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policy test 1 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social policy:

A

Social policy refers to choice or decision-making, with respect to some group, community or collective (two or more individuals)”

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2
Q

What are the 3 main areas of social problems that social policy deal with?

A
  • Distributive (allocation of resources)
    • Punitive
      Commutative (justice)
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3
Q

Arrow’s impossibility theorem?

A

is a social-choice paradox illustrating the flaws of ranked voting systems. It states that a clear order of preferences cannot be determined while adhering to mandatory principles of fair voting procedures.

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4
Q

Put in order of biggest to smallest: social welfare, public policy, social policy:

A

Public policy, social policy, social welfare.

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5
Q

Social welfare deals with:

A

specific welfare issues, social service programs, mostly in areas of distributive justice (allocating resources)

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6
Q

Social policy deals with:

A

Big issues in society, such as social inequality, human rights and freedoms, distribution of wealth, employment, healthcare, criminal justice, social problems and political issues (covers the range of all area, distributive, punitive, commutative justice.

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7
Q

what does public policy cover?

A

covers all areas of public activities, which regulate the behaviours of everyone, from economic and industrial policy to fishing policy.

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8
Q

Which policy governs the environment in which most social workers work?

A

Social Policy

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9
Q

What does path dependent mean?

A

is a phenomenon whereby history matters; what has occurred in the past persists because of resistance to change

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10
Q

What are the 7 programs & services provided either by government or non-government structures?

A
  1. Cash programs (old age security / student loans)
    1. Fiscal measures (tax deductions)
    2. Goods and service measures (hospital insurance and education)
    3. Employment measures (minimum wage / equity programs)
    4. Occupational welfare measure (pension & insurance plans)
    5. Family care programs (home-care)
  2. Voluntary/charitable programs (shelters/food banks)
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11
Q

What does intergovernmental finance refer to?

A

The web of financial flows that link governments in a federal system

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12
Q

What are block grants?

A

Cash transfer from one level of government to another, the amount not tied to the purpose of the grant.

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13
Q

What are specific purpose grants?

A

Amount is tied to specific purpose. Eg. Matched or shared-cost program.

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14
Q

What is an Unconditional grants:

A

:can be spent in any way which the province wishes.

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15
Q

What are Conditional grants:

A

designated for a specific purpose and may not be used for another project.

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16
Q

What are Selective programs?

A

Targeting programs for those in need.

For example, EI

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17
Q

What is a demogrant?

A

A cash payment to an individual or family, based on a demographic characteristic (usually age), as opposed to need. Such as old age security.

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18
Q

What is an “In-Kind Benefits”:?

A

helps to improve the living standards of underprivileged groups without the use of cash. For example - tax reduction of childcare, housing accommodation, gym membership

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19
Q

What is social assistance?

A

Refers to selective income security programs that uses a means or needs to determine eligibility. It is considered the last resort.

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20
Q

What is social insurance?

A

Its income security programs in which eligibility for benefit is determined by previous record of contribution and on the occurrence of a particular contingency, such as unemployment, retirement, injury

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21
Q

What is a Fixed asset:?

A

fixed asset is tangible, something you can touch

eg. your house / jewelry

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22
Q

What is a Liquid asset:?

A

intangible - things you generally cannot tough, can also be transferred to money quickly (e.g mutual funds / savings)

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23
Q

What is the “race to the bottom”?

A

It’s a phenomenon in which governments reduce the standards or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions, when competition increases between geographic areas. It results in lower wages and worse environmental protections.

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24
Q

What were the social economic conditions driving the shift from Institutional Approach (Welfare State) to Market-Shift Approach through the 1980s and 1990s in Canada?

A
  • Ideological change: The rise of neo-liberalism in North America -> increase in free market economics
  • A reaction to increasing public debt -> in order to decrease government spending and increase public revenue
  • Unemployment rate increase led to incentivization of workfare programs to drive the economy and decrease unemployment.
  • Globalization (introduction of NAFTA shifted Canadian tax policies to reflect more similar policies as used in U.S - resulting in less tax revenue to fund social assistance programs.)
  • Increased provincial responsibility for social welfare
25
Q

What does “race to the bottom” mean regarding the interprovincial diversity and competition between geographic areas in Canada?

A

• Attract companies to run business
• Competition - reduces quality, safety, environmental standards
• Discourage migration for social assistance
• Emigration from high SA to low SA for younger educated people (b/c of lower taxes, $$)
Consequences:
• Lower wages & environmental protection
Worse social welfare

26
Q

What is ethics? :

A

Deals with values and customs of a person or a group. It addresses the concepts about right and wrong, good and evil, & responsibility.

27
Q

Good ____ is more important to morality than good _____”

A

(motivation & consequence) - Kant

28
Q

What is an example of Kant’s ideas on morality?

