Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what phase does depolarization start?

A

starts in phases 1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can innervate to stimulate the AV node?

A

Epi (B1) and acetycholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do Dissections in the vessel take place.

A

Dissections are within the walls of the vessel

Treat with pain control and drop the pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Preload is the measure of what side before contraction

A

Right ventricle

Also diastolic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myocardium

A

The heart tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does V3 go?

A

Between V2 and V4 (straight line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

A

60-100

  • it will override all other pacemakers in the heart as long as it is functioning.
  • Can go as low as 0, and as fast as 170
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mediastinal or mediastinum

A

Division of the thoracic cavity (Mid, middle, sternum)

-where the heart, lungs, and trachea live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bruits (carotid bruits)

A

Turbulent blood flow

Also can be in the femoral/renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is dangerous about phase 3?

A

this is where the cell is ready to accept a stimulus, but the electrolytes aren’t ready

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what if electricity delivered on relative refectory period?

A

not a desired effect, can cause arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does V5 go?

A

Between V4 and V6 (straight line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is digitalis?

A

Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and increase its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATP pump

ex: digoxin, digitoxin, and digitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is phase 4?

A

Resting Membrane Potential. Sodium/potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does Ascites mean?

A

Marked abdominal swelling from a buildup of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is visceral on the heart?

where is the parietal?

A

visceral against the organ

parietal outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coronary

A

Is derived from Spanish word corona (upside down crown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the conduction path of the bundle of His?

A

if normal it goes from posterior to anterior and right to left.

It is the only conduction path between atria and ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does adenosine work?

A

chemical cardioverter - forces the sodium and potassium pump (cell reset).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What diastolic pressure is too low to perfused the heart?

A

40mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conduction path ways of the heart are found where?

A

Inside of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pericardium (epicardium)

A

Outside layer of the heart (enclosing the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

that phases are the action potential?

A

phase 0- phase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much does cardiac output drop with A-Fib?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adventitious Lung Sounds

A

Abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is phase 1

A

Early Repolarization phase (+20mV) (overshoot). Sodium gates partially close slowing the entry of sodium, potassium leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what rate can SA nodes not sustain tachycardia?

what must you do as a medic?

A

170, can’t maintain that rate

figure out why it is sustained sinus tach before you treat it. Compensatory mechanism- must treat the underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diastolic measures

A

The pressure back on your ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Biphasic

A

Waveform that is partly Positive and partly Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what makes up the atrioventricular junction?

A

AV node and bundle of His.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Anasarca

A

Massive generalized body edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does V1 go?

A

angle of Louis (2nd rib), between 4th and 5th rib, 1” to right of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens when pulmonary pressure increases?

A

cardiac output decreases

CPAP, can lead to this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Deposit of buildup of fats, cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Atrial kick

A

The hard squeeze of the heart to get the rest of the blood out of the atrial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does lead II, III, and aVF show?

A
  • inferior wall MI

Feeds Vagus Nerve, AV node, right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what coronary artery sends blood to the SA node?

A

RCA- right coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is after load?

A

The residual pressure the heart has to pump against.
Left ventricle has to have enough pressure to overcome the aorta

This is systolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when the electrical conduction is moving to the positive electrode what will the deflection be?

A

postitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where is the blood supply for the AV node?

A

RCA- right coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The circulatory pathways (coronary) are found where on the heart?

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what phase is the resting phase?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when the electoral conduction is moving to the negative electrode what will the deflection be?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is phase 3

A

Repolarization (final rapid repolarization) relative refractory period. Closing of sodium and calcium gates, continued release of K+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are some characteristics of the left bundle?

A

short, then separates (branch or fascicles) bifasicular blocks occur here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does lead I and aVL show

A

Superior Lateral Wall MI,

Left circumflex, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Chronotropic

A

Chrono- Time
Tropos- turn

Heart Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is Biphasic mean?

A

Waveform that is partly Positive (+) and partly Negative (-).

Electricity traveling perpendicular to electrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when does absolute refectory period begin?

