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Bio Sci 41 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 5 historical figures

A

Pythagoras, Confucius, Hippocrates, Plato, Galen, Avicenna

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2
Q

How did Pythagoras diagnose mood disorders

A

believed in the biological humors of impulse, intelligence, and reason. He believed that mood disorders were caused by an imbalance of the “fluids” of the biological humors.

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3
Q

How did Confucius diagnose mood disorders

A

believed that mood disorders stemmed from physiological imbalances of elements or fluids. The 5 elements (fire, earth, metal, water, and wood) corresponded to certain human organs.

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4
Q

How did Hippocrates diagnose mood disorders

A

believed that mood disorders were caused by an imbalance in biles that corresponded to personalities. Choleric-Yellow is feisty, Melancholic-Black is sad, Sanguine-Blood is happy, Phlegmatic-Phlegm is drowsy or calm. He was considered the first doctor of Western medicine.

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5
Q

How did Plato diagnose mood disorders

A

believed mood disorders were caused by a person not being “strong” enough to reach their “ideal form”. He believed that mental health was a personal responsibility based on self-analysis and that you had to fight your lower irrational animalistic urges that stemmed from Greek philosophy to reach rational higher intelligence. He believed the soul should exist alone.

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6
Q

How did Aristotle diagnose mood disorders

A

Believed that the hottest organ (the heart) was where all thought lies so thought issues with the heart caused mood disorders.

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7
Q

How did Galen diagnose mood disorders

A

believed that mood disorders were caused by imbalances in Hippocrates 4 biles but pointed at fluids in the brain. He was the gladiator’s physician and linked anatomical studies (injuries to head) to mood disorders.

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8
Q

How did Avicenna diagnose mood disorders

A

believed that mood disorders were caused by imbalances in Hippocrates biles.

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9
Q

What are three historical events that influenced our understanding of mood disorders

A

The renaissance, Gutenberg Printing press, Descartes and Rationalist movement

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10
Q

The renaissance

A

Brought careful observation and classification of mood disorders
Practicality overcame the popular obsession with the supernatural

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11
Q

Gutenberg Printing Press (1500s)

A

Caused practicality to overcome the belief of supernatural causes of mood disorders. Caused a lot of reading and brought back old theories.

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12
Q

Descartes and Rationalist Movement

A

Influenced the belief that the body is a complex machine under the control of the mind. Influenced the idea of reflexology. The search for consciousness.

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13
Q

How did historical misconceptions influence our beliefs about mental illness?

A
  • The Inquisition (1200-1400s): influenced superstitious fear and ignorance towards mood disorders.
  • St. Mary of Bethlehem (1247): Caused fear of difference
  • The Plague of the 14th Century: Caused people to believe that the devil caused illness.
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14
Q

DSM criteria for diagnosing major depression

A

5 or more symptoms over a 2-week period that are outside normal behavior
- Depressed mood (prolonged grief)
- Anhedonia = loss of interest/pleasure
- Change in appetite (can go either way)
- Sleep (can go either way)
- Motor Activity Changes = Lethargy, Psychomotor Retardation (no energy, things are overwhelming b/c it’s so hard to move and do things)
- Fatigue, Headache, Digestive Problems, Other Physical Complaints
- Feelings of Worthlessness and inappropriate guilt (thinking things are all their fault)
- Trouble concentrating
- Repeated thoughts of self-injury, death or suicide
- *if depression is very severe, there may also be psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. (don’t know what’s real anymore)

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15
Q

Why are serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine strong neurotransmitter modulators of mood?

A

Serotonin helps regulate mood, anxiety, and other functions. Dopamine is the brain’s “reward system”.
Norepinephrine helps mobilize the brain for action and can improve energy and attentiveness.
They are also released into parts of the brain responsible for emotion and mood regulation.

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16
Q

What is the process of electrochemical neural signaling

A

When the action potential reaches the end of a neuron (axon terminal), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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17
Q

Describe the discovery of antidepressants

A

It was a “Happy Accident” - Iproniazid & Isoniazid 1952 that was meant to be an antibiotic to cure tuberculosis

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18
Q

What is the synthesis, storage and release of neurotransmitters from neurons

A

Synthesis: Neurotransmitters are synthesized from proteins that come from diet. These starting materials are called “precursors”.
- Catecholamines -> Tyrosine
- Serotonin -> Tryptophan
Storage: Neurotransmitters are stored in membranous vesicles within the neuron. They are most concentrated in the terminal
Release: Release of neurotransmitters is stimulated by an action potential
- An influx of calcium (CA++ ions) into the terminal

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19
Q

Describe the role of 5-HT(Serotonin)

A

Serotonin: often referred to as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter and is associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite.

20
Q

Describe the role of Dopamine

A

Dopamine is the reward system and for regulating mood.

21
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine is a stress hormone.

22
Q

Substance P

A

neuropeptide involved in the transmission of pain signals and the regulation of stress responses and inflammation.

