TEST 1 Flashcards
who said that 1/3 of the world is infected with 1 common parasite
stoll
what parasite did Stoll believe that 1/3 of the world is infected with
ascaris lumbricoides
what did Stoll believe about some towns in Africa
that they have 100% malaria
aka schistosoma mansoni
blood flukes
can blood flukes and hook worms kill people
yes
aka necates americanus
hook worm
where do you find hook worms
inside intestines
where do hook worms get their nutrients
blood
aka taenia saginata
beef tapeworm
aka taenia solium
pork tapeworm
how long are beef and pork tapeworms
4 to 10 m
what kind of association is between 2 organisms; 1 organism survive on the other organism
symbiotic association
what kind of symbiotic association is 1 organism carry the other organism to another place
phoresis
what kind of symbiotic association is 1 benefits without harming the other
commesalism
what kind of symbiotic association is both organisms benefit from each other, if 1 is removed, the other would not survive because they need each other
mutualism
what kind of symbiotic association is 1 benefit, harms the other
parasitism
what kind of symbiotic association is microorganism which does not ordinarily cause problem but becomes pathogenic under certain conditions
opportunism
def? Organism stays inside the body of the human until it matures (has genital system); 1 host is involved in maturation
Permanent Association (Obligate Association)
def? 2 organisms are involved;
Temporary Association (Facultative Association)
def? looks like a parasite but its not “junk” ; to see if parasite or not, must look at their exact morphology
Pseudoparasite
what kind of animals are protozoa
single celled
what are the 4 classes of protozoa
sarcodina
mastigophora
ciliophora
sporozoa
aka platyhelminthes
flatworms
what are the 2 classes of platyhelminthes
trematoda
Cestoda
aka trematoda
flukes
aka Cestoda
roundworm
are trematodes mono or diecious
mono
what are the regions of the Cestoda
head
neck
trunk
aka aschelminthes
roundworm
what class is part of aschelminthes
nematoda
are aschelminthes mono or dioecious
dioecious
in phylum aschelminthes who are bigger males or females
females
aka acanthocephala
thorny headed worm
describe the body of phylum acanthocephala
anterior is muscular with lots of hooks, can contract and relax
how do you get phylum acanthocephala
eating Beatles
is phylum acanthocephala mono or dioecious
dioecious
aka arthropoda
mosquitos
mites
ticks
fleas
what are the body regions of phylum arthropoda
head
thorax
abdomen
what phylum do these 5 classes make up: crustacea arachnida pentastomida insecta Chilopoda
phylum arthropoda
do most parasites produce antigen or antibodies
antibody
any foreign material you can see in humans and animals
antigens
part of the body of the parasite is Antigen
somatic antigens
secretion / excretion of antigen from the organism
metabolic antigen
host? maturity (formation of genital system) of the organism happens on this host – Adult
finial host
what are beef tapeworms finial host
man
host? different stages of development happens on this host
intermediate host
what is the intermediate host of beef tapeworms
cow
host? transfers 1 organism to another place
transfer host
does the transfer host get harmed when it is used
no
host? organism that transfers other organism and causes problem to the host
vector host
what does wuchereria bancrofti cause in humans
elephantiasis
enlargement of parts of the body, usually lower half (legs, testes, genital system m/f)
elephantiasis
host? carry organism to 1 palce to the other
carrier host
host? some parasite that only causes problem in humans, not other animals
reservoir host
reservoir host? from wild animal that transfers to human being
sylvatic reservoir
reservoir host? transfer from domestic animals (cats & dogs)
domestic reservoir
def? any parasitic infection that transfers from animals to human beings
zoonosis
what does poor sanitation lead to
more organisms
true or false: the gov’t does not control the spread of organisms
true
what does poor nutrition lead to
organisms spreading more
what can the gov’t do to reduce the spread of organisms
educate people
what regional custom does china do that spreads lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani)