A

beginning of QRS to mid T wave. This is the time when the heart cannot respond to any impulse no matter how strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where does V2 go?

A

Same level, 1” to left of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

pericardial sac properties?

A 
It is very rigid and fibrous
Double walled:
-filled with serous fluid 
-provides a smooth lubricated surface for heart to beat
-wraps around the coronary arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

the backwards flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are some characteristics of the right bundle?

A

very long and skinny conduction network. Skinny, easily damaged. Responsible for whole right ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is excitability?

A

stimulated by extrinsic/ intrinsic force. (they respond to stimulus (episodes, electricity, trauma to chest, hypoxia.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The circulatory system is a closed system

A

Doesn’t depend on gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why is there a long and slowing conduction of action potential for the AV node?
This is shown where on the ECG?

A

to allow for atrial kick and filling.

The PR interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

When are the coronary arteries perfused?

A

During diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Is sodium a intra or extracellular ion?

Is potassium a intra or extracellular ion?

A

Sodium - extracellular

Potassium - intracellular

they have equally but opposing values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

Anchors aorta to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Endocardium cells are supplied when?

A

When the blood is sitting in ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

when do the coronary arteries prefuse?

A

during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where does V6 go?

A

Mid axillary same level as V4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

conductivity

A

the ability of a cell to receive an impulse from an adjoining cell. This signal will continue until there are no more cells, or it reaches a cell that has already been depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

can you see an infarct in the heart off the limb leads?

A

NO, only way to detect an infarct is with a 12-lead diagnostic

65
Q

what can you expect with slow rhythms?

A

more irregular rhythms.

66
Q

what is phase 2

A

Plateau phase (0mV) (absolute refractory period). Opening of calcium gates, leaving of K, ends with calcium gates closing. (Phase with which Calcium Channel Blockers mess with)

67
Q

What prevents the prolapse of valves?

A

Papillary muscles and charade tendineae

68
Q

If the chest pain is to last longer than 30 min?

A

Think MI

69
Q

is there an upper limit for a junctional rhythm?

A

no, it can go to 0 and has no upper limit.

70
Q

What does lead V5, V6, aVL show?

A

interior lateral wall MI,

left circumflex, left atrium, left ventricle.

71
Q

what does V3 and V4 show?

A

Anterior Wall MI,

LAD, left ventricle

72
Q

When is the coronary artery perfused?

A

During diastole (blocked during systole)

73
Q

The atrial and ventricle are two separate compartments, what is the only thing that connects them?

A

the bundle of HIS

74
Q

what can an antidysrhythmic that works on potassium (k) cause?

A

Long QT

75
Q

what does aberrant mean?

A

Abnormal

76
Q

where does V4 go?

A

V4- Midclavicular line between 5th and 6th rib

77
Q

what does idio mean?

A

within

78
Q

Can we cardiovert people who are on Digg?

A

NO

79
Q

Bachmanns bundle or branch

A

internal atrial pathway

sends a signal to the left atrium.

80
Q

What is phase 0

A

depolarization, rapid influx of sodium. (class 1a ventricular antidysrthythmics, sodium channel blockers work here)

81
Q

what are the 3 best practices for Cardiac Arrest?

A

1) good quality CPR
2) Defibrillation
3) Post resuscitation cooling (therapeutic hypothermia)

82
Q

do atrial drugs effect the ventricles? and vise versa?

A

NO

83
Q

Inotropic

A

Ino - force
Tropic- effecting

Force

84
Q

If the chest pain is said to last less than 30 min?

A

You can think Angina

85
Q

what is the Right Anterior fascicle

A

Left to right, anterior to posterior through septum. Depolarizes septum. Very short and thick. Very difficult to be damaged. Septum has a dual blood supply. Chemically stimulated with Beta.

86
Q

what is the Left Anterior fascicle

A

very thin easily damaged, provides impulse to most of left ventricle.

87
Q

how does Hyperkalemia cause problems?

A

it causes the potassium to not need to leave the cell.

so no more cardiac function

88
Q

what is the intracellular charge of a cell?