23
Q

How can thyroid issues mimic depression

A

Low thyroid production affects the production of serotonin

24
Q

Evaluate how steroid hormones (estrogen, cortisol) modify risks for depression.

A

Fluctuations in estrogen affect the neurotransmitter serotonin. Cortisol can affect dopamine and serotonin

25
Q

Describe the relationship between sleep and depression

A

Can cause less deep sleep and more sporadic REM.
Can cause either more or less sleep.

26
Q

Hypothesize how western and eastern cultural practices may influence depression rates

A

With Socrates/Plato came the notion that mental health = personal responsibility based in self analysis. Rational higher intelligence > lower irrational urges
Western Judeo-Christian Culture based off of guilt & sin
More acceptable to be depressed in the West

27
Q

Give examples of cultural differences in presenting symptoms of depression.

A
  • In Latin America, complaints of nerves/headaches
  • East Asian Cultures, complains of bodily discomfort, feelings of inner pressure, pain, dizziness, fatigue
  • Middle Eastern cultures, complaints of the heart
28
Q

Define culture bound syndromes

A

Syndromes that look a lot like Major Depression but are culture specific

29
Q

Define “phenomenology”

A

Existential belief that the human was seeking meaning in a world that was often times meaningless/objective
Idea that “maybe life is meaningless?”

30
Q

Describe a gene that can influence depression risk.

A
  • 5-HTT, depression gene
  • VNTR Region may be short or long in different people which affects the way people deal with the perseverance loop which influences depression
  • S(short) allele carriers (shorter VNTR region) have less ability to shut down the amygdala but have more amygdala activity. They have high “harm avoidance”
  • FINDINGS: S allele individuals were at no higher risk of depression if they have perceived good social support. It showed that if you didn’t have social support and S alleles you are 4.5 times more likely to get depression.
31
Q

Evaluate how culture and genetics work together, both predisposing and protecting subjects from depression

A

LL allele people are more “risk takers”. This maybe why we see the highest suicide rates in LL dominant countries like Russia
- LL allele react better to antidepressant treatments

32
Q

MAOIs

A

Responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Inhibiting these allows neurotransmitters to stay in synaptic cleft

33
Q

Tricyclic

A

Tricyclics block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin and norepinephrine

34
Q

SSRIs

A

Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by binding to the serotonin transporters, preventing the reabsorption of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron.

35
Q

SSNRIS

A

Inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking the respective transporters.

36
Q

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs with placebo effect

A
  • Antidepressants tend to come with side effects which will display the effectiveness of the drug.
    With Placebo, the belief of a drug working can treat depression. Depends on severity of depression,
    And individual response.
  • Antidepressants are successful 30-40% of patients (same effectiveness as the placebo effect)
37
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in association with antidepressant treatment

A
38
Q

Describe ways in which new technology is changing depression treatment

A

Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus nerve
- The main nerve of the parasympathetic track
- Device attached to the vagus nerve
- Gives a relaxing effect / puts the peripheral system into a calm state
- Combats the anxiousness that can cause depression
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (approved in 2008)
- Stimulates the brain
Deep Brain Stimulation
- Temporary lobotomy
Mini electroconvulsive shock

39
Q

NDRI

A

Block the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

40
Q

5-HT2 Antagonists

A

Target serotonin receptors, specifically the 5-HT2 receptors. By antagonizing these receptors, the drugs modulate serotonin transmission.

41
Q

Diagnose cheese effect and serotonin syndrome. Compare and contrast the causes.

A

While on MAOIs, having foods high in tyramine can increase blood pressure due to increased norepinephrine. And his serotonin is increased which can be life threatening.

42
Q

Identify what percentage of depressive episodes are genetic

A

30-40% are genetic

43
Q

Interpret twin studies results showing correlation of heritability and depression

A

Monozygotic twins
- High correlation between monozygotic female twins (.44)
- Less between male twins (.31)
Dizygotic twins (fraternal)
- Lower in dizygotic twins (.16)
- Lowest in male twins and male-female twins (.11)

44
Q

What are 5 lifestyle factors and 5 social factors that increase the risk of a depressive episode

A

Lifestyle
-Drugs and alcohol
-Overwork
-Poor diet, including excess caffeine or sugar
-Lack of exercise
-Lack of leisure time as well as fun recreational activities
Social
- Death of a loved one
- Divorce
- Loss of job, financial problems
- Chaotic/unsafe home life
- Moving to another city

45
Q

What are ways in which early life stressors and exposure to trauma increase risk

A

-Sexual
-Emotional
-Physical abuse
Traumas that can cause a risk factor when your brain is developing
-Changes physiology
-Elevated glucocorticoids (stress hormones)
- Elevated autonomic nervous system responses

46
Q

compare and contrast how how genes can increase or protect a subject from depression

A

Polymorphisms in the corticotrophin receptor 1 gene protects against early life stress due to them being less responsive to cortisol.

Bio Sci 41 (2 decks)

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