARASITOLOGY > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who said that 1/3 of the world is infected with 1 common parasite

A

stoll

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2
Q

what parasite did Stoll believe that 1/3 of the world is infected with

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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3
Q

what did Stoll believe about some towns in Africa

A

that they have 100% malaria

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4
Q

aka schistosoma mansoni

A

blood flukes

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5
Q

can blood flukes and hook worms kill people

A

yes

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6
Q

aka necates americanus

A

hook worm

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7
Q

where do you find hook worms

A

inside intestines

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8
Q

where do hook worms get their nutrients

A

blood

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9
Q

aka taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm

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10
Q

aka taenia solium

A

pork tapeworm

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11
Q

how long are beef and pork tapeworms

A

4 to 10 m

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12
Q

what kind of association is between 2 organisms; 1 organism survive on the other organism

A

symbiotic association

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13
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is 1 organism carry the other organism to another place

A

phoresis

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14
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is 1 benefits without harming the other

A

commesalism

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15
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is both organisms benefit from each other, if 1 is removed, the other would not survive because they need each other

A

mutualism

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16
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is 1 benefit, harms the other

A

parasitism

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17
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is microorganism which does not ordinarily cause problem but becomes pathogenic under certain conditions

A

opportunism

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18
Q

def? Organism stays inside the body of the human until it matures (has genital system); 1 host is involved in maturation

A

Permanent Association (Obligate Association)

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19
Q

def? 2 organisms are involved;

A

Temporary Association (Facultative Association)

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20
Q

def? looks like a parasite but its not “junk” ; to see if parasite or not, must look at their exact morphology

A

Pseudoparasite

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21
Q

what kind of animals are protozoa

A

single celled

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22
Q

what are the 4 classes of protozoa

A

sarcodina
mastigophora
ciliophora
sporozoa

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23
Q

aka platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

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24
Q

what are the 2 classes of platyhelminthes

A

trematoda

Cestoda

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25
Q

aka trematoda

A

flukes

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26
Q

aka Cestoda

A

roundworm

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27
Q

are trematodes mono or diecious

A

mono

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28
Q

what are the regions of the Cestoda

A

head
neck
trunk

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29
Q

aka aschelminthes

A

roundworm

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30
Q

what class is part of aschelminthes

A

nematoda

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31
Q

are aschelminthes mono or dioecious

A

dioecious

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32
Q

in phylum aschelminthes who are bigger males or females

A

females

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33
Q

aka acanthocephala

A

thorny headed worm

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34
Q

describe the body of phylum acanthocephala

A

anterior is muscular with lots of hooks, can contract and relax

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35
Q

how do you get phylum acanthocephala

A

eating Beatles

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36
Q

is phylum acanthocephala mono or dioecious

A

dioecious

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37
Q

aka arthropoda

A

mosquitos
mites
ticks
fleas

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38
Q

what are the body regions of phylum arthropoda

A

head
thorax
abdomen

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39
Q 
what phylum do these 5 classes make up: crustacea
arachnida
pentastomida
insecta
Chilopoda
A

phylum arthropoda

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40
Q

do most parasites produce antigen or antibodies

A

antibody

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41
Q

any foreign material you can see in humans and animals

A

antigens

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42
Q

part of the body of the parasite is Antigen

A

somatic antigens

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43
Q

secretion / excretion of antigen from the organism

A

metabolic antigen

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44
Q

host? maturity (formation of genital system) of the organism happens on this host – Adult

A

finial host

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45
Q

what are beef tapeworms finial host

A

man

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46
Q

host? different stages of development happens on this host

A

intermediate host

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47
Q

what is the intermediate host of beef tapeworms

A

cow

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48
Q

host? transfers 1 organism to another place

A

transfer host

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49
Q

does the transfer host get harmed when it is used

A

no

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50
Q

host? organism that transfers other organism and causes problem to the host

A

vector host

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51
Q

what does wuchereria bancrofti cause in humans

A

elephantiasis

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52
Q

enlargement of parts of the body, usually lower half (legs, testes, genital system m/f)

