Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&PII > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the actual gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs?

A

The actual gastrointestinal tract must have a lumen through which food passes, while food does not pass through accessory digestive organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the structures of the alimentary canal (actual G.I. tract) from the mouth to the anus.

A

Mouth, oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of accessory digestive organs.

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, teeth, tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Intake of food and/or liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a skeletal muscle that closes the mouth.

A

Masseter muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in mastication?

A

Trigeminal (5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is deglutition? 

A

 swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in deglutition?

A

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does deglutition involve smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, or both? Explain.

A

Both, moving bolus from the oral cavity to the oropharynx is voluntary, but smooth muscle involuntarily moves bolus to the esophagus and then to the stomach by peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physical grinding of food (mastication) to create more surface area for chemical digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes are secreted in the mouth stomach and duodenum to chemically break down compounds due to the addition of water (hydrolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemical digestion occurs by a process called hydrolysis. What does that mean?

A

Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of compounds due to the addition of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is water a reactant or a product in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Reactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is absorption?

A

Chemicals (monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, Monoglycerides) move into the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does most absorption occur in the G.I. tract?

A

The small intestine, particularly the jejunum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does food go once it is absorbed?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is defecation?

A

Ridding of waste (fecal matter) which usually contains cellulose (which cannot be absorbed).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a serous membrane? Name the two tissues that make up a serous membrane.

A

It secretes water.

  1. Simple squamous
    with
  2. Areolar tissue and blood vessels
    underneath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Attached to wall of the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

Located directly on organs in the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The space between the parietal peritoneum layer and the visceral peritoneum layer is called the ______________________. What does it do?

A

Peritoneal cavity; it contains fluid to reduce friction between organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is meant by intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs? Give examples of each.

A

Intraperitoneal organs are inside the abdominal cavity. (Ex:  stomach, spleen, liver, first and fourth parts of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse, and sigmoid colon)

Retroperitoneal organs are behind the abdominal cavity. (Ex: kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, pancreas, duodenum, lymph nodes, prostate, vagina, rectum, inferior vena cava, ascending colon, descending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Parietal and visceral peritoneum are connected by folds of tissue called _______________. 

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the greater omentum located?

A

Fatty apron hanging down from the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is the lesser omentum located? Which important blood vessels are located in the lesser omentum?

A

Between the stomach and the liver; hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the falciform ligament located?

A

It connects the liver to the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the mesocolon located?

A

It connects the transverse colon to the parietal peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the mesentery proper located?

A

It connects the small intestine to the parietal peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which important blood vessels are found in the lesser omentum?

A

The hepatic artery, the portal vein, and lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The walls of hollow organs (organs with a lumen) generally contain the four basic layers described below:

1. Mucosa: The mucosa is the layer that comes in contact with food (luminal side). The mucosa has three tissue layers. What type of tissue is found in each layer?

A.  epithelium
B. Lamina propria
C. Muscularis mucosa

A

A.  epithelium: (closest to free surface) simple columnar epithelium
B.  lamina propria: (contains blood vessels) loose areolar connective tissue
C. Muscularis mucosa: (Controls shape of mucus membrane) smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The walls of hollow organs (organs with a lumen) generally contain the four basic layers described below:

  1. Submucosa with nerve plexus(submucosal or Meissner plexus): The nerve plexus of the submucosa regulates glands and the muscularis mucosa, and epithelium to regulate secretion.
A
  1. Submucosa: areolar connective tissue (Contains larger blood vessels that branch into lamina propria’s smaller vessels)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The walls of hollow organs (organs with a lumen) generally contain the four basic layers described below:

  1. Muscularis externa (2 layers?)
A

A. Inner circular layer of muscle- smooth muscle
B. Outer longitudinal layer of muscle- smooth muscle

Both work to achieve peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sandwiched between the circular and longitudinal layers is the _________________________ that carries impulses for the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa.

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The walls of hollow organs (organs with a lumen) generally contain the four basic layers described below:

  1. Serosa or adventitia
A

4.  Serosa (Intraperitoneal organs): areolar connective tissue with simple squamous mesothelium

or

adventitia (retroperitoneal organs): Areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define the endocrine system.

A

Hormones secreted into the blood to act on a specific target organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define the nervous system.

A

Nervous control of the digestive system involves intrinsic nerves (enteric nervous system) and extrinsic nerves (parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define the autonomic nervous system.

A

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system can influence the enteric nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system ______________ motility and secretion in the G.I. tract.

A

 increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The major Parasympathetic nerve intervating gastrointestinal organs is the _______  nerve.

A

 Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The sympathetic nervous system ____________ motility and secretion in the G.I. tract.

A

 decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The enteric nervous system also includes _____________________ that can detect the presence of certain foods (chemo receptors) or stretch of an organ (stretch receptors)

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The ________ __________ _________ in the G.I. tract helps control motility and secretion. It includes both myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus listed previously.

A

intrinsic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The enteric nervous system is influenced by the _______________ and ______________ nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define labia.

A

Lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Define labial frenulum.

A

Tissue connecting the lips to the gums and bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Name the tissues found in the gingiva.

A

Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What’s two bones make up the hard palate?

