lecture 4

Question 1

What is ideology?

Answer 1

A set of ideas and values of an individual or a group of people as desirable social aspirations

Question 2

What is a hegemony?

Answer 2

When most people in society think alike about major social issues
eg. the United States government

Question 3

What is collectivism?

Answer 3

Places the rights and the welfare of the group or society above those of any and all individuals

for eg. Countries that are relatively more collectivistic include China, Korea, Japan, Costa Rica, and Indonesia. In collectivistic cultures, people are considered “good” if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others.

Question 4

What is egalitarianism?

Answer 4

the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
For example, martin luther king

Question 5

What is elitism?

Answer 5

Elitism: is the organization of society around interrelated but unequal functional groups, usually with those in the political or economic leadership group referred to as the elite.
It is a hierarchical rather than an egalitarian
for eg. For example, the belief that a small group of political insiders should run a nation without input from voters or that this group should enjoy great wealth at the expense of a nation.

Question 6

What are the two stages following the overthrow of the capitalist society? (according to Marx)

Answer 6

1. From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his work”
2. From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his need. to free access to and distribution of goods, capital and services.

Question 7

When did Marxism become appealing ?

Answer 7

Early 20th century

Question 8

When did social democracy emerge?

Answer 8

late 19th century

Question 9

What movement did social democracy emerge from?

Answer 9

Socialist movement

Question 10

What Is the belief of social democrats?

Answer 10

The free-market economy cannot ensure the efficiency and effective allocation of economic resources to meet the needs of all the citizens

Question 11

Different between social democracy and Marxism?

Answer 11

Social democracy does not aim to replace capitalist system entirely by revolution

Question 12

Social democrats aim to reform___

Answer 12

Capitalism

Question 13

How do social democrats reform capitalism?

Answer 13

Through state regulation and the creation of state sponsored programs and organizations which work to ameliorate or remove perceived injustices inflicted by the capitalist market system

Question 14

Which ideology supports a mixed economy consisting of private sectors and government owned or subsidized programs of education and healthcare?

Answer 14

Social democracy

Question 15

Which ideology supports government regulation of the private sectors in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition?

Answer 15

Social democracy

Question 16

Which ideology support an extensive social security system with stated goal of poverty reduction?

Answer 16

Social democracy

Question 17

Scandinavian countries are an example of ___?

Answer 17

Social democracy

Question 18

Which ideology evolved in the 18th & 19th century as a change-oriented perspective that emphasized individual development in a social, political and economic order unencumbered by government constraints?

Answer 18

Liberalism

Question 19

What are the fundamental social values of liberalism?

Answer 19

Freedom & individualism

Question 20

Does modern day liberalism call for government interference in the marketplace?

Answer 20

Yes, some interference is needed to facilitate equality of opportunities

Question 21

The “new right” refers to which ideology?

Answer 21

Neo-conservatism

Question 22

Neo-conservatism advocates for :

Answer 22

Less governmental intervention towards social economic affairs

Question 23

Which ideology has total power and nationalism?

Answer 23

Fascism

Question 24

Which two ideologies are undemocratic?

Answer 24

Communism & fascism

Question 25

What is the social democratic perspective on welfare state?

Answer 25

Assumes that the welfare state emerged out of democratic political pressures from social institutions such as trade unions & political parties

Question 26

What is the marxist perspective on welfare state?

Answer 26

Marixst thought views the welfare state an instrument of social control (to avoid public unrest as an example)

Question 27

What is the feminist theorists perspective on welfare state?

Answer 27

Call for greater support of women in the workplace expanding child care and income security that reflects the needs of women

Question 28

What is the anti-racist critique of the welfare state?

Answer 28

the welfare state systemically treats the disadvantaged group less favorably than majority

Question 29

What is the green critique on welfare state?

Answer 29

Is rooted in the industrial order where the economy is based on growth that is no longer sustainable

Question 30

What is the calls for shift from compensation to one of empowerment theoretical approach to social welfare?

Answer 30

Rather than emphasizing individuals deficits and providing a community standard such as poverty line, empowerment social welfare assumes that all people require help in order to develop

Question 31

What is the market state critique of the welfare state?

Answer 31

Challenges the social democratic perspective & conforms to individualist and liberal assumptions

Question 32

What is the third way critique of the welfare state?

Answer 32

Attempts to combine market state principles with social democratic ones, suggests the best solution is for social services to offer choice to users & encourage competition amongst the providers

Question 33

How are felt needs defined?

Answer 33

On a personal and subjective level

Question 34

What are expressed needs?

Answer 34

Felt needs that are communicated to others

Question 35

What are normative needs?

Answer 35

They are determined by someone other than the individual by applying a benchmark or standard to the individual case (poverty line)

Question 36

What are comparative needs?

Answer 36

They are determined by comparing one individual or group to another (poverty experienced by lone-parent families compared to two-parent families)

Question 37

How to measure well-being? (4)

Answer 37

• GDP
• Unemployment levels
• New immigrants, racialized groups & women overrepresented in precarious situations
Conditions related to precarious employment

Question 38

Conditions related to precarious employment? (6)

Answer 38

1. Job insecurities
   
   2. Excessive work hours
   3. Work life conflict
   4. Effort-reward imbalance
   5. job strain
2. Work related determinants of health

Question 39

Absolute poverty:

Answer 39

is when household income is below a certain level, which makes it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs of life including food, shelter, safe drinking water, education, healthcare, etc.

Question 40

Relative poverty

Answer 40

based on social values (compared to others) rather than absolute need

Question 41

Low-income cut off?

Answer 41

Distinguishes low income families from average income families

Question 42

Market Basket Measure: ?

Answer 42

Creates a measure of poverty that is based on the actual calculated market costs of housing, food, clothing and footwear, transportations and other goods and services such as hygiene products and furniture for living a decent life and is calculated to a specific community