A

difference between 1st & 2nd degree murder

29
Q

What is justice?

A

Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, law, religion

30
Q

The veil of ignorance?

A

The “veil of ignorance” is a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision making by denying decision makers access to potentially biasing information about who will benefit most or least from the available options
So, for example, the veil of ignorance would lead people to refuse slavery, because even though slavery is very convenient for slave-owners, for slaves, not so much, and since behind the veil of ignorance one would not know whether they would be a slave or a slave-owner, they would refuse slavery.

31
Q
  1. Experimental participation in research must be:

2. Because:

A
  1. Voluntary

2. it disrupts regular activities & reveals their personal information

32
Q

All participants of research must be aware that: (4)

A
  • They are participating in a study
    • All the consequence of the study
    • And Consent to participate
      They need to be informed by a consent form
33
Q

Unethical research practices

A
  • Hiding the identity of the researcher (for eg. A sociologist begging on the street in order to investigate who is generous)
  • The need to conceal the nature of the study to participants
  • Not reporting all findings (only reporting what they want the outcome to be, not the contrary).
34
Q

Research report must include these 5 things:

A
  1. Study design
    1. Data collection
    2. Sampling
    3. Techniques used
  2. Shortcoming/limitations/failures of the study
35
Q

We can prevent reports based on fake evidence by:

A

Making results open & repeatable

36
Q

Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP):?

A

A person is morally responsible for what she has done only if she could have done otherwise

37
Q

5 major emerging issues affecting social policy in Canada:

A
  1. climate crisis
    1. Globalization
    2. Social welfare retrenchment (cutbacks)
    3. citizenship & social inclusion
  2. The growing impact of social movements
38
Q

What is the phenomenon of “externality”?

A

In economics, externalities are a cost or benefit that is imposed onto a third party that is not incorporated into the final cost. For example, a factory that pollutes the environment creates a cost to society, but those costs are not priced into the final good it produces.

39
Q

How many tons of CO2 does Canada produce compared to global tones?

A

15-20

40
Q

What is globalization?

A

A current and pervasive trend of internationalizing

41
Q

In what areas does globalization exist? (4)

A

Finance
Communication
Ideology
Political arrangements

42
Q

Globalization makes it difficult for any government to control _____

A

International corporations

43
Q

What led to the financial crisis of 2008?

A

Deregulation in the financial industry (less government involvement)

44
Q

Two fundamental driving forces for social welfare retrenchment?

A
  • Soaring government debts

- The leveling force of globalization in labor and social welfare (“race to the bottom” / welfare is too expensive)

45
Q

3 stages of social welfare in relation to society

A
  1. 18th century civil rights
    1. 19th century political rights
  2. 20th century social rights
46
Q

What did the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) do?

A
  1. Obligated provinces to provide for persons in need
    1. Prohibited workfare discrimination
  2. Required the development of an appeals system at the provincial level
47
Q

What is a Civil society?

A

A collection of non-governmental organizations and institutions that reflect the interests and will of citizens.

48
Q

What is the third sector?

A

A collection of non-governmental organizations and institutions that reflect the interests and will of citizens.

49
Q

“Brain drain” ?

A

Refers to when talented people move to another country

Interprovincial example: from maritimes to alberta during oil boom. $ attracted young, talented canadians

50
Q

An example of globalization limiting the governments power in policy-making?

A

Minimum wage standards

51
Q

What is the right order of who effects who?

Social policy, global economy, domestic economy.

A

Answer: global economy - domestic economy - social policy

52
Q

Fiscal Capacity:

A

refers to a particular level of government’s ability to change the total or composition of its revenues (eg. Taxes) or expenditures (social programs).

53
Q

Vertical imbalance:

A

describes a situation in which revenues do not match expenditures for different levels of government

54
Q

Horizontal imbalance:

A

occurs when sub-national governments do not have the same capabilities in terms of raising funds from their tax.

55
Q

Equalization payment

A

an unconditional transfer of funds by the federal government to a province with below-average revenue per capita, intended to ensure that all provincial governments provide comparable levels of service and taxation.

56
Q

What kind of state is Canada today?

A

post-welfare state or “market state.”

57
Q

Why does equalization exist?

A

Equalization exists because depending on the population and natural resources, each provinces’ capacity for generating revenue is vastly different.

58
Q

Why do we need to examine the consequences of a policy rather than just study the principles & ideology of a policy when we analyze it?

A
  • Principles are one sided & trying to sell position
    • Principles may not reflect some groups
    • Consequences - different groups have different impacts
      Cannot predict consequences
59
Q

How/why does globalization limit the government’s power in policy making, such as setting minimum wage standards.

A

Globalization:
- Small number of corporations control global economy, government can’t control (especially small countries)
- Reduce environmental regulations
Trade will level the wage rates

policy test 1 (2 decks)

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