A

elephantiasis

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53
Q

host? carry organism to 1 palce to the other

A

carrier host

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54
Q

host? some parasite that only causes problem in humans, not other animals

A

reservoir host

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55
Q

reservoir host? from wild animal that transfers to human being

A

sylvatic reservoir

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56
Q

reservoir host? transfer from domestic animals (cats & dogs)

A

domestic reservoir

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57
Q

def? any parasitic infection that transfers from animals to human beings

A

zoonosis

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58
Q

what does poor sanitation lead to

A

more organisms

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59
Q

true or false: the gov’t does not control the spread of organisms

A

true

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60
Q

what does poor nutrition lead to

A

organisms spreading more

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61
Q

what can the gov’t do to reduce the spread of organisms

A

educate people

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62
Q

what regional custom does china do that spreads lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani)

A

eat pickled crab

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63
Q

what is an intermediate host of lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani)

A

snails

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64
Q

what regional custom does Egypt do that spreads intestinal flukes

A

picked tiny fish

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65
Q

true or false: a colder region/country will spread more organisms

A

false

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66
Q

who spreads more organisms north or south America

A

south

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67
Q

damage? tissue breaking, lysing, inflammation, and decomposition; mechanical changes

A

tissue damage

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68
Q

what happens to the adipose cells during tissue damage

A

parasite increases adipose cells

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69
Q

def? completely breaking the tissue & changing the function of the tissue

A

necrosis

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70
Q

what tissue damage does pork tapeworm (Trichinella spiralis) affect

A

skeletal muscle

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71
Q

damage? Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Neoplasia

A

tissue change

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72
Q

def? inflammation of part of the body

A

hyperplasia

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73
Q

what organism does hyperplasia

A

liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

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74
Q

def? enlargement of the cell

A

hypertrophy

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75
Q

what organism does hypertrophy

A

Plasmodium vivax

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76
Q

def? 1 organism in part of the body causing Capsule which surrounds organism & damaging cell

A

metaplasia

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77
Q

what organism does metaplasia

A

Paragonimus westermani

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78
Q

def? causes cancer

A

neoplasia

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79
Q

what organism does neoplasia

A

blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium)

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80
Q

def? some kind of association using prey; living organism using another living organism

A

predation

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81
Q

def? living organism using non-living organism/things

A

scavenger

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82
Q

where do protozoa live

A

animals or in colony

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83
Q

what differentiates the classes in phylum protozoa

A

locomotory organell

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84
Q

how does class sarcodina move

A

pseudopodia

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85
Q

how does class mastigophora move

A

flagella

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86
Q

describe class mastigophora flagella

A

1 or more

longer than organism

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87
Q

where do the flagella originate from in class mastigophora

A

blephoroplast or kenitoplast

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88
Q

body of class mastigophora is divided into

A

ectoplasm and endoplast

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89
Q

how does class ciliophora move

A

cilia

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90
Q

describe cilia in class ciliophora

A

short
numerous
thicker than flagella

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91
Q

where do the cilia originate from in class ciliophora

A

kinetosome found in ectoplast

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92
Q

how does class sporozoa move

A

no locomotive organell

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93
Q

true or false: all of class sporozoa are parasitic

A

true

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94
Q

how many nuclei does phylum protozoa have

A

at least 1

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95
Q

what is the cytoplasm divided into in phylum protozoa

A

ectoplast and endoplast

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96
Q

which is darker endo or ectoplast in phylum protozoa

A

ectoplast

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97
Q

function of the ectoplast in phylum protozoa

A

protection
ingestion
excretion
movement

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98
Q

true or false: the endoplast does not have a nucleus in class sporozoa

A

false

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99
Q

function of the endoplast in phylum protozoa

A

digestion

reproduction

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100
Q

what type of reproduction does phylum protozoa do

A

sexual and asexual

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101
Q

true or false: phylum protozoa is very complex

A

true

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102
Q

what are the 2 types of movement phylum protozoa does

A

slow and fast

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103
Q

what kind of asexual reproduction does phylum protozoa do

A

binary fission

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104
Q

what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: longitudinal, nuclear division, and cytokinesis

A

flagellates

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105
Q

what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: transverse, nuclear division, and cytokinesis

A

ciliates

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106
Q

what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: oblique, nuclear division, and cytokinesis

A

sarcodina

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107
Q

what kind of sexual reproduction does phylum protozoa do

A

conjugation

syngamy.

