Test 1 Flashcards
How to measure head circumference
Measure around the head at the point of greatest circumference from the occipital protuberance above the base of the skull to the mid forehead or point of greatest bossing of the frontal bone
Abnormal head circumference
a head circumference that plots 1-2 standard deviations above height and weight
OR
>95th or <5th percentile for age
Microcephaly
indicative of small-for-gestational infant, intrauterine growth retardation, or premature closure of the cranial sutures (termed craniosynostosis) requiring immediate referral
Macrocephaly
a large head in proportion to body size may indicate increased intracranial pressure or familial variant
For how long do you measure head circumference
Generally until age 3
How to measure chest circumference
At the nipple line
Head verses chest circumference
Head circumference is normal 2cm greater than chest circumference in the first 6 months of life.
By 1 years old, chest circumference and head circumference should be equal
By 2 years old, chest circumference becomes larger than head circumference
Height
The most stable measurement of growth and maturation in childhood.
Linear growth is genetically predetermined and occurs in spurts
How to measure infant or toddler height
recumbent height is measured with infants head firm against top of measuring device and knees extended against the table and feet against bottom of footboard measuring device
Term newborn height
45 to 55 cm (18-22in) at birth and increases by 2.54cm or 1 inch per month over the first few months of life
Term infants height
increases by 50% in the first year and is primarily truncal growth
By 2 years old, doubling the height can give an estimate of adult height
Measuring height after 2 years old
Standing height is preferred with a stadiometer with back/butt/heels back against wall and feet flat without shoes
Changes in height after 2 years old
2-3 age = 7.5cm (3 inches)
3-onset of puberty = 3-7cm/year (2-3 inches)
adolescent girls height realized by 16 years and boys height by 18 years
linear growth deficiency or short statue may be an indicator of what
cardiac or renal disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, methadone exposure, metabolic abnormalities, growth hormone deficiency, or chromosomal abnormalities
When should arm span be measured?
When adolescent male and females of tall stature had disproportionate arm length. Arms span should equal height. If arms exceed height, evaluate for Marfan Syndrome
What is average birth weight in term infant
3175 - 3400g or 7-7.5lbs
How much weight to infants lose in first week of life?
up to 10% and should regain it by end of second week
What is poor weight gain in early infancy indicative of?
failure to thrive. It may be caused by poor feeding patterns, malnutrition, neglect, cardiac or renal disease, chronic infection, or chromosomal and congenital abnormalities
How do you weigh infant - 1 year
Undressed and consistently in no diaper or dry diaper in an infant balance scale.
Safety is most important and child is never left alone
How to weigh 1-2 year old
infant scale or standing scale if cooperative
BMI < 5th percentile
Underweight
BMI 85th - 94th percentile
Overweight
BMI >95th percentile or BMI >30
Obese
BMI only applicable to which age group?
> 2 years old.
Personality of a child
The personality of an individual child reflects the interaction between the child’s temperament and environment.
What is “goodness of fit”
The term goodness of fit describes the concept of how well the child’s temperament meets the expectations of his or her parents and caregivers. Goodness of fit promotes healthy development in the family unit through adaptation to the infant’s personality, and it has a critical influence on a child’s emotional well-being and behavior.
Temperament Characteristic - Activity
Amount of motor activity and proportion of active to inactive periods
Temperament Characteristic - Intensity
Amount of emotional energy released with responses
Temperament Characteristic - Sensitivity
Amount of sensory stimuli required to produce response
Temperament Characteristic - Approach/withdrawal
Nature of initial response to new stimuli
Temperament Characteristic - Adaptability
Ease of accepting new situation after initial response
Temperament Characteristic - frustration tolerance
Length of time activity is pursued
Temperament Characteristic - Mood
Amount of pleasant versus unpleasant behavior child exhibits
Temperament Characteristic - Distractibility
Effectiveness of extraneous stimuli in altering direction of ongoing behavior
Temperament Characteristic -Regularity
Predictability of physiological functions such as hunger, sleep, elimination
SCREEN tool used for what?
Used for collecting family history
SC = some concerns R = reproduction E = early disease, death, disability E = ethnicity N = nongenetic
Micro Level
child, parents, partners, caregivers.
Consider intersecting characteristics and temperament of the individuals in the family, parenting style, relationships between parents, family dynamics on health of child
Mezzo Level
The extended family, family support, resources, and community systems.
Consider housing, school, childcare, parental work and income, health care access, church and religious community, etc
Macro Level
The social context of child and family
Consider impact of the community, cultural influences, economic status, environmental health, political climate, and impact of child
SCOFF Screen used for what
Eating Disorders
S - do you make yourself SICK bc you feel full
C - do you worry you have lost CONTROL over how much you eat
O - have you recently lost more than ONE stone (14lb) in 3 months?
F - do you believe you are FAT when others say you are thin
F - would you say that FOOD dominates your life
SSHADESS tool used for what
psychosocial history
S- Strengths S- School H - Home A - Activities D - Drugs/Alcohol/Tobacco E - Emotions S - Sexuality and Sexual Abuse S - Safety issues
Regions with highest infant mortality
Southern Asia and sub-saharan Africa
Leading causes of death in children
pneumonia - streptococcus pneumoniae
diarrhea - rotavirus
malaria
Piaget’s Theory
Cognitive Structural Theory
Provide an understanding of children’s cognitive development and their perception and interaction with the world around them. Theories examine the way children think, reason, use language, and interact with their environment
Freud Theories
Psychodynamic theorist who studied factors that influence the individuals emotional and psychological behavior.
ID, ego, and superego
Erikson
Expanded on Freuds theories
Developed stages throughout the lifespan that an individual seeks to master
Vygotsky
Holds the theory that cognitive development occurs in social, historical, and cultural contexts and that adults guide child learning. Development depends on the use of language, play, and extensive social interaction
Skinner
Behaviorism. Focuses on the present and environmental influences of human behavior
Maslow
Maslows hierarchy of needs include physiologic, safety, belonging, love, esteem, and self-actulaization
How long should screening for postpartum depression take place
Universal screening for postpartum depression is now recommended at the 1 month through 6 month visit
When does birth weight double
Birth weight doubles in 4–6 months
What is growth
growth refers to an increase in number and size of cells, as well as the increased size and weight of the whole or any of its parts
What is development
development is a gradual change and expansion in capabilities, which represents advancement from lower to more advanced stages of complexity
what is maturation
maturation represents an increase in competence and adaptability
Parent Roles
1) Bonding
2) Discipline
3) Education
4) General welfare and protection
5) Responsivity
6) Sensitivity
