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Bio Sci 41 > Terms to know for all chapters > Flashcards

Terms to know for all chapters Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Trepanation

A

the drilling of holes in the skull to relieve pressure and believed to “liberate” demons and bad spirits

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2
Q

Divination Bones

A

aka Dragon Bones; Bones from an animal used in Chinese divination ceremonies where one would write their problems on the bone and throw it in the fire. Depending on the way it cracks, it would tell them guidance from the ancestral/supernatural forces.

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3
Q

Book of the Dead

A

an ancient Egyptian funerary text, composed of spells, hymns, and rituals, intended to guide individuals through the challenges of the afterlife. Contained information on proper mummification and how deeds were written on the heart. The brain did not matter.

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4
Q

Confucius 5 Elements

A

Wood-Green (Gall Bladder, Liver, Eyes), Fire-Red (Tounge, Small Intestines, Heart), Water-Black (Kidney, Urinary Bladder), Metal-Blue/Silver/White (Lung, Large Intestine, Nose), Earth-Yellow/Brown (Spleen, Stomach, Mouth).

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5
Q

Pharmakoi

A

The “odd/misfit” people drugged up and expelled from ancient Greece in 800 BC by the Pharmacon during The Feast of Apollo. Ritualistic sacrifice or exile of human scapegoat or victim.

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6
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

Came to the notion that mental health was a personal responsibility based on self-analysis. The idea of rational higher intelligence fighting lower irrational animalistic urges stemmed from Greek philosophy

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7
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Rod went through his head and he changed personality. Led scientists to believe you can live without part of your brain and that different parts of your brain control different things

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8
Q

Gottlieb Burkhardt

A

In asylums he would take part of their frontal cortex to experiment and found patients became docile after

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9
Q

Antonio Egas Moniz

A

Invented the Leucotome (tool to cut out the frontal lobe)

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10
Q

John Fulton

A

Did experiments in primates by taking out chunks of their brain

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11
Q

Walter Freeman

A

Developed a way to destroy the frontal lobe by using a ice pick through the orbital opening to destroy the tissue (lobotomy)

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12
Q

Mourning

A

temporary sorrow/grief due to severe things that happen in your life

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13
Q

Melancholia

A

Prolonged phase of mourning (can happen due to many problems piling up)

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14
Q

Cingulotomy

A

Lesion the cingulate area

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15
Q

Axon

A

connects neurons for communication

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16
Q

Dendrite

A

where neurons receive messages from other neurons

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17
Q

Synapse

A

space between neurons

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

main type of chemical messenger in the brain, ex: Dopamine, Norepinephrine

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19
Q

DA: Dopamine role in depression

A

Anhedonia of depression

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20
Q

NE: norepinephrine role in depression

A

Psychomotor retardation of depression

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21
Q

5-HT: serotonin role in depression

A

Obsessive sense of grief of depression

22
Q

Transporter role in depression

A

reuptake transporters recycle neurotransmitters

23
Q

Reuptake

A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter

24
Q

Synthesis

A

the process of combining different components or elements to form something new

25
Q

Enzyme

A

a biological molecule, typically a protein, that acts as a catalyst in various biochemical reactions. Enzymes facilitate and accelerate these reactions without being consumed in the process

26
Q

Rate-limiting

A

the step or process in a series of chemical reactions that limits the overall rate at which the reactions occur. It often determines the overall speed of a metabolic pathway.

27
Q

Tryptophan

A

a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation

28
Q

Tyrosine

A

a precursor amino acid for neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine

29
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease Autoimmune Disease

A

an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and gradual destruction of thyroid tissue

30
Q

Post Parturition

A

The depression after you give birth due to less production of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

31
Q

Glucocorticoids: Cortisol & Hydrocortisone

A

Stress hormone. After fight or flight or trauma which is glucose and energy, stress hormones are released. The feeling of drained energy is when cortisol is released

32
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

A natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness

33
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands

34
Q

Allele

A

Genes

35
Q

Promoter

A

Decides how much of the protein will be made from the DNA

36
Q

Deletion

A

Changes DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene

37
Q

cingulate cortex

A

Area in limbic system that projects to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex

38
Q

amygdala

A

Central role in emotion, fight or flight, etc…

39
Q

fear pathway

A

Transmission of cs information to the amygdala as a defense response to threats

40
Q

Collectivism

A
  • each person is encouraged to be an active player in society
  • Do whats best for the group
  • Working with others is the norm
  • Large family networks
  • Rules promote stability, order, obedience
  • Everyone relies on eachother for support
41
Q

Individualism

A
  • United States, Western Cultures
  • “I” Identity
  • Promotes individual goals
  • Individual rights are most important
  • Help from others looked down upon, do it yourself
  • Helping your community is discouraged
42
Q

Cultural specific syndroms

A

Brain fog: West Africa
Shenjing shuairuo: physical and mental fatigue
Tawatl ye sni: feelings of loss and discouragement

43
Q

Tyramine

A

Amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. In medications like MAOIs.
Serotonin Syndrome: Drug reaction caused by medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body.

44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells.

45
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

46
Q

Sympathetic

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.

47
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions

48
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Monoamine neurotransmitter

49
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical your immune system releases. Responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycle and cognitive function.

50
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Like SSRIs, block reuptake of serotonin into neurons.

Bio Sci 41 (2 decks)

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