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108
Q

describe conjugation in phylum protozoa

A

temp union

part of both nuclei transfers

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109
Q

describe syngamy in phylum protozoa

A

permanent union
sperm + egg = zygote
each gamete has a nucleus

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110
Q

what is the nucleus called in the gametes of phylum protozoa

A

synkaryon

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111
Q

what are the 2 types of gametes in in phylum protozoa

A

isogametes

an-isogametes (majority)

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112
Q

gamete? 2 gametes resemble each other (same size)

A

isogamete

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113
Q

gamete? 2 gametes different from each other

A

an-isogamete

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114
Q

what does phylum protozoa use for excretion of waste

A

mouth

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115
Q

what do ciliates in phylum protozoa use for excretion of waste

A

cytopyge

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116
Q

can a trophozoite become a cyst in phylum protozoa

A

yes

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117
Q

how does phylum protozoa cause problems

A

lysing
inflammation
damage cell

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118
Q

phylum protozoa kills people in the _____ stage

A

chronic

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119
Q

def? # of organism have obvious symptoms

A

symptomology

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120
Q

how is phylum protozoa transmitted

A

indirect contact
direct contact
contamination

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121
Q

what are the 3 phases of phylum protozoa

A

trophozoite
pre-cyst
cyst

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122
Q

where is entamoeba histolytica found

A

in the beginning and cecum of the large intestine

123
Q

majority size of entamoeba histolytica

A

10-20 um

124
Q

how to differentiate between entamoebas

A

look at nucleus and chromatin periphery

125
Q

chromatin periphery of entamoeba histolytica

A

uniform/regular

126
Q

do entamoeba histolytica contain RBC

A

may or may not

127
Q

who founded entamoeba histolytica

A

fedor losch

128
Q

how many nuclei do the pre cyst of entamoeba histolytica have

A

2

129
Q

true or false: entamoeba histolytica pre-cyst and troph have the same structure

A

true

130
Q

what are the 2 races of entamoeba histolytica troph

A

small and large

131
Q

what does the small troph of entamoeba histolytica attack

A

cecum and large intestines

132
Q

problems of small troph entamoeba histolytica

A

GI problems

133
Q

does the small troph entamoeba histolytica have RBC

A

no

134
Q

how does entamoeba histolytica small troph move through out the body

A

systemic circulation

135
Q

what does the large troph of entamoeba histolytica cause

A

amoebic dysentery

136
Q

where is the large troph entamoeba histolytica located (5)

A 
blood
liver
lung
spleen
brain
137
Q

what kind of sample do pt bring to test for large troph entamoeba histolytica

A

fecal sample 3x with at least 72 hr interval

138
Q

true or false : large troph entamoeba histolytica can not go chronic

A

false

139
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica troph sensitive to

A

heat

140
Q

true or false: entamoeba histolytica troph can do multiple fission

A

true

141
Q

1 cyst with 4 nuclei =

A

8 troph

142
Q

what are the pathogenesity factors of entamoeba histolytica

A

sensitivity
intestinal condition
age

143
Q

true or false: entamoeba histolytica is one of the most dangerous organisms

A

true

144
Q

what test is done to see if a pt has entamoeba histolytica

A

blood and serology test

145
Q

what will show in the blood test of pt with entamoeba histolytica

A

increase # of WBC/leukocytes

146
Q

Pathogenicity of entamoeba coli

A

non pathogenic

147
Q

where is entamoeba coli found

A

large intestine

148
Q

which is the larger organism entamoeba coli or entamoeba histolytica

A

e histolytica

149
Q

describe the endosome of entamoeba coli troph

A

large and not in the center

150
Q

describe chromatin periphery of entamoeba coli troph

A

irregular with few chromatin fiber

151
Q

parasitic relationship of entamoeba coli

A

commensal

152
Q

how many nuclei does entamoeba coli cyst have

A

8

153
Q

how does entamoeba coli move

A

pseudopodia

154
Q

true or false: entamoeba harmanni has a similar structure to small race entamoeba histolytica

