lecture 4 Flashcards
What is ideology?
A set of ideas and values of an individual or a group of people as desirable social aspirations
What is a hegemony?
When most people in society think alike about major social issues
eg. the United States government
What is collectivism?
Places the rights and the welfare of the group or society above those of any and all individuals
for eg. Countries that are relatively more collectivistic include China, Korea, Japan, Costa Rica, and Indonesia. In collectivistic cultures, people are considered “good” if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others.
What is egalitarianism?
the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
For example, martin luther king
What is elitism?
Elitism: is the organization of society around interrelated but unequal functional groups, usually with those in the political or economic leadership group referred to as the elite.
It is a hierarchical rather than an egalitarian
for eg. For example, the belief that a small group of political insiders should run a nation without input from voters or that this group should enjoy great wealth at the expense of a nation.
What are the two stages following the overthrow of the capitalist society? (according to Marx)
- From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his work”
- From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his need. to free access to and distribution of goods, capital and services.
When did Marxism become appealing ?
Early 20th century
When did social democracy emerge?
late 19th century
What movement did social democracy emerge from?
Socialist movement
What Is the belief of social democrats?
The free-market economy cannot ensure the efficiency and effective allocation of economic resources to meet the needs of all the citizens
Different between social democracy and Marxism?
Social democracy does not aim to replace capitalist system entirely by revolution
Social democrats aim to reform___
Capitalism
How do social democrats reform capitalism?
Through state regulation and the creation of state sponsored programs and organizations which work to ameliorate or remove perceived injustices inflicted by the capitalist market system
Which ideology supports a mixed economy consisting of private sectors and government owned or subsidized programs of education and healthcare?
Social democracy
Which ideology supports government regulation of the private sectors in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition?
Social democracy
Which ideology support an extensive social security system with stated goal of poverty reduction?
Social democracy
Scandinavian countries are an example of ___?
Social democracy
Which ideology evolved in the 18th & 19th century as a change-oriented perspective that emphasized individual development in a social, political and economic order unencumbered by government constraints?
Liberalism
What are the fundamental social values of liberalism?
Freedom & individualism
Does modern day liberalism call for government interference in the marketplace?
Yes, some interference is needed to facilitate equality of opportunities
The “new right” refers to which ideology?
Neo-conservatism
Neo-conservatism advocates for :
Less governmental intervention towards social economic affairs
Which ideology has total power and nationalism?
Fascism
Which two ideologies are undemocratic?
Communism & fascism
What is the social democratic perspective on welfare state?
Assumes that the welfare state emerged out of democratic political pressures from social institutions such as trade unions & political parties
What is the marxist perspective on welfare state?
Marixst thought views the welfare state an instrument of social control (to avoid public unrest as an example)
What is the feminist theorists perspective on welfare state?
Call for greater support of women in the workplace expanding child care and income security that reflects the needs of women
What is the anti-racist critique of the welfare state?
the welfare state systemically treats the disadvantaged group less favorably than majority
What is the green critique on welfare state?
Is rooted in the industrial order where the economy is based on growth that is no longer sustainable
What is the calls for shift from compensation to one of empowerment theoretical approach to social welfare?
Rather than emphasizing individuals deficits and providing a community standard such as poverty line, empowerment social welfare assumes that all people require help in order to develop
What is the market state critique of the welfare state?
Challenges the social democratic perspective & conforms to individualist and liberal assumptions
What is the third way critique of the welfare state?
Attempts to combine market state principles with social democratic ones, suggests the best solution is for social services to offer choice to users & encourage competition amongst the providers
How are felt needs defined?
On a personal and subjective level
What are expressed needs?
Felt needs that are communicated to others
What are normative needs?
They are determined by someone other than the individual by applying a benchmark or standard to the individual case (poverty line)
What are comparative needs?
They are determined by comparing one individual or group to another (poverty experienced by lone-parent families compared to two-parent families)
How to measure well-being? (4)
• GDP
• Unemployment levels
• New immigrants, racialized groups & women overrepresented in precarious situations
Conditions related to precarious employment
Conditions related to precarious employment? (6)
- Job insecurities
- Excessive work hours
- Work life conflict
- Effort-reward imbalance
- job strain
- Work related determinants of health
Absolute poverty:
is when household income is below a certain level, which makes it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs of life including food, shelter, safe drinking water, education, healthcare, etc.
Relative poverty
based on social values (compared to others) rather than absolute need
Low-income cut off?
Distinguishes low income families from average income families
Market Basket Measure: ?
Creates a measure of poverty that is based on the actual calculated market costs of housing, food, clothing and footwear, transportations and other goods and services such as hygiene products and furniture for living a decent life and is calculated to a specific community
