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Ecology Exam 3 > Aquatic Biomes > Flashcards

Aquatic Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

Pelagic zone

A

open water component of aquatic biomes

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2
Q

Photic zone

A

region where light penetrates and allows for photosynthesis

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3
Q

Aphotic zone

A

region below photic zone where light does not penterate sufficiently for photosynthesis

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4
Q

Benthic zone

A

the bottom surface of an aquatic environment

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5
Q

Abyssal zone

A

the part of the ocean’s benthic zone 2,000 to 6,000 m deep

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6
Q

What is Benthic zone made up of?

A

made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments

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7
Q

Deep benthic and abyssal zone organisms adapted to

A

cold and extremely high water pressure

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8
Q

When fresh and salt water mix, freshwater will be on ..

A

top

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9
Q

Stratification

A

leads to seasonal turnover in many temperate lakes

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10
Q

Turnover

A

mixing of oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient rich water from the bottom

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11
Q

Eutrophication

A

enrichment of ecosystem with chemical nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus, or both)

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12
Q

Eutrophication can be

A

natural processes in lakes
accelerated by human activities

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13
Q

Eutrophication occurs

A

in closed systems or open oceans as rivers move from land and sea

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14
Q

Oligotrophic

A

low nutrient levels
low algal growth
good light penetration
deep water

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15
Q

Eutrophic

A

high nutrient levels
high algal growth
poor light penetration
low dissolved oxygen
shallow water

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16
Q

Streams and rivers

A

Headwater streams are cold, clear, swift and turbulent, rich in oxygen

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17
Q

As you move down from headwaters to downstream

A

conditions of river are warmer, contain more suspended sediment, more turbid, and slower moving. Salt, nutrients, and oxygen increase.

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18
Q

Threats to streams and rivers

A

Dams prevent fish from migrating
Invasive species
Nutrients that runoff can degrade water quality
Climate change

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19
Q

Wetlands

A

EARTHS KIDNEYS BECAUSE THEY ABSORB WASTE
Most productive ecosystem

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20
Q

Wetlands soil

A

low in dissolved oxygen

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21
Q

Bogs

A

spongy peat and acidic water
mosses

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22
Q

Wetlands threats

A

draining for land conversion
mining
lack of knowledge

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23
Q

Estuaries

A

transition area between river and sea
Seawater flows up estuary channel during rising tide and flows back down during a falling tide

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24
Q

Mangroves

A

Waterlogged soils lacks spaces that provide oxygen for cellular respiration in roots

Submerged roots continuous with aerial roots which are exposed to oxygen at low tide

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25
Q

Salt marsh plants

A

air filled spaces in stems allowing for oxygen to move from leaves to roots without accumulation of carbon dioxide

Can tolerate high salinity

26
Q

Estuary animals adaptations

A

behavioral adaptations to deal with intense heat

27
Q

Estuary threats

A

Support high levels of nutrients carries to them by rivers→ growth of algae

Coastal development, invasive species, overfishing, dams, upstream pollutants, climate change

28
Q

Intertidal zones

A

Periodically submerged and exposed to tides twice a day

Benthic zone can either be rocky or sandy based on exposure to wave action

29
Q

Intertidal zones threats

A

harvesting of shells and animals, rock walls and sea barriers, oil spills

30
Q

Ocean Pelagic

A

Tropical- no mixing of waters

Turnover between fall and spring renews nutrients in photic zones of temperate and high-latitude ocean areas

31
Q

Ocean Pelagic threats

A

Overfishing
Ocean acidification

32
Q

Overfishing

A

removing more individuals then can be naturally replaced causes decline in marine species; causes shift in individuals who replaced and influence life history characteristics

33
Q

Ocean acidification

A

increased carbon dioxide through deforestation and burning of fossil fuels

increase of H concentration= increase of acidity and decrease in pH→ less CaCO3 for organisms to build shells which influences food webs and ecosystems

34
Q

Coral reefs

A

less than 0.1% of ocean
home to 25% of marine species
LOW IN NUTRIENTS
warm tropical waters
photic zone

35
Q

Coral reefs threats

A

climate change, acidification, harvesting to coral, overfishing, harmful land use

36
Q

Marine Benthic

A

seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone and the offshore pelagic zone

no sunlight

Temperature decreases with depth; pressure increases with depth

Rich in hydrogen sulfide

37
Q

Marine Benthic threats

A

overfishing, organic waste

38
Q

Marine snow

A

remains of once living organisms that sink to the bottom and decompose

39
Q

Gray infrastructure

A

tanks
tunnels
disinfection
pipe capacity
sewer separation

40
Q

Bluebelts

A

stormwater management system utilizing existing wetlands

41
Q

Green Infracstructure

A

blue/green roofs, bioinfiltration, rain gardens, rain barrels, porous pavement

42
Q

Green Infrastructure benefits

A

storm water retention/ water quality
property values/ reduced energy costs
habitat
air quality

43
Q

Temporal variation of global precipitation is linked to the seasonal changes….

A

in heating of the Earth

44
Q

ITCZ

A

it is not stationary, migrates towards the region with the warmest surface temperature

45
Q

Gulf Stream

A

current transports heat northeast across the Atlantic, resulting in Europe’s relatively warmer winters

46
Q

Coastal upwelling

A

Surface currents move away from the coast, it is replaced by water from greater depths

47
Q

Deep water

A

is rich in nutrients, so these upwelling areas are highly productive

48
Q

Threats to aquatic biomes

A

Development
Alteration of flow
Nutrient pollution
Contamination
Introduction of non native species
Overfishing

49
Q

Tides

A

Results from the gravitational pulls of the Sun and the Moon

50
Q

Tidal force

A

Tidal force of the moon is 2.2x the force of the sun

51
Q

Everyday Earth

A

Passes thru two of the lunar tides (high tides) and two low tides at right angles to the high tides

52
Q

Spring Tides

A

higher than normal
Occur when the sun and moon line-up twice a month (full moon and new moon)

53
Q

Neap tides

A

lower than normal
occur during the quarter phases when the gravitational forces of the sun partially cancel out those of the moon

54
Q

Open Ocean

A

including hydrothermal vents

55
Q

Shallow water biomes

A

Coral reefs, kelp forests, sea grasses

56
Q

Intertidal biomes

A

Rocky shores
sandy beaches
mangrove forests
Salt marshes

57
Q

Freshwater habitats are governed

A

by the unique properties of water

58
Q

Unique properties of water

A

Lentic= non flowing (ponds and lakes)
Lotic= flowing (rivers and streams)

59
Q

Other factors influencing aquatic systems

A

Nutrients (upwelling, eutrophication)
Oxygen availability
Input of organic matter
Water chemistry (pH, salinity)

60
Q
A

Ecology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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