A

true

155
Q

which organism is smaller entamoeba harmanni or small race entamoeba histolytica

A

entamoeba harmanni

156
Q

true or false : entamoeba harmanni has chromatin periphery

A

false

157
Q

parasitic relationship of entamoeba harmanni

A

commensal

158
Q

parasitic relationship of Iodamoeba butchlii

A

commensal

159
Q

troph size of Iodamoeba butchlii

A

small

160
Q

describe the endosome of Iodamoeba butchlii troph

A

regular

161
Q

true or false: the nucleus is off center in Iodamoeba butchlii troph

A

true

162
Q

true or false: Iodamoeba butchlii troph have glycogen vacuole

A

true

163
Q

where are the cyst of Iodamoeba butchlii found

A

large intestine

164
Q

parasitic relationship of endolimax nana

A

commensal

165
Q

true or false: endolimax nana troph structure is the not same as I. butchlii

A

false

166
Q

Describe the endosome in endolimax nana

A

large, irregular, with chromatin periphery with chromatin fibers

167
Q

what shape are the cyst of endolimax nana

A

oval shaped

168
Q

how many nuclei do endolimax nana cyst have

A

4

169
Q

true or false: entamoeba gingivalis has no cyst only troph

A

true

170
Q

where do you find entamoeba gingivalis

A

oral cavity

171
Q

what organism’s structure is close to entamoeba gingivalis

A

E. histolytica

172
Q

describe the chromatin periphery of entamoeba gingivalis

A

regular but less than E. histolytica

173
Q

true or false: there are no WBC in entamoeba gingivalis

A

false

174
Q

how is entamoeba gingivalis transferred

A

kissing

175
Q

how do you get rid of entamoeba gingivalis

A

mouthwash

176
Q

what are dientamoeba fragilis classified as

A

flagella

177
Q

what organisms cause meningoencephalitis

A

naegleria floweri
hartmannella
acanthamoeba

178
Q

how many forms are there of naegleria floweri

A

2

179
Q

where are naegleria floweri found

A

water

180
Q

when does naegleria floweri have flagella and when does it not

A

have- in water

doesn’t have- nose

181
Q

where does naegleria floweri go after the nose

A

brain

182
Q

what does naegleria floweri attack in the brain

A

grey matter and meninges

183
Q

what are the symptoms of naegleria floweri

A 
headache
sore throat
alteration of taste
fever
stuffy nose
184
Q

how long does it take for naegleria floweri to kill people

A

4-5 weeks

185
Q

when do they find naegleria floweri

A

during autopsy

186
Q

where did they 1st find naegleria floweri

A

australia

187
Q

what causes more problems naegleria floweri or acanthamoeba

A

naegleria floweri

188
Q

what are the 3 types of mastigophora

A

intestinal
urogenital
blood and tissue

189
Q

the majority of what type of flagellates cause problems

A

intestinal

190
Q

describe the movement of mastigophora

A

beating movement

191
Q

parasitic relationship of enteromonas hominis

A

commensal

192
Q

size of enteromonas hominis troph

A

small

193
Q

shape of enteromonas hominis troph

A

pear shape

194
Q

how many nuclei and blephoroplast do enteromonas hominis troph have

A

1 and 1

195
Q

shape of enteromonas hominis cyst

A

oval shaped

196
Q

how many nuclei do enteromonas hominis cyst have

A

4

197
Q

parasitic relationship of embadomonas intestinalis

A

commensal

198
Q

shape of embadomonas intestinalis troph

A

pear shaped

199
Q

how many nuclei and blephoroplast does embadomonas intestinalis troph have

A

1 and 1

200
Q

describe the endosome of embadomonas intestinalis troph

A

large and centered

201
Q

how many flagella do embadomonas intestinalis troph have

A

2

202
Q

what is the mouth on embadomonas intestinalis troph called

A

cytosome

203
Q

what organism causes mild diarrhea

A

chliomastix meshili

204
Q

what kind of flagella does chliomastix meshili have

A

cystomal and 3 anterior flagella

205
Q

what does the nucleus of chliomastix meshili troph have

A

chromatin grannule

206
Q

true or false: chliomastix meshili troph has a cytosome

A

true

207
Q

size of chliomastix meshili cyst

A

very small

208
Q

shape of chliomastix meshili cyst

A

apical cone

209
Q

where is trichomonas hominis found

A

large intestine

210
Q

what does trichomonas hominis cause

A

diarrhea

211
Q

how many anterior flagellum does trichomonad hominis troph have

A

5

212
Q

what organism can cause bad breath and inflammation of the gums

A

trichomonas tenax

213
Q

does dientamoeba fragilis have cyst

A

no

214
Q

how many endosome are in each nucleus of dientamoeba fragilis

A

4-5

215
Q

where are dientamoeba fragilis flagella

A

inside

216
Q

what does dientamoeba fragilis cause (3)

A

diarrhea
abdominal pain
nausea

217
Q

where is Giardia lamblia found

A

duodenum and small intestine (jejunum)

218
Q

how many nuclei does Giardia lamblia troph have

A

2

219
Q

how many nuclei does Giardia lamblia cyst have

A

4

220
Q

who are most infected by Giardia lamblia

A

children

221
Q

what makes the severity of Giardia lamblia

A

number of organism

222
Q

what are you not supposed to eat when infected with Giardia lamblia

A

sugar

223
Q

what organism interferes with absorption of vitamin a and fat

A

Giardia lamblia

224
Q

what structure on Giardia lamblia cause thinning of cells

A

suckers

225
Q

how many anterior flagella does t. vaginalis have

A

4

226
Q

what pH t. vaginalis grow at

A

5 to 6.5

227
Q

how long t. vaginalis survive in wet environment

A

24 hours

228
Q

what organism causes vaginitis, urethritis ( F & M), prostits, epydidimitis

A

t. vaginalis

229
Q

what medium is made out of cysteine, peptone, liver, maltose

A

CPLM

230
Q

who invented CPLM

A

johnson

231
Q

who invented diamond media

A

diamond

232
Q

who invented trichosel media

A

kupfer

233
Q

what increases t. vaginalis growth

A

sugar

234
Q

how is t. vaginalis transferred

A

sex

contact of items

235
Q

what organisms do not have mitocondria

A

t. vaginalis

G. lamblia

236
Q

what kind of organism needs an intermediate host (fly)

A

trypanosoma

237
Q

what is the 1st phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates

A

trypanosoma phase

238
Q

what is the 2nd phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates

A

herpetomonad phases

239
Q

what is the 3rd phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates

A

crithidial phase

240
Q

what is the 4th phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates

A

leptomonad phase

241
Q

what is the 5th phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates

A

leishmanial phase

242
Q

what organism cause west African sleeping sickness

A

trypanosoma gambiense

243
Q

what is the intermediate host of trypanosoma gambiense

A

glossina palpalis (tse tse fly)

244
Q

what are the 3 phases of trypanosoma gambiense

A

trypanosoma
herpetomonad
crithidia

245
Q

what organism affects the blood 1st then lymph nodes, bone marrow, spinal fluid

A

trypanosoma gambiense

246
Q

how long is the 1st phase of trypanosoma gambiense

A

1 year

247
Q

what is the incubation period of trypanosoma gambiense in the 1st phase

A

14 days

248
Q

what organism has these symptoms in the 1st phase: fever, fatigue, muscle/joint problem, enlargement of cervical lymph node

A

trypanosoma gambiense

249
Q

what does the 2nd phase of trypanosoma gambiense affect

A

bone marrow

250
Q

what does the 3rd phase of trypanosoma gambiense affect

A

spinal cord

251
Q

what phase of trypanosoma gambiense is the beginning of death

A

3rd phase

252
Q

where is trypanosoma gambiense found (country)

A

west africa

253
Q

what increases in the blood of someone with trypanosoma gambiense

A

WBCs

254
Q

what test is ran for trypanosoma gambiense

A

complement fixation test

fluorescent antibody test

255
Q

what organism causes East African sleeping sickness

A

trypanosoma rhodesiense

256
Q

what is the intermediate host of trypanosoma rhodesiense

A

glassing morsitans (East African tsetse fly)

257
Q

what are the 3 phases of trypanosoma rhodesiense

A

trypanosome
herpetomonad
crithidial

258
Q

how long does it take for trypanosoma rhodesiense to kill someone

A

9 mon to 1 yr

259
Q

does trypanosoma rhodesiense have a winter bottom site

A

no

260
Q

what organisms have these symptoms: fever, bleeding in brain, retardation, coma

A

trypanosoma rhodesiense

261
Q

does trypanosoma gambiense have a winter bottom site

A

yes

262
Q

what organism causes chagas’ disease or American typanosomians

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

263
Q

what is the intermidate host of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

tiatoma infestans (kissing bug)

264
Q

what shapes does Trypanosoma Cruzi come in

A

s or horseshoe shape

265
Q

what are the 5 phases of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A 
trypanosome
herpetomonad 
crithidial 
leptomonal 
leishmanial
266
Q

what would the lab test for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis

A

blood

267
Q

what experiement is preformed to diagnose Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

xenodiagnoais

268
Q

what is cultured to test for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis

A

sample of lymph or blood

269
Q

what cell does Trypanosoma Cruzi grow in

A

macrophages

270
Q

what phase of Trypanosoma Cruzi grows inside macrophages

A

leishmanial

271
Q

what organism causes fever, enlarged liver and spleen, romana sign, myocarditis

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

272
Q

what is the intermediate host of leishmania

A

phlebotomus (sand fly)

273
Q

what are the two phases of leishmania

A

leptomonal

leishmanial

274
Q

which phase of  leishmania is more active

A

leptomonal

275
Q

what phase of  leishmania uses more oxygen and glucose

A

leptomonal

276
Q

how is leishmania transfered

A

bite
blood transfusion
contamination of the conjuctiva


277
Q

what organism causes kala-azar disease or dumdum fever 

A

leishmania donovani

278
Q

what does leishmania donovani attack 

A

Humans, dogs

279
Q

what is the intermediate host of  leishmania donovani

A

blood fly

280
Q

what organism affects blood, limbs, bone marrow, liver, spleen

A

leishmania donovani

281
Q

what is the incubation period of  leishmania donovani

A

2 to 3 weeks

282
Q

what organism has the symptoms high fever, chills, enlarge liver and spleen, loss of appetite

A

leishmania donovani

283
Q

how long can someone live with  leishmania donovani

A

two years

284
Q

what type of  leishmania braziliensis Is ear to cheek

A

uta type

285
Q

what type of  leishmania braziliensis Is known as Mexican type and ear only

A

chicle type

286
Q

what is the most important type of  leishmania braziliensis And is ear to entire face

A

espundia type

287
Q

how is leishmania braziliensis transmitted

A

bite

288
Q

what organism is cutaneous leishmaniois

A

leishmania tropica

289
Q

what organisms have the symptoms oral sore and delhi ulcer

A

leishmania tropica

290
Q

what organism a taxidermis and epidermis and histocytes

A

leishmania tropica

291
Q

what are the two phases of leishmania tropica

A

rural phase

urban phase

292
Q

what is the acute phase of  leishmania tropica

A

rural phase

293
Q

what is the chronic phase of  leishmania tropica

A

urban phase

294
Q

what is the worst type of  leishmania

A

donovani and brazilienses espundia type

295
Q

what class moves and captures food using cilia

A

Ciliaphora

296
Q

what organism causes balantidiosis and balantidium dysentry

A

balantidium coli

297
Q

where is Balantidium coli found

A

cecum and ileum

298
Q

what is it called when Balantidium is in feces/intestine of pigs

A

Balantidium swiss

299
Q

what is it called when Balantidium is in humans

A

Balantidium coli

300
Q

what causes a hemorrhage from Balantidium coli

A

cilia breaking the epithelial tissue to capillaries

301
Q

what Balantidium causes hemorrhage

A

Balantidium dysentry

302
Q

what organism causes these signs: anemia, loss of apetite, weight, ulcer, gangrene, diarrhea with blood

A

Balantidium

303
Q

what about the human body cause Balantidium Swiss to change to Balantidium coli

A

environment of the intestines

PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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