eat pickled crab
what is an intermediate host of lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani)
snails
what regional custom does Egypt do that spreads intestinal flukes
picked tiny fish
true or false: a colder region/country will spread more organisms
false
who spreads more organisms north or south America
south
damage? tissue breaking, lysing, inflammation, and decomposition; mechanical changes
tissue damage
what happens to the adipose cells during tissue damage
parasite increases adipose cells
def? completely breaking the tissue & changing the function of the tissue
necrosis
what tissue damage does pork tapeworm (Trichinella spiralis) affect
skeletal muscle
damage? Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Neoplasia
tissue change
def? inflammation of part of the body
hyperplasia
what organism does hyperplasia
liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
def? enlargement of the cell
hypertrophy
what organism does hypertrophy
Plasmodium vivax
def? 1 organism in part of the body causing Capsule which surrounds organism & damaging cell
metaplasia
what organism does metaplasia
Paragonimus westermani
def? causes cancer
neoplasia
what organism does neoplasia
blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium)
def? some kind of association using prey; living organism using another living organism
predation
def? living organism using non-living organism/things
scavenger
where do protozoa live
animals or in colony
what differentiates the classes in phylum protozoa
locomotory organell
how does class sarcodina move
pseudopodia
how does class mastigophora move
flagella
describe class mastigophora flagella
1 or more
longer than organism
where do the flagella originate from in class mastigophora
blephoroplast or kenitoplast
body of class mastigophora is divided into
ectoplasm and endoplast
how does class ciliophora move
cilia
describe cilia in class ciliophora
short
numerous
thicker than flagella
where do the cilia originate from in class ciliophora
kinetosome found in ectoplast
how does class sporozoa move
no locomotive organell
true or false: all of class sporozoa are parasitic
true
how many nuclei does phylum protozoa have
at least 1
what is the cytoplasm divided into in phylum protozoa
ectoplast and endoplast
which is darker endo or ectoplast in phylum protozoa
ectoplast
function of the ectoplast in phylum protozoa
protection
ingestion
excretion
movement
true or false: the endoplast does not have a nucleus in class sporozoa
false
function of the endoplast in phylum protozoa
digestion
reproduction
what type of reproduction does phylum protozoa do
sexual and asexual
true or false: phylum protozoa is very complex
true
what are the 2 types of movement phylum protozoa does
slow and fast
what kind of asexual reproduction does phylum protozoa do
binary fission
what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: longitudinal, nuclear division, and cytokinesis
flagellates
what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: transverse, nuclear division, and cytokinesis
ciliates
what kind of protozoan does this kind of asexual reproduction: oblique, nuclear division, and cytokinesis
sarcodina
what kind of sexual reproduction does phylum protozoa do
conjugation
syngamy.
describe conjugation in phylum protozoa
temp union
part of both nuclei transfers
describe syngamy in phylum protozoa
permanent union
sperm + egg = zygote
each gamete has a nucleus
what is the nucleus called in the gametes of phylum protozoa
synkaryon
what are the 2 types of gametes in in phylum protozoa
isogametes
an-isogametes (majority)
gamete? 2 gametes resemble each other (same size)
isogamete
gamete? 2 gametes different from each other
an-isogamete
what does phylum protozoa use for excretion of waste
mouth
what do ciliates in phylum protozoa use for excretion of waste
cytopyge
can a trophozoite become a cyst in phylum protozoa
yes
how does phylum protozoa cause problems
lysing
inflammation
damage cell
phylum protozoa kills people in the _____ stage
chronic
def? # of organism have obvious symptoms
symptomology
how is phylum protozoa transmitted
indirect contact
direct contact
contamination