A

The Maxilla and Palatine processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Why would the epithelium of the gums and the epithelium overlying the hard palate be partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

To protect from abrasion from food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the soft palate significance?

A

It lifts up to seal off the nasopharynx when swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the purpose of the uvula?

A

Works with soft palate to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the purpose of the tongue.

A

The tongue, anchored to the hyoid bone, helps to create a bolus, and by mixing food with saliva.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates tongue muscles?

A

Hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the purpose of the lingual frenulum?

A

It anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A ball of food in a specific shape to be swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name two functions of papillae located on the tongue.

A

They roughffin the tongues surface and they hold taste buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

They gather and remove pathogens entering the pharynx in food or in the inhaled air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

Inside the retro mandibular fossa; posterior to the masseter muscle, inferior to the zygomatic arch, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

Under the mandible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where are the sublingual gland located?

A

Under the tongue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which of the salivary glands has the longest duct?

A

The parotid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What type of cells make up parotid glands?

A

Serous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What type of cells make up submandibular glands?

A

Combination of serous cells and mucous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What type of cells make up sublingual gland’s?

A

Mucous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are some functions of saliva?

A

Lubricate the mouth, initiate digestion process, ward off bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Name at least 4 key components of saliva:

A
  1. Water
  2.  mucus
  3. Ions (Na+, K+, Cl+)
  4. Lysozyme and antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the function of the enzyme, Amylase?

A

Breakdown carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Salivary glands (parotid) and The pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the optimal pH for Amylase?

A

7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

By what process does amylase break down carbohydrates?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How is salvation controlled?

A

By the parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands?

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Does parasympathetic stimulation increase or decrease secretion of saliva?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Which two bones have alveolar sockets for teeth

A

Maxilla and mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are the functions of the incisors?

A

Biting, cutting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the function of the molars?

A

Grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the function of the canines?

A

Tearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The number of secondary adult teeth generally follows the same dental formula for the top and bottom jaw: 4 incisors + 2 canines + 4 bicuspids+ 6 molars. this means adults have a total of _______________ teeth.

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are deciduous primary teeth?

A

Baby teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

The number of deciduous teeth generally follows the same dental formula for the top and bottom jaw: 4 incisors + 2 canines + 4 molars. How many deciduous teeth are found in children?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Name each part of the pharynx below and the type of epithelium that is present:

A
  1. Nasopharynx- Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
  2. Oropharynx- stratified squamous epithelium
  3. Laryngopharynx- stratified squamous epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Which parts of the pharynx are passageways for both food and air?

A

Oropharynx; laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Does the pharynx have skeletal or smooth muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

The esophagus is ___________ inches long and located in the ____________________.

A

10;  mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the significance of the upper and lower esophageal sphincter’s?

A

The upper esophageal sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle. The lower esophageal sphincter is made up of smooth muscle. The upper esophageal sphincter closes after food enters and the lower esophageal sphincter opens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Name the place where the esophagus perforate the diaphragm?

A

Esophageal hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Is the esophagus anterior or posterior to the larynx and trachea?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the four histological layers of the esophagus? What is unique about each layer that helps the esophagus perform its function?

A
  1.  mucosa- secretes, absorbs, protects
  2.  submucosa- secretes mucus
  3. Muscularis externa- peristalsis by circular and longitudinal layer contractions
  4. Serosa- reduces friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Why is it significant that the upper esophagus contain skeletal muscle?

A

For voluntary swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Deglutition involves three major phases. State what happens in each phase

A

A. Buccal (voluntary)- makes bolus of food and pushes into oropharynx
B. Pharyngeal (voluntary)- bolus passes through and stimulates tactile receptors/swallow reflex -> Trigeminal and glossopharyngeal -> swallow center(medulla oblongata) -> epiglottis folds and closes off respiratory tract -> food is directed towards esophagus
C. Esophageal (involuntary)- constrictor muscles of the Pharynx contract, forcing food into the esophagus inferiorly. Upper esophageal sphincter contracts (closes) after entry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

 What type of epithelium is found in the stomach mucosa?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is a gastric pit? How does it differ from a gastric gland?

A

Gastric pit: holes in the lumen of the stomach that branch into gastric glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the purpose of mucous cells in the lumen?

A

Protect against acidic gastric juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

List two products of parietal cells in the glands. What function does each product have?

A

1. H+- creates pH of 3 acidic stomach juices

2. Intrinsic factor-  aids in absorption of vitamin B12 (needed for red blood cell production and nervous function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is the zymogen (proenzyme) Made by chief cells in the glands?

A

Pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen to pepsin. True or false?

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Why is the product of chief cells in the glands secreted in an inactive form?

A

It is important that pepsin is not activated until it reaches the lumen to mix with food or else it will digest the cell membrane of simple columnar cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What activates pepsinogen? What does it digest once it is activated?

A

Hydrochloric acid; pepsin digest proteins by hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Name a product of the endocrine G-cells in the gastric glands of the stomach.

A

Gastrin (flows into blood vessels of lamina propria, goes through the body, comes back to the stomach to act on parietal cells to cause more acid to be made)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

In general what is meant by the term enteroendocrine cell?

A

Intestinal hormone secreting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What type of tissue is found in the submucosa of the stomach

A

Loose connective tissue in the stomach

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the esophagus, large intestine and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What are Ruege? Are Ruege folds of mucosa only or mucosa and submucosa?