A

-90mv

even though both potassium and sodium are positive ions (remember that in cell is negative inside)

89
Q

sympathetic response releases what? and where does it go on the heart?

A

Epi, hits the B1 sites (SA, AV, and woven thru the ventricles)

90
Q

contractility

A

ability of a cell to shorten (contract) in response to an impulse. possible to have all the other properties but not have the cell contract (PEA)

91
Q

how is the cardiac muscle made?

A

made of intercalated discs, cause the cell to depolarize rapidly so it contracts in unison

intercalated discs don’t have actin or myosin (can’t contract)

92
Q

How much of our blood is pulled down by gravity? And the remaining is from what?

A

70% gravity

30% from atrial kick

93
Q

what is the isoelectric line?

A

the line entering the p-wave

It is our baseline

94
Q

What type of infarct do we not give nitro to?

A

Right inferior (decreases the preload)

95
Q

True or False

Give 02 to a MI pt if SPO2 is 95%?

A

False

96
Q

Bruit

A

Blowing or swishing sound created by the turbulence within a blood vessel

97
Q

What are 5 life threatening causes of chest pain?

A
  • MI
  • PE
  • Thoracic aortic dissection
  • Esophageal rupture
  • tension pneumothorax
98
Q

The parasympathetic response does what to the heart?

A

release acetylcholine, effects the SA node and the chronotropic effects, slows the AV node, slows conduction through AV node dromotropic

Does not act on the ventricles zero inotropic effects (will not decrease force of contraction)

99
Q

What neuro signals can effect the SA node?

A

epi and acetylcholine

-chemically interacted by Epi (B1) and acetylcholine

100
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardial sac

101
Q

what are the three things that B1 receptors contribute when they are stimulated?

A

Chronotropic- rate (faster at the SA node)

Inotropic- stronger contraction

Dromotropic- conduction/ automaticity

102
Q

What are the 4 properties of the cardiac cell?

A
  • Excitability
  • Automaticity
  • conductivity
  • contractility
103
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

what get squished out with a squeeze (100ml)

104
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of total blood in the heart that get SQUEEZED OUT every beat

105
Q

What is the top reason for missed cardiac alerts?

A

is a pt with EKG that suggest heart attack but has no symptoms.

-cause is usually associated with excitability.

106
Q

Hematemesis

A

Gastric blood in emesis

107
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing

108
Q

what are pericardial leads?

A

the leads that wrap around the heart

109
Q

Is the tricuspid on the right or left side of the heart?

A

Right

Think right ventricular is bigger, less muscle, so three is a bigger number

110
Q

Endocardium

A

Inside layer of the heart

Think as you zoom into the heart, you end at the endocardium

111
Q

Automaticity

A

All of our cardiac cells have automaticity, they beat on their own.

112
Q

are there acetylcholine receptors in the ventricles?

A

No, (only Epi effects)

Ventricular bradycardia atropine will not help. Rate (20-40) upper limit is 170-180 (v-tach). Idio means from within.

113
Q

what are some easily irritated (H’s and T’s)?

A

Irritants:

  • hypoxia
  • stimulants (drugs)
  • Digitalis (cardiac glycoside)
  • electrolytes
  • acidosis
  • infection
  • caffeine
  • other cardiac cells
114
Q

Excitation

A

The disturbed or altered condition resulting from stimulation of an individual, organ, tissue, or cell

115
Q

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A

supplies the posterior descending, the right ventricle, right atria, interior wall, SA/AV node, posterior septum.

116
Q

• Ejection Fraction is about what %

A

70%

117
Q

Automaticity

A

Cels ability to generate an impulse. Backup system in place but can cause problems.

Usually deals with the pacer cells

118
Q

Mitral valve on right or left side of the heart

A

Left side.

119
Q

The left coronary artery splits into two, what do they turn into?

A

Left anterior descending- 2/3 of left ventricle, inter ventricular anterior (front of heart)septum, small amount of right ventricle.

Left circumflex- rest of the left ventricle (1/3) on the posterior wall. Left atrium

120
Q

what phase does digitalis work on?

A

phase 4.

