Terms to know for all chapters Flashcards
Trepanation
the drilling of holes in the skull to relieve pressure and believed to “liberate” demons and bad spirits
Divination Bones
aka Dragon Bones; Bones from an animal used in Chinese divination ceremonies where one would write their problems on the bone and throw it in the fire. Depending on the way it cracks, it would tell them guidance from the ancestral/supernatural forces.
Book of the Dead
an ancient Egyptian funerary text, composed of spells, hymns, and rituals, intended to guide individuals through the challenges of the afterlife. Contained information on proper mummification and how deeds were written on the heart. The brain did not matter.
Confucius 5 Elements
Wood-Green (Gall Bladder, Liver, Eyes), Fire-Red (Tounge, Small Intestines, Heart), Water-Black (Kidney, Urinary Bladder), Metal-Blue/Silver/White (Lung, Large Intestine, Nose), Earth-Yellow/Brown (Spleen, Stomach, Mouth).
Pharmakoi
The “odd/misfit” people drugged up and expelled from ancient Greece in 800 BC by the Pharmacon during The Feast of Apollo. Ritualistic sacrifice or exile of human scapegoat or victim.
Socrates and Plato
Came to the notion that mental health was a personal responsibility based on self-analysis. The idea of rational higher intelligence fighting lower irrational animalistic urges stemmed from Greek philosophy
Phineas Gage
Rod went through his head and he changed personality. Led scientists to believe you can live without part of your brain and that different parts of your brain control different things
Gottlieb Burkhardt
In asylums he would take part of their frontal cortex to experiment and found patients became docile after
Antonio Egas Moniz
Invented the Leucotome (tool to cut out the frontal lobe)
John Fulton
Did experiments in primates by taking out chunks of their brain
Walter Freeman
Developed a way to destroy the frontal lobe by using a ice pick through the orbital opening to destroy the tissue (lobotomy)
Mourning
temporary sorrow/grief due to severe things that happen in your life
Melancholia
Prolonged phase of mourning (can happen due to many problems piling up)
Cingulotomy
Lesion the cingulate area
Axon
connects neurons for communication
Dendrite
where neurons receive messages from other neurons
Synapse
space between neurons
Neurotransmitter
main type of chemical messenger in the brain, ex: Dopamine, Norepinephrine
DA: Dopamine role in depression
Anhedonia of depression
NE: norepinephrine role in depression
Psychomotor retardation of depression
5-HT: serotonin role in depression
Obsessive sense of grief of depression
Transporter role in depression
reuptake transporters recycle neurotransmitters
Reuptake
reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter
Synthesis
the process of combining different components or elements to form something new
Enzyme
a biological molecule, typically a protein, that acts as a catalyst in various biochemical reactions. Enzymes facilitate and accelerate these reactions without being consumed in the process
Rate-limiting
the step or process in a series of chemical reactions that limits the overall rate at which the reactions occur. It often determines the overall speed of a metabolic pathway.
Tryptophan
a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation
Tyrosine
a precursor amino acid for neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine
Hashimoto’s Disease Autoimmune Disease
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and gradual destruction of thyroid tissue
Post Parturition
The depression after you give birth due to less production of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
Glucocorticoids: Cortisol & Hydrocortisone
Stress hormone. After fight or flight or trauma which is glucose and energy, stress hormones are released. The feeling of drained energy is when cortisol is released
Circadian Rhythm
A natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness
Cushing’s Syndrome
a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands
Allele
Genes
Promoter
Decides how much of the protein will be made from the DNA
Deletion
Changes DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene
cingulate cortex
Area in limbic system that projects to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
amygdala
Central role in emotion, fight or flight, etc…
fear pathway
Transmission of cs information to the amygdala as a defense response to threats
Collectivism
- each person is encouraged to be an active player in society
- Do whats best for the group
- Working with others is the norm
- Large family networks
- Rules promote stability, order, obedience
- Everyone relies on eachother for support
Individualism
- United States, Western Cultures
- “I” Identity
- Promotes individual goals
- Individual rights are most important
- Help from others looked down upon, do it yourself
- Helping your community is discouraged
Cultural specific syndroms
Brain fog: West Africa
Shenjing shuairuo: physical and mental fatigue
Tawatl ye sni: feelings of loss and discouragement
Tyramine
Amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. In medications like MAOIs.
Serotonin Syndrome: Drug reaction caused by medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body.
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells.
Autonomic nervous system
A component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
Sympathetic
a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.
Parasympathetic
Predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions
Serotonin (5-HT)
Monoamine neurotransmitter
Histamine
Chemical your immune system releases. Responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycle and cognitive function.
Reuptake Inhibitors
Like SSRIs, block reuptake of serotonin into neurons.