A

Ruege are large visible mucosa and submucosa folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Name the additional layer of muscularis externa present in the stomach.

A

1. Inner circular

  1. Outer longitudinal
  2. Inner oblique layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Why does the stomach have three layers of muscularis externa?

A

For the mechanical processing of food to make chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Which layer of muscularis is closest to the submucosa?

A

Inner oblique layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What types of tissues are found in the serosa of the stomach

A

Simple squamous mesothelium and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What is the normal pH of stomach juice

A

pH 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Is the hydrogen ion pump in the parietal cell membrane on the luminal side of the cell?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What parts of the small intestine are intraperitoneal and which are retroperitoneal?

A

Duodenum-  retroperitoneal

Ilium, jejunum-  Intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

18ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

What are microvilli (brush border)?

A

Folds of the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What are villi?

A

Folds of the mucosa only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What are Plicae Circulares(Circular folds)?

A

Folds of the mucosa and submucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Can plicae circulares easily be seen with the naked eye?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar (for absorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Why are there so many goblet cells in the mucosa of the small imtestine?

A

To create a layer of mucus to protect stomach from acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What is found in the laminapropria of a villus?

A

Extensive network of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What is a lacteal? What is its purpose?

A

It’s a lymph vessel- absorption of fat and transports materials that can’t enter the blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Why does the small intestine have a brush border?

A

To increase surface area for food absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

The individual extensions of the brush border are actually _____________.

A

Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Are enzymes embedded in the brush border? If so, name them.

A

Lactase, sucrase, maltase, dipeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Where are intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn)?

A

Deep between the villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Which hormones are made by Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine?

A

Secretin and CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Name a product of Paneth cells and its significance

A

Lysozyme -> antibiotic to prevent bacterial invasion into the lamina propria, submucosa, and bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Duodenal (Brunners) glands make _______________. Why?

A

Mucus; to provide protection from acid and neutralize stomach acid. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

ileum: aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches) consist of cells that ______ _______.

A

Destroy bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Are lymphatic nodules only located in the ileum? What are lymphatic nodules?

A

No; aggregates of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Blood that comes to the liver comes from two places:

A
  1. Oxygenated blood from the aorta (via the hepatic artery)

2. Deoxygenated blood with absorbed foods from the small intestine a (hepatic portal vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Both vessels (The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein) travel to the liver through a fold of peritoneum called the ________ ________.

A

Lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

_______________ contain blood that comes from branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery.

A

Sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

The blood from the ________________ brings oxygen.

A

Hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

The blood from the ____________________ entering the sinusoid contains absorbed nutrients

A

Hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrates when they are brought to the liver?

A

Broken down to glucose - Source of energy 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

What happens to excess amino acids when they are brought to the liver?

A

Forms ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

What does the liver do with toxic substances that are absorbed into the blood in the small intestine?

A

Filtered by kidneys and leave body as urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

________ contain bile that is leaving the liver.

A

Bile canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What is the only digestive function of the liver?

A

Liver makes bile to allow enzymes of the pancreas to digest/emulsify fat easier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsify fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Which cells make bile?

A

Hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Describe what is meant by the term emulsification.

A

Breakdown fat into small droplets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Bile contains…

A

Water, bile salts, bile pigment bilirubin, cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

What is the function of bile salts

A

Emulsifies fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Where does bile pigment come from?

A

It’s a breakdown product of hemoglobin in red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Bile flows from the common hepatic duct into the ________________ duct and then to the gallbladder.

A

Common bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Before bile enters the duodenum the common bile duct merges with the _________.

A

Cystic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What is the hepato-pancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

A

Small opening that enters into the first portion of the small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What is the significance of the hepato-pancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)?

A

Controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Hangs off the liver - connected to bile ducts by cystic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Is the gallbladder an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal Organ?

A

Intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Why does the gallbladder have rugae?

A

Allow for expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

What happens to bile in the gallbladder.?

A

Stored and concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What causes the gallbladder to release bile?

A

When we eat a lot of fat, CCK secretes, and the gallbladder contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

What makes the duodenum secrete cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

When fat enters duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Can a person live without a gallbladder? What consequence would it have for a person not to have a gallbladder?

A

Yes;  diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

Why do you gallstones often develop in the gallbladder?

A

Bile becomes too concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Name some common components of gall stones

A

Cholesterol, Bile salts, bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

What part of Deglutition is voluntary?

A

The buccal phase in the pharyngeal phase are somatic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

What part of deglutition is involuntary?

A

The esophageal phase is autonomic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

What is the role of the soft palette in Deglutition?

A

Closes off the nasopharynx to prevent food from entering airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Where is deglutition controlled?

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Smooth muscle contractions “milk” food through the digestive tract due to the contraction of circular and longitudinal layers in the muscularis externa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

What plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

To which nervous system does the myenteric plexus belong?

A

Enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

Which part of the esophagus is comprised of smooth muscle?

A

The middle third is a mix of smooth muscle and skeletal; the last lower third is smooth muscle

166
Q

Does the esophagus contain any skeletal muscle? If so, where?

A

Yes, the first upper third of the esophagus is made up of skeletal muscle.