“Digg scoop” on the T wave

121
Q

what is the intrinsic rate for AV node?

A

40-60

122
Q

what does V1 and V2 show

A

septal involvement

123
Q

Dromotropic

A

Conductivity

Drones are electric

124
Q

what are James Fibers?

A

short circuits from the atria to the ventricle - can result in very fast rhythms.

125
Q

what is the supernormal period?

A

when the little dip happens at the end of phase 3 before going up to baseline. Also known as the relative refractory period.

126
Q

Apex of heart is where?

A

At the bottom

Apex means point

127
Q

are there any parasympathetic receptors in the purkinje fibers?

A

NO

128
Q

what side of the heart can we NOT give Nitro to?

A

right side

129
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing blood

130
Q

Commotio Cordis

A

fatal Thoracic dissection

131
Q

What is a common cause for someone in V-Tach?

A

They are hypoxic

132
Q

Out of excitability, conductivity, automaticity, and contraction, what one is not seen by the ECG?

A

contraction.

This is evaluated by looking at the pt skin, BP, and how they are perfusing. This is how we measure our CO.

133
Q

How do Na+ and K+ resting potentials related?

A

They are inversely related.

(

134
Q

What causes Angina Pectoris?

A

Stable (starts with exertion, relief with rest and nitro, lasts no longer then 30 minutes)

135
Q

Levine’s Sign

A

one hand on chest, one hand on stomach

136
Q

Who are most prone for silent MIs?

A

diabetics, woman, and geriatrics

137
Q

Pericarditis

A

nitro will vasodilate and increase HR, which will in turn increase pain due to increased irritation. Could result in sepsis, infection could transfer into blood.

138
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Trauma, usually penetrating. Fluid in pericardial sac, compresses heart, SOB, jugular venous distention. Beck’s triad signs. Pulse alternans, alternating pulses and swinging of the heart. Electrical alternans, swinging of electrical waves.

139
Q

Troponin levels

A

myocardial damage

140
Q

Hematocrit

A

amount of RBC’s 4.5-5.5 million per cubic mm

141
Q

polycythemia

A

excessive RBC’s (emphysema)

142
Q

Greater Vessels

A

Aorta, superior/inferior vena cava

143
Q

Dressler’s Syndrome

A

Pericarditis caused by M.I.

144
Q

Virchow’s Triad (3 things cause PE)

A

Local trauma to vessel wall (Epithelial injury)
Stasis of the blood
Hypercoagulability

145
Q

What side of MI do we not give fluid to?

A

Left Anterior MI (cause flash pulmonary edema)

146
Q

What side of MI do we want to give lots of fluid to?

A

Right Inferior MI (their preload is effected, give lots of fluid)

147
Q

what is visceral pain?

A

organ generated, the organs don’t have lots of pain receptors. So the pain is referred.

148
Q

what is Parietal pain?

A

where the parietal lining is irritated, the sharp, localized pain make breathing difficult.

149
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

any condition brought on by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart.

150
Q

the three layers of an artery?

A 
Tunica Intama (inside)
Tunica Media (middle)
Tunica Externa (outside)
151
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Through consolidation of the alveoli you take away blood vessels that decreases gas exchange. The heart still wants to pump blood to the lungs, but have less blood vessels to receive that blood. So you get hypertrophic right atrium.

152
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing and hardening or the arteries.

153
Q

Phase 0

A

Depolarization. Influx of sodium - Overshoot

154
Q

Phase 1

A

early rapid repolarization - (+20mV). Fast Na+ gates close, potassium
leave

155
Q

Phase 2

A 
Plateau phase (0mV). Opening of calcium gates, leaving of K+, ends with calcium gates
closing.
156
Q

Phase 3

A

Repolarization. Closing of calcium gates, continued release of K+

157
Q

Phase 4

A

Resting membrane potential - Sodium/potassium pump – when sodiumleaves cell it takes Ca++ with it. This is the most important phase for the
1a lengthens the action potential (right shift)
1b shortens the action potential (left shift)

158
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

Hyper tensive crisis (acute on set) 120 diastolic

Cardiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions