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Ecology Exam 3 > Terrestrial Biomes Ecology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Terrestrial Biomes Ecology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 biomes?

A

Tropical rainforest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical grassland (savanna)
Temperate rainforest
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate grasslands (prairie)
Temperate coniferous forest (taiga)
Hot desert
Cold desert
Tundra

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2
Q

Tropical Rainforest Temperature

A

Occur in the warm, moist belt along the equator
Rain exceeds 230 cm/year
Temperature hot year round

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3
Q

Tropical Rainforest soil

A

Soils are shallow and nutrient poor because many nutrients leached by heavy rainfall

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4
Q

Tropical Rainforest litter

A

high rates of Net Primary Production and rates of litter input to forest floor
Little litter accumulates because decomposers consume the dead organic matter almost as rapidly as it falls to the forest floor

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5
Q

Tropical Rainforest animals

A

high diversity of plant and animal life
Only 6% of land surface, but >50% of all species
A 10 km^2 area of tropical rainforest may contain 1500 species of flowering plants and up to 750 species of trees

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6
Q

Tropical Rainforest Plant adaptations

A

Drip tips so water can drain easily
Dense growing, broadleaf trees
Vertically layered
Epiphytes→ as little light penetrates we find epiphytes attached to other plant

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7
Q

Tropical Deforestation

A

Because of the low nutrient content in the soil→ does not support agriculture for extended periods of time
In addition to conserving biodiversity, the Amazon rainforest also produces more than 20% of the world’s oxygen and many important crops
Some sites are cleared to create grasslands for cattle

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8
Q

Tropical Deciduous Forest temp

A

Closer to the tropics of Capricorn and Cancer
2-3 months of the year for dry season

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9
Q

Tropical Deciduous Forest animals

A

High plant and animal diversity but less than tropical rainforest
Roaming animals

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10
Q

Tropical Deciduous Forest plants

A

thorn plants
Shed their leaves and allow for an understory of herbs and grasses to grow

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11
Q

Tropical Deciduous Forest litter

A

The litter layer of dead and decaying leaves is much thicker here compared to tropical rainforest

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12
Q

Tropical Deciduous Forest soil

A

More prone to logging and clearing because the soil is of better quality than tropical rainforest

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13
Q

Hot Desert Temp

A

20-30 N and S of the equator
Below freezing at night to over 50 C over the day
Less than 30cm per year and occurs in short periods of winter and summer

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14
Q

Hot desert soils

A

soils are poor and nutrient limited

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15
Q

Hot Desert plants

A

Range from lacking vegetation to deserts with dwarf cherubs and succulents
Some areas have favorable moisture and have cacti and other plants

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16
Q

Hot Desert plant adaptations

A

Reduction of leaves
Stem is the major photosynthetic structure and used for water storage
Not to the leaves but the stem
Development of defense structure (spines and chemicals)
To protect against water seeking herbivores
Thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
A dense coating of hairs (trichomes)
Trying to avoid water evaporation
Extensive underground root systems

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17
Q

Hot desert animals

A

Camel (hump to store fat)
Cheetah
Jackrabbits

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18
Q

Hot desert animal adaptations

A

Nocturnal lifestyle
Life in a burrow
Modified body shape
Eyes protected from the sun
Adaptations for reducing water loss
Specialized snouts, waxy body coatings and efficient kidneys
Reptiles excrete toxins in the form of uric acid
Wastes very little water in the process
Dry excretion

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19
Q

Cold Deserts temp (nevada)

A

In the rain shadow of mountain
21-26 C and then freezing in the winter
<25cm of rain usually in the form of snow

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20
Q

Cold Desert animals

A

Arctic fox
Kangaroo rat

21
Q

Cold deserts plants

A

Deciduous and spiny
No succulents because they are prone to freezing

22
Q

Tropical Grassland (Savanna) temp

A

Are hot, tropical areas with low or season a rainfall

23
Q

Tropical Grassland (Savanna) soil

A

Soils are poor in nutrients due to leaching and prone to fires
Micro environments of higher soil nutrients and moisture are found under tree canopies

24
Q

Tropical Grassland (Savanna) animals

A

Savannas support a large diversity of herbivores (invertebrate and vertebrate) that graze or browse the vegetation
A large number of insects, carnivores (e.g., lions), and scavengers (e.g., vultures) are also supported

25
Q

Tropical Grassland (Savanna) pants

A

Limit tree establishment along with fires

26
Q

Temperate Rainforest temp

A

Mild winters but abundant rainfall
Dense coastal fog
A small area
Thin strip in northwest coast of North AMerica and Canada and southwest South America

27
Q

Temperate Rainforest litter

A

Litter layer is thick and spongy
DECOMPOSITION IS SLOW because of the cold weather

28
Q

Temperate Rainforest plants

A

Vegetation→ evergreens, coniferous, spruces, redwoods
Epiphytes are supported

29
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest temp

A

30 and 60C
Cold winters and warm, moist summers

30
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest soils

A

soils are rich and fertile

31
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest plants

A

Temperate deciduous forests grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees
Oaks
Hickories
Maples
Lose leaves in winter and then get new leaves

32
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest animals

A

Species diversity is lower

33
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest layers

A

4 vertical layers
Upper canopy = All the dominant tree species
Lower tree canopy
Shrub layer
Ground layer = Mosses

34
Q

Biomass TDF> TF

A

True

35
Q

Temperate Grassland (Prairie) temp

A

Summers are hot and winters are below freezing
Not enough rainfall to support a forest, higher than a desert
Lightning induced fires are frequent, and limit tree development

36
Q

Temperate Grassland soils

A

Soil is one of the richest in the world

37
Q

Temperate Grassland threats

A

Most prairies are converted for agriculture
Hunting is also a threat

38
Q

Taiga temp

A

A very cold biome and below freezing for a long periods of time
precipitation= snow

39
Q

Taiga soils

A

Short growing season and poor soils (acidify)

40
Q

Taiga Plants

A

Cone shaped trees

41
Q

Taiga plant adaptations

A

Reduced branches that will break

42
Q

Taiga animals

A

Caribou, snowshoe hare

43
Q

Tundra temp

A

Northern hemisphere
North of taiga
Low precipitation and permafrost and snow
Water draining is limited

44
Q

Tundra soil

A

permafrost: Permanently frozen subsoil

45
Q

Tundra animals

A

Caribou, lemmings, Arctic hares, musk oxen

46
Q

Tundra plants

A

“treeless”
Mosses
Lichen

47
Q

Tundra plant adaptations

A

developing the ability to grow under a layer of snow
to carry out photosynthesis in extremely cold temperatures
Short roots to retain moisture

48
Q

Tundra plants continued

A

Tundra plants are photosynthetically active about three months out of the year
they maximize use of the growing season and light by photosynthesizing during the 24-hour daylight period
Erect leaves allow for almost complete interception of solar radiation

Ecology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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