167
Q

Which nerve innervates the esophagus and increases peristalsis?

A

Vagus nerve (10)

168
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of Gerd (gastroesophageal reflux disease)?

A

Stomach acid regurgitates up into the esophagus

169
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of a hiatal hernia.

A

Abnormal relaxation or weakening of the Gastroesophageal sphincter.

170
Q

How does the parietal cell make hydrochloric acid? Write the reaction below

A

H2O + CO2 + H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO-3

171
Q

What is the purpose of the hydrogen ion pump in the parietal cell membrane?

A

To produce gastric hydrochloric acid by pumping hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach

172
Q

Name three functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

A. Increases acidity
B. denatures proteins and breaks down cell walls
C. Kills bacteria.

173
Q

Name three chemicals that will increase acid production by the parietal cell

A

A. Histamine (paracrine)
B. Acetylcholine (neutral)
C.  gastrin (endocrine)

174
Q

Why would it make sense for a patient with a stomach ulcer to take a histamine blocker?

A

Histamine blockers inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion

175
Q

What are the two types of digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical

176
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Churning aided by three layers of muscle

177
Q

Why is churning important in the stomach

A

Causes breakdown of stomach contents

178
Q

Is pepsinogen a zymogen?

A

 yes. Pepsinogen is the inactive form. Pepsin is the active form.

179
Q

Why is pepsinogen secreted in an inactive form

A

To protect proteins in membranes from being digested by enzymes

180
Q

Which cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

181
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

Hydrochloric acid

182
Q

What reaction does pepsin catalyze? By what process does that occur?

A

Hydrolysis of peptide bonds

183
Q

What is chyme

A

Milky white substance of food mixed with gastric juice

184
Q

Is chyme acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

185
Q

What is the cephalic phase of stomach digestion

A

Thinking about or smelling food

186
Q

Which nerves innervate salivary glands

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the parotid gland and the facial nerves innervate the sublingual and submandibular glands

187
Q

Which nerve innervates gastric glands

A

Vagus

188
Q

Is the cephalic phase of stomach digestion primarily under endocrine or nervous control

A

Nervous

189
Q

What is the gastric phase of stomach digestion

A

When food reaches the stomach. The gastric phase is initiated by chemo receptors and stretch receptors of the stomach (enteric nervous system)

190
Q

 name the primary hormone involved in Endocrine control of the gastric phase

A

 gastrin

191
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Closes the lower esophageal sphincter, promotes movement of churning chyme, promotes acid secretion of parietal cells

192
Q

Which nervous systems play a role in the gastric phase?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

193
Q

What is the intestinal phase of Stomach digestion

A

When food reaches the small intestine. The intestinal phase is initiated by chemo receptors and stretch receptors in the wall of the duodenum

194
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

It is made when fat enters the duodenum. It causes release of bile, makes you feel full, causes contraction of the gallbladder, causes secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

195
Q

What is secretin?

A

Made when hydrogen ions enter the duodenum. Makes pancreas make bicarbonate to bring pH to neutral levels in the duodenum

196
Q

Where are these hormones (CCK and secretin) made and what do they do?

A

They are made in the duodenum. They block stomach secretion and shut down the stomach. Promote secretion of pancreatic juice.

197
Q

What other target organs do CCK and secretin hormones have?

A

CCK targets the gallbladder, hypothalamus, and pancreas

Secretin targets the pancreas

198
Q

Approximately how long is food in the stomach? What does that depend on?

A

2 to 6 hours; how much food and the types of food ingested.

199
Q

What happens during vomiting

A

The diaphragm and abdominal wall contracts, gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes, soft palate rises closing off the nasopharynx, food is forced up and out.

200
Q

Where is the vomiting center located

A

The emetic center in the medulla oblongata

201
Q

_______ Enzymes will complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.

A

Small intestine

202
Q

Although the small intestine does not secrete enzymes that digest __________, __________ digestion occurs in the small intestine.

A

Fat

203
Q

The small intestine makes several important hormones such as _________ and __________.

A

CCK and secretin

204
Q

__________ of food occurs in the small intestine. (nutrient absorption including 90% of water absorption)

A

Absorption

205
Q

Approximately 9 L of water enters the small intestine each day. How much of the 9 L of water is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

90% or 8.1 L

206
Q

The small intestine consist of three major parts:

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

207
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal. It completes chemical digestion.

208
Q

Is the jejunum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

209
Q

What is the purpose of the ileum

A

Undigested matter passes into the large intestine through the ileum

210
Q

At which valve does the small intestine begin?

A

The pyloric sphincter

211
Q

At which valve does the small intestine end?

A

The ileocecal valve

212
Q

Name the two layers of the muscularis externa

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

213
Q

 Does the muscularis externa consist of smooth or skeletal muscle

A

 smooth

214
Q

Which types of movements are possible in the muscularis externa of the small intestine?

A

Segmental contractions and peristaltic movement in the G.I. tract

215
Q

What part of the small intestine would have adventitia?

A

The duodenum

216
Q

What is segmentation and how does it differ from peristalsis?

A

Segmentation is the constriction of circular muscle fibers. Segmentation mixes food with gastric juices whereas peristalsis squeezes food along tract.