what are the 3 phases of phylum protozoa
trophozoite
pre-cyst
cyst
where is entamoeba histolytica found
in the beginning and cecum of the large intestine
majority size of entamoeba histolytica
10-20 um
how to differentiate between entamoebas
look at nucleus and chromatin periphery
chromatin periphery of entamoeba histolytica
uniform/regular
do entamoeba histolytica contain RBC
may or may not
who founded entamoeba histolytica
fedor losch
how many nuclei do the pre cyst of entamoeba histolytica have
2
true or false: entamoeba histolytica pre-cyst and troph have the same structure
true
what are the 2 races of entamoeba histolytica troph
small and large
what does the small troph of entamoeba histolytica attack
cecum and large intestines
problems of small troph entamoeba histolytica
GI problems
does the small troph entamoeba histolytica have RBC
no
how does entamoeba histolytica small troph move through out the body
systemic circulation
what does the large troph of entamoeba histolytica cause
amoebic dysentery
where is the large troph entamoeba histolytica located (5)
blood liver lung spleen brain
what kind of sample do pt bring to test for large troph entamoeba histolytica
fecal sample 3x with at least 72 hr interval
true or false : large troph entamoeba histolytica can not go chronic
false
what is entamoeba histolytica troph sensitive to
heat
true or false: entamoeba histolytica troph can do multiple fission
true
1 cyst with 4 nuclei =
8 troph
what are the pathogenesity factors of entamoeba histolytica
sensitivity
intestinal condition
age
true or false: entamoeba histolytica is one of the most dangerous organisms
true
what test is done to see if a pt has entamoeba histolytica
blood and serology test
what will show in the blood test of pt with entamoeba histolytica
increase # of WBC/leukocytes
Pathogenicity of entamoeba coli
non pathogenic
where is entamoeba coli found
large intestine
which is the larger organism entamoeba coli or entamoeba histolytica
e histolytica
describe the endosome of entamoeba coli troph
large and not in the center
describe chromatin periphery of entamoeba coli troph
irregular with few chromatin fiber
parasitic relationship of entamoeba coli
commensal
how many nuclei does entamoeba coli cyst have
8
how does entamoeba coli move
pseudopodia
true or false: entamoeba harmanni has a similar structure to small race entamoeba histolytica
true
which organism is smaller entamoeba harmanni or small race entamoeba histolytica
entamoeba harmanni
true or false : entamoeba harmanni has chromatin periphery
false
parasitic relationship of entamoeba harmanni
commensal
parasitic relationship of Iodamoeba butchlii
commensal
troph size of Iodamoeba butchlii
small
describe the endosome of Iodamoeba butchlii troph
regular
true or false: the nucleus is off center in Iodamoeba butchlii troph
true
true or false: Iodamoeba butchlii troph have glycogen vacuole
true
where are the cyst of Iodamoeba butchlii found
large intestine
parasitic relationship of endolimax nana
commensal
true or false: endolimax nana troph structure is the not same as I. butchlii
false
Describe the endosome in endolimax nana
large, irregular, with chromatin periphery with chromatin fibers
what shape are the cyst of endolimax nana
oval shaped
how many nuclei do endolimax nana cyst have
4
true or false: entamoeba gingivalis has no cyst only troph
true
where do you find entamoeba gingivalis
oral cavity
what organism’s structure is close to entamoeba gingivalis
E. histolytica
describe the chromatin periphery of entamoeba gingivalis
regular but less than E. histolytica
true or false: there are no WBC in entamoeba gingivalis
false
how is entamoeba gingivalis transferred
kissing
how do you get rid of entamoeba gingivalis
mouthwash
what are dientamoeba fragilis classified as
flagella
what organisms cause meningoencephalitis
naegleria floweri
hartmannella
acanthamoeba
how many forms are there of naegleria floweri
2
where are naegleria floweri found
water
when does naegleria floweri have flagella and when does it not
have- in water
doesn’t have- nose
where does naegleria floweri go after the nose
brain
what does naegleria floweri attack in the brain
grey matter and meninges
what are the symptoms of naegleria floweri
headache sore throat alteration of taste fever stuffy nose
how long does it take for naegleria floweri to kill people
4-5 weeks
when do they find naegleria floweri
during autopsy
where did they 1st find naegleria floweri
australia
what causes more problems naegleria floweri or acanthamoeba
naegleria floweri
what are the 3 types of mastigophora
intestinal
urogenital
blood and tissue
the majority of what type of flagellates cause problems
intestinal
describe the movement of mastigophora
beating movement
parasitic relationship of enteromonas hominis
commensal
size of enteromonas hominis troph
small
shape of enteromonas hominis troph
pear shape
how many nuclei and blephoroplast do enteromonas hominis troph have
1 and 1
shape of enteromonas hominis cyst
oval shaped
how many nuclei do enteromonas hominis cyst have
4
parasitic relationship of embadomonas intestinalis
commensal
shape of embadomonas intestinalis troph
pear shaped
how many nuclei and blephoroplast does embadomonas intestinalis troph have
1 and 1
describe the endosome of embadomonas intestinalis troph
large and centered
how many flagella do embadomonas intestinalis troph have
2
what is the mouth on embadomonas intestinalis troph called
cytosome
what organism causes mild diarrhea
chliomastix meshili
what kind of flagella does chliomastix meshili have
cystomal and 3 anterior flagella
what does the nucleus of chliomastix meshili troph have
chromatin grannule
true or false: chliomastix meshili troph has a cytosome
true
size of chliomastix meshili cyst
very small
shape of chliomastix meshili cyst
apical cone
where is trichomonas hominis found
large intestine
what does trichomonas hominis cause
diarrhea
how many anterior flagellum does trichomonad hominis troph have
5
what organism can cause bad breath and inflammation of the gums
trichomonas tenax
does dientamoeba fragilis have cyst
no
how many endosome are in each nucleus of dientamoeba fragilis
4-5
where are dientamoeba fragilis flagella
inside
what does dientamoeba fragilis cause (3)
diarrhea
abdominal pain
nausea
where is Giardia lamblia found
duodenum and small intestine (jejunum)
how many nuclei does Giardia lamblia troph have
2
how many nuclei does Giardia lamblia cyst have
4
who are most infected by Giardia lamblia
children
what makes the severity of Giardia lamblia
number of organism
what are you not supposed to eat when infected with Giardia lamblia
sugar
what organism interferes with absorption of vitamin a and fat
Giardia lamblia
what structure on Giardia lamblia cause thinning of cells
suckers
how many anterior flagella does t. vaginalis have
4
what pH t. vaginalis grow at
5 to 6.5
how long t. vaginalis survive in wet environment
24 hours
what organism causes vaginitis, urethritis ( F & M), prostits, epydidimitis
t. vaginalis
what medium is made out of cysteine, peptone, liver, maltose
CPLM
who invented CPLM
johnson
who invented diamond media
diamond
who invented trichosel media
kupfer
what increases t. vaginalis growth
sugar
how is t. vaginalis transferred
sex
contact of items
what organisms do not have mitocondria
t. vaginalis
G. lamblia
what kind of organism needs an intermediate host (fly)
trypanosoma
what is the 1st phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates
trypanosoma phase
what is the 2nd phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates
herpetomonad phases
what is the 3rd phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates
crithidial phase
what is the 4th phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates
leptomonad phase
what is the 5th phase of development of blood and tissue flagellates
leishmanial phase
what organism cause west African sleeping sickness
trypanosoma gambiense
what is the intermediate host of trypanosoma gambiense
glossina palpalis (tse tse fly)
what are the 3 phases of trypanosoma gambiense
trypanosoma
herpetomonad
crithidia
what organism affects the blood 1st then lymph nodes, bone marrow, spinal fluid
trypanosoma gambiense
how long is the 1st phase of trypanosoma gambiense
1 year
what is the incubation period of trypanosoma gambiense in the 1st phase
14 days
what organism has these symptoms in the 1st phase: fever, fatigue, muscle/joint problem, enlargement of cervical lymph node
trypanosoma gambiense
what does the 2nd phase of trypanosoma gambiense affect
bone marrow
what does the 3rd phase of trypanosoma gambiense affect
spinal cord
what phase of trypanosoma gambiense is the beginning of death
3rd phase
where is trypanosoma gambiense found (country)
west africa
what increases in the blood of someone with trypanosoma gambiense
WBCs
what test is ran for trypanosoma gambiense
complement fixation test
fluorescent antibody test
what organism causes East African sleeping sickness
trypanosoma rhodesiense
what is the intermediate host of trypanosoma rhodesiense
glassing morsitans (East African tsetse fly)
what are the 3 phases of trypanosoma rhodesiense
trypanosome
herpetomonad
crithidial
how long does it take for trypanosoma rhodesiense to kill someone
9 mon to 1 yr
does trypanosoma rhodesiense have a winter bottom site
no
what organisms have these symptoms: fever, bleeding in brain, retardation, coma
trypanosoma rhodesiense
does trypanosoma gambiense have a winter bottom site
yes
what organism causes chagas’ disease or American typanosomians
Trypanosoma Cruzi
what is the intermidate host of Trypanosoma Cruzi
tiatoma infestans (kissing bug)
what shapes does Trypanosoma Cruzi come in
s or horseshoe shape
what are the 5 phases of Trypanosoma Cruzi
trypanosome herpetomonad crithidial leptomonal leishmanial
what would the lab test for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis
blood
what experiement is preformed to diagnose Trypanosoma Cruzi
xenodiagnoais
what is cultured to test for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis
sample of lymph or blood
what cell does Trypanosoma Cruzi grow in
macrophages
what phase of Trypanosoma Cruzi grows inside macrophages
leishmanial
what organism causes fever, enlarged liver and spleen, romana sign, myocarditis
Trypanosoma Cruzi
what is the intermediate host of leishmania
phlebotomus (sand fly)
what are the two phases of leishmania
leptomonal
leishmanial
which phase of  leishmania is more active
leptomonal
what phase of  leishmania uses more oxygen and glucose
leptomonal
how is leishmania transfered
bite
blood transfusion
contamination of the conjuctiva

what organism causes kala-azar disease or dumdum fever 
leishmania donovani
what does leishmania donovani attack 
Humans, dogs
what is the intermediate host of  leishmania donovani
blood fly
what organism affects blood, limbs, bone marrow, liver, spleen
leishmania donovani
what is the incubation period of  leishmania donovani
2 to 3 weeks
what organism has the symptoms high fever, chills, enlarge liver and spleen, loss of appetite
leishmania donovani
how long can someone live with  leishmania donovani
two years
what type of  leishmania braziliensis Is ear to cheek
uta type
what type of  leishmania braziliensis Is known as Mexican type and ear only
chicle type
what is the most important type of  leishmania braziliensis And is ear to entire face
espundia type
how is leishmania braziliensis transmitted
bite
what organism is cutaneous leishmaniois
leishmania tropica
what organisms have the symptoms oral sore and delhi ulcer
leishmania tropica
what organism a taxidermis and epidermis and histocytes
leishmania tropica
what are the two phases of leishmania tropica
rural phase
urban phase
what is the acute phase of  leishmania tropica
rural phase
what is the chronic phase of  leishmania tropica
urban phase
what is the worst type of  leishmania
donovani and brazilienses espundia type
what class moves and captures food using cilia
Ciliaphora
what organism causes balantidiosis and balantidium dysentry
balantidium coli
where is Balantidium coli found
cecum and ileum
what is it called when Balantidium is in feces/intestine of pigs
Balantidium swiss
what is it called when Balantidium is in humans
Balantidium coli
what causes a hemorrhage from Balantidium coli
cilia breaking the epithelial tissue to capillaries
what Balantidium causes hemorrhage
Balantidium dysentry
what organism causes these signs: anemia, loss of apetite, weight, ulcer, gangrene, diarrhea with blood
Balantidium
what about the human body cause Balantidium Swiss to change to Balantidium coli
environment of the intestines