217
Q

How is peristalsis controlled?

A

Involuntarily by the medulla oblongata and vagus nerve

218
Q

The small intestine makes enzymes that digest ______ and ________. These are found in the _______________ of the small intestine.

A

Carbohydrates such as small disaccharides (Maltase, lactase, sucrase) and trisaccharides;

Peptides such as dipeptidases and aminopeptidases;

Brush border

219
Q

What is the general digestive function of the liver

A

Produces bile

220
Q

What is the general digestive function of the gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

221
Q

What is the general digestive function of the pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juices (enzymes) and hormones

222
Q

The right and left lobes of the liver are divided by the ___________.

A

Falciform ligament

223
Q

What are the other two lobes of the liver besides the falciform ligament?

A

Caudate lobe and quadrate lobe

224
Q

Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

 Intraperitoneal

225
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

Behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum

226
Q

Is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal

227
Q

What is meant by the head, the body, and the tale of the pancreas

A

The head is the closest to the small intestine, the tail is the smallest part and is at the end of the pancreas

228
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located

A

The right side of the body, encircled by the C-shaped duodenum

229
Q

Pancreatic duct and accessory duct bring pancreatic juice to the ________.

A

Duodenum

230
Q

Does the ampulla of Vater only contain pancreatic juice? Explain.

A

No, also contains bile.

231
Q

Why does the pancreas have serous acini?

A

Secretes substances into ducts which then flows to duodenum

232
Q

Why does the pancreas have pancreatic islets of Langerhans?

A

(endocrine) hormones made from islets go into blood through blood vessels contained in islets

233
Q

Are there more serous acini or islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Serious acini

234
Q

Name two hormones made by the islets of Langerhans:

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

235
Q

Does the majority of the pancreas have an exocrine or endocrine function

A

Exocrine

236
Q

What pancreatic enzyme digests carbohydrates?



A

 amylase

237
Q

What pancreatic enzymes digest protein

A

Trysinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

238
Q

Why are these enzymes secreted in inactive forms pro enzymes or zymogens?

A

To prevent them from digesting proteins within cell walls of the pancreas or other organs

239
Q

Explain how each of the pro enzymes below is activated and where the activation occurs:

Trypsinogen

A

Trypsinogen is activated to typsin by enterokinase in the duodenum.

240
Q

Explain how each of the pro enzymes below is activated and where the activation occurs:

 chymotrypsinogen

A

Chymotrypsinogen is activated to chymotrypsin by Trypsin in the duodenum

241
Q

Explain how each of the pro enzymes below is activated and where the activation occurs: 

Procarboxypeptidase

A

Procarboxypeptidase is activated to carboxypeptidase by trypsin in the duodenum

242
Q

____________ Digests fat.

A

Lipase

243
Q

Ribonuclease and ________________ digests _________ and DNA respectively.

A

Deoxyribosenuclease; RNA

244
Q

Pancreatic enzymes break down food by the process, ____________.

A

Hydrolysis

245
Q

What hormone causes the pancreas to make a secretion rich in enzymes?

A

CCK

246
Q

Is enterokinase an enzyme in pancreatic juice? If not, where is it made?

A

No, It is made in mucosal cells of the duodenum

247
Q

What is the function of enterokinase?

A

enterokinase (a protease) activates trypsinogen into Trypsin

248
Q

What is the purpose of bi carbonate in pancreatic juice?

A

To raise the pH of contents in the duodenum

249
Q

What hormone causes the pancreas to make a secretion rich in bicarbonate?

A

Secretin

250
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK): made by ___________ of the ______________. CCK stimulates the serous acini of the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in ____________.

A

I-cells; duodenum; digestive enzymes

251
Q

Secretin: made by ____________ of the ___________. Secrete stimulates the serous acini of the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in _____________.

A

S-cells; duodenum; bicarbonate

252
Q

Vagus Nerve: What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the pancreas?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion

253
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow skin caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood

254
Q

Why might pancreatic cancer cause jaundice?

A

The cancer might block the liver’s bile duct

255
Q

Why might liver disease cause jaundice?

A

Portal blood flow is distorted accompanied by a decrease in hepatic clearance of Bilirubin 

256
Q

Why might a patient with pancreatitis have elevated levels of lipase and amylase in the blood

A

When pancreas is inflamed, an increase of blood levels of pancreatic enzymes results.

257
Q

What are the three organs that make enzymes that digest carbohydrates?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

258
Q

What enzyme is secreted by salivary glands?

A

Amylase

259
Q

The enzyme catalyzes the digestion of

Polysaccharides + H2O -> _____________________

A

Monosaccharides

260
Q

The enzyme amylase works by a process called

A

Hydrolysis

261
Q

What enzyme digests carbohydrates in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic amylase

262
Q

What are the three enzymes that digest carbohydrates in the small intestine

A

Lactase, sucrase, maltase

263
Q

Write out the reactions that the enzymes catalyze in the small intestine for digesting carbohydrates.  The enzymes work by a process called __________.

A

Maltose + H2O = glucose + glucose
Sucrose + H2O = glucose + fructose
Lactose + H2O = glucose + galactose

Hydrolysis

264
Q

What is the proenzyme and enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins?

A

Pro enzyme: pepsinogen; enzyme: pepsin

265
Q

How is the proenzyme pepsinogen activated?

A

 Hydrochloric acid

266
Q

The enzyme works by a process called ____________ and catalyze the digestion of

proteins + H2O  = _______________

A

Hydrolysis; Amino acids

267
Q

 The pancreas makes pro enzymes _____, ______, and __________; which are activated to the enzymes: ________, _______, and __________.

A

• Proenzyme: trypsinogen = enzyme: Trypsin
• Proenzyme: chymotrypsinogen = enzyme: chymotrypsin
• proenzyme: procarboxypeptidase = enzyme: carboxypeptidase


268
Q

How are each of these protein digestingpancreatic proenzymes activated?

A

Enteropeptidase activate trypsinogen.

Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

269
Q

These protein digesting enzymes in the pancreas work by a process called ______________ and catalyze the digestion of

Proteins + peptides + H2O -> ____________

A

Hydrolysis; amino acids

270
Q

The small intestine makes the protein digesting enzyme : ________________.

A

Dipeptidase

271
Q

Peptidase catalyzes the following reaction:

 Dipeptides + H2O -> __________________

A

Amino acids

272
Q

what enzyme is secreted by the pancreas to digest fat?

A

Lipase

273
Q

Which cells in the pancreas makes the enzyme lipase that digests fat?

A

Acinar cells

274
Q

The enzyme lipase catalyzes the digestion of

Triglycerides + H2O -> ____________

A

Mono glycerides fatty acids

275
Q

The fat digesting lipase enzyme works by a process called ___________.

A

Hydrolysis

276
Q

Before the enzyme lipase can be affective in digesting fats, the fat must be emulsified by __________

A

Bile salts

277
Q

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are brought to the epithelial cell by bile salts in structures called ____________.

A

Micelles

278
Q

In which organ is the gastrin hormone made

A

Stomach

279
Q

Which cells make the gastrin hormone?

A

G-cells

280
Q

What causes the gastrin hormone to be made?

A

Food entering the stomach

281
Q

In which organ is the cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Duodenum

282
Q

Which cells make CCK

A

I-cells

283
Q

What causes this CCK hormone to be made?

A

Fat

284
Q

In which organ is the secretin hormone made?

A

Duodenum

285
Q

Which cells make this secretin hormone?

A

S-cells

286
Q

What causes secretin to be made?

A

Gastric acid

287
Q

When food reaches the ____________, secretions from the liver and the pancreas are mixed with the food. This _______________ the pH (HCO3 bicarbonate in pancreatic juice)  and ads enzymes that breakdown fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

A

Duodenum; raises

288
Q

What forms do the following foods need to be in in order to be absorbed?

 carbohydrates ->
 proteins ->
 fats ->

A

carbohydrates -> monosaccharides
proteins -> amino acids
fats -> monoglycerides/fatty acids

289
Q

Some peptides and disaccharides may still be present when digested food reaches the ________________. There are enzymes inbedded in the _____________ (brush border enzymes) that can digest these small peptides and disaccharides

A

Jejunum; microvilli

290
Q

Name the brush border enzymes (disaccharidases) that digest carbohydrates (disaccharides).

A

Maltase, lactase, sucrase

291
Q

Name brush border enzymes that digest proteins.

A

Peptidases

292
Q

What is meant by brush border?

A

Microvilli on the cell membrane and the small intestine

293
Q

How does the brush border differ from a Villus?

A

Villi are submucosal folds; brush borders are cell membrane folds

294
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

pH ~ 2

295
Q

What is the enzyme that digest carbohydrates in the mouth from salivary glands?

A

Amylase

296
Q

What is the enzyme that digest fats in the mouth

A

Lingual lipase

297
Q

What is the enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin

298
Q

What is the enzyme that digest fats in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

299
Q

What is the enzyme that digest carbohydrates in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic amylase

300
Q

What is the enzyme that digests proteins in the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen(typsin), Chymotrypsinogen(chymotrypsin), Procarboxypeptidase(Carboxypeptidase)

Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen, while Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

301
Q

What enzymes digest fat in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic lipase

302
Q

What enzymes digest carbohydrates in the small intestine?

A

Lactase, Sucrase, and Maltase

303
Q

What enzymes digest protien in the small intestine

A

Dipeptidase and aminopeptidase

304
Q

Once the foods are broken down to monosaccharides, amino acids, or fatty acids and monoglycerides, they can be absorbed through the __________________ of the _____________ into the blood.

A

Epithelial cells; small intestine

305
Q

Where in the small intestine does most absorption occur?

A

Jejunum

306
Q

Monosaccharides and amino acids move through the epithelial cells into the blood vessels of the lamina propria. They are then carried to the liver by the ____________________.

A

Hepatic portal vein

307
Q

Glucose and polar amino acids are absorbed by a process called ________________ Into the cell and then into the bloodstream.

A

Facilitated diffusion

308
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane following the concentration gradient.

309
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?

A

No.

310
Q

What symporter (cotransporter) is used for glucose and some amino acid absorption?

A

Sodium glucose symporter

311
Q

Where is the sodium glucose symporter located?

A

small intestine

312
Q

The blood vessels in the lamina propria lead to the ____________________ which carries the nutrients to the __________.

A

Hepatic portal vein; liver

313
Q

Explain why ATP is indirectly needed for absorption using a Na+ symporter. (this type of transport is called secondary active transport.)

A

To pump sodium out and potassium into the cell to keep the sodium concentration in the cell low.

314
Q

Fatty acids and monogglycerides are brought to the surface of the simple columnar epithelial cell by ______________.

A

Micelles

315
Q

_____________ (bile salts surrounding fat) help keep these fat soluble in the intestinal juice. Once at the surface of the epithelial cell, the fats are absorbed into the cell.

A

Micelles

316
Q

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed into the epithelial cell by ____________.

A

Diffusion

317
Q

Some fatty acids are so _________ that they can follow the same route as amino acids and glucose, because they are ______________.

A

Short; water soluble

318
Q

Which blood vessel transports these short fatty acid chains to the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

319
Q

Long fatty acid chains are not absorbed directly into the blood because they are ________.

A

Nonpolar

320
Q

Once absorbed, the simple columnar epithelial cells reassembled the monoglyceride and fatty acids into Lipoproteins called ______________.

A

Chylomicrons

321
Q

Why do long chain fatty acids have to be part of a lipoprotein?

A

Because they’re non-polar

322
Q

Long fatty acids take a different route. They are first transported into a lymph vessel called a ________________ and then to the ______________ vein.

A

 Lacteal; subclavian

323
Q

How much water absorption occurs in the small intestine?

A

90%

324
Q

How does the sodium glucose symporter assist with water absorption?

A

Water will follow sodium and glucose

325
Q

Are vitamins digested? Are minerals digested?

A

Fat soluble vitamins only

326
Q

Which vitamins must be absorbed with fat (fat soluble vitamins)?

A

Vitamin a, D, E, K

327
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

A

Vitamin B 12

328
Q

What cell makes intrinsic factor?

A

gastric parietal cells

329
Q

What vitamin is needed for calcium absorption?

A

 vitamin D

330
Q

Name some common nutrient minerals?

A

Iron Fe, magnesium Mg, iodine I, calcium Ca, sodium Na, sulfur S, potassium K, phosphorus P, chlorine Cl

331
Q

Is the entire large intestine intraperitoneal?

A

No

332
Q

Is the appendix intraperitoneal?

A

Yes

333
Q

Why is a ruptured appendix so dangerous?

A

A rupture spreads infection throughout the abdomen

334
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine mucosa?

A

Simple columnar

335
Q

Why does the large intestine have so many goblet cells?

A

Mucus helps fecal matter glide along the tract

336
Q

Muscularis: longitudinal bands of contracted muscle called ______________. The contracted muscle causes the colon to pucker creating _____________. __________ causes _________.

A

Taeniae coli; haustra

Taeniae coli causes haustra.

337
Q

What type of tissue is found in the serosa of the large intestine?

A

Simple squamous

338
Q

There is no significant ___________ digestion in the large intestine. there is significant water absorption (_________% of the water from the G.I. tract) as well as Biosault and vitamin absorption.

A

Chemical; 90

339
Q

What is the Gastroileal reflex?

A

Peristalsis moves chyme into the cecum

340
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

When haustra distend with fecal material, they contract.

341
Q

Mass peristalsis:

A

Strong wave of peristalsis from transverse colon to rectum initiated by food in the stomach (also called the Gastrocolic reflex or simply “mass movement”)

342
Q

The absorption of 90% of water causes undigested food to become ________.

A

Solid

343
Q

What do colonic bacteria do that benefits the human host?

A

Keeps harmful bacteria at bay

344
Q

What is flatus and why does it occur?

A

Gas produced by swallowing air or from bacterial fermentation

345
Q

Bacteria makes vitamins _____ and _____ that can be absorbed in the large intestine

A

K; B

346
Q

Why are epithelial cells found in feces?

A

When we make new cells in the epithelium, the old are sloughed off and becomes part of the feces.  The epithelium is keratinized.

347
Q

What is the significance of the breakdown product of bilirubin?

A

Causes brown color of feces

348
Q

Is defecation somatic or autonomic?

A

Somatic

349
Q

Stretch receptors in the rectum are stimulated when the rectum is distended with feces. This initiates the _____________.

A

defecation reflex

350
Q

Is the defecation reflex parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

 parasympathetic

351
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is involved in this reflex?

A

Sacral spinal cord

352
Q

Is the defecation reflux carried by the vagus nerve?

A

No, pelvic nerve

353
Q

Explain the steps of the defecation reflex.

A

Mass peristalsis squeezes fecal matter from the transverse, descending and sigmoid colon into the rectum. Stretch receptors detect stretching and trigger defecation reflex, carries the reflex involving the sacral spinal cord results in the urge to defecate

354
Q

What is the role of the internal anal sphincter?

A

Sensation of needing to defecate

355
Q

Is the internal anal sphincter made of smooth or skeletal muscle

A

 smooth

356
Q

What is the role of the external anal sphincter?

A

Voluntary control of defecation by contraction of abdominal muscles and relaxation of external anal sphincter

357
Q

Is the external anal sphincter made of smooth muscle or skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

358
Q

What enzymes are released by the salivary glands To digest carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

359
Q

The enzyme amylase in salivary glands catalyzes the digestion of ???

A

Polysaccharides + H2O = monosaccharides

360
Q

The enzyme amylase works by a process called ___________.

A

Hydrolysis

361
Q

What enzyme is made by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates?

A

 pancreatic amylase

362
Q

The enzyme pancreatic amylase made by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates catalyze is the digestion of ???

A

Polysaccharides + H2O = monosaccharides

363
Q

The enzyme pancreatic amylase made by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates works by a process called _________.

A

Hydrolysis

364
Q

What enzymes does the small intestine make to digest carbohydrates?

A

Lactase, Sucrase, Maltase

365
Q

Write out the reactions that the enzymes (lactase, sucrase, maltase) catalyze:

A

Maltose + H2O = glucose + glucose

Sucrose + H2O = glucose + fructose

Lactose + H2O = glucose + galactose

366
Q

The enzymes lactase, sucrase, and maltase work by a process called _______.

A

Hydrolysis

367
Q

What is the proenzyme and enzyme made in the stomach to digest protein?

A

The proenzyme is pepsinogen and the enzyme is pepsin

368
Q

How is the proenzyme pepsinogen activated?

A

HCl

369
Q

The enzyme pepsin works by a process called ____________ and catalyzes the digestion of _________ + ________ = ____________

A

Hydrolysis

Proteins + H2O = amino acids

370
Q

What pro enzymes and enzymes in the pancreas digest protein?

A

Trypsinogen -> trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase -> Carboxypeptidase

371
Q

How are each of these proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase) activated?

A

Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen. Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

372
Q

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen , and Procarboxypeptidase works by a process called _____________ and catalyzes the digestion of _____+_____+______=________.

A

Hydrolysis

Proteins + peptides + H2O = amino acids

373
Q

What enzyme does the small intestine secrete that digests proteins?

A

Peptidases

374
Q

Peptidase is catalyze the following reaction:

_____+_____=_______

A

Dipeptides + H2O = amino acids

375
Q

What enzyme in the pancreas digest fat?

A

Lipase

376
Q

Which cell in the pancreas makes the enzyme lipase?

A

Acini or acinar cells

377
Q

The enzyme lipase catalyzes the digestion of:

________+_______=_________

A

Triglycerides + H2O = monoglycerides/fatty acids

378
Q

The enzyme lipase works by a process called _______.

A

Hydrolysis

379
Q

Before the enzyme lipase can be effective, the fats must be emulsified by ___________.

A

Bile salts

380
Q

In which organ is the hormone gastrin made?

A

Stomach

381
Q

In which organ is the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) made?

A

Duodenum

382
Q

In which organ is the hormone secretin made?

A

Duodenum

383
Q

Which cells mke gastrin?

A

G-cells

384
Q

Which cells make cholecystokinin?

A

I-cells

385
Q

Which cells make secretin?

A

S-cells

386
Q

What causes gastrin to be made?

A

Food entering the stomach

387
Q

What causes cholecystokinin to be made?

A

Fat

388
Q

What causes secretin to be made?

A

Gastric acid

389
Q

Do anabolic or catabolic processes require energy?

A

Anabolic requires energy and catabolic releases energy

390
Q

Metabolic importance of carbohydrates?

A

To produce energy

391
Q

Metabolic importance of fats:

A

Necessary for absorbing vitamins

392
Q

Metabolic significance of proteins:

A

Amino acids needs

393
Q

Explain the significance of nitrogen balance

A

Quantitative difference between amount of nitrogen intake and the amount excreted

394
Q

Describe positive nitrogen balance

A

When nitrogen intake exceeds output (in cases of increased protein synthesis)

395
Q

Describe negative nitrogen balance.

A

When output exceeds the intake of nitrogen.

396
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

A

B, C

397
Q

Fat soluble vitamins:

A

K, A, D, E (stored in liver)

398
Q

Metabolic importance of minerals:

A

Cofactors for enzymatic reactions

399
Q

Metabolic importance of water:

A

Breaks bonds

400
Q

Which nutrients can be catabolized in the body to yield ATP?

A

Carbs, fats, proteins

401
Q

Functions of ATP in the body:

A

Transportation of molecules across membrane;
Supplying energy for muscle contraction;
Circulation of blood

402
Q

ADP + P = ATP

A

ADP + P + energy = ATP + water

403
Q

Give 3 examples of wastes produced during cellular metabolism:

A

CO2, H2O, salts, urea, uric acid

404
Q

When carbs, proteins, and fats are digested, they are absorbed by the small intestine into the blood as _______, _______, and ________ (via a lacteal), respectively.

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, chylomicrons

405
Q

What are carbs digested to?

A

Starch -> monosaccharides

406
Q

What are proteins digested to?

A

Protein -> amino acids

407
Q

What are fats digested to?

A

Triglyceride -> 2 fatty acids and monoglyceride

408
Q

What vitamins are present in chylomicrons?

A

K, A, D, E

409
Q

Why do we need vitamin K?

A

It’s needed by the liver to make clotting factor

410
Q

Why do we need vitamin A?

A

Needed for epithelium and photopigments

411
Q

Why do we need vitamin D?

A

Needed for absorption of calcium in GI tract

412
Q

Why do we need vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant; wound repair

A&PII (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions