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Social Behavioral Mike Rose > Terms Test 1 > Flashcards

Terms Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Positive Renforcement

A

he process by which presentation of a stimulus (drug) increases the probability of a response (non dependent drug taking paradigms)

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2
Q

Negative Reenforcement

A

A process by which removal of an aversive stimulus (negative emotional state of drug withdrawal) increases the probability of a response (dependence-induced drug taking)

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3
Q

Cannabinoids

A

Most commonly used illicit drug

Medicinal uses: antiemetic, appetite stimulant, anticonsulsant, and analgesic.

Abuse potential: More people sought treatment for marijuana than any other illicit drug.

Acute effects: slowed cognitive processing, impaired short-term memory, inhibition, concentration, visual-spatial processing. May precipitate psychotic disorder. Associated w/ relapse of other addicitons.

Long term effects: 9% become addicted. After one month of abstinence “minimal effects on cognition”, endocrine effects

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4
Q

Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamines)

A

Increase monomaines (DA, NE, and 5HT)

DA- acutely enhance, but chronically depletes

Acute effects on CNS: energy, alertness, decreased appetite, anxiety, paranoia, irritability, siezures, increased HR, BP, and TMP.

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5
Q

Sedatives/Hypnotics

A

Most people become dependent when treating an anxiety disorder of insomnia.

Severe withdrawal (up to 50% of people on benzos)

Symptom rebound (anxiety, insomnia, muscle tension) lasts up to 3 weeks after discontinuation is mostly a withdrawal syndrome

Symptom reemergence is not a withdrawal syndrome. Reoccurence of original sx. Can last months.

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6
Q

Alcohol

A

Wide variety of target proteins unlke drugs that are more specific.

Adults metabolize avg. of 1 oz per 3 hours.

Withdrawal sx:
0-36 hrs: seuzures (BAC doesn’t have to equal 0 to start), increased HR, BP, Temp,

Alcohol + Tobacco = synergistic effects on risks for cancer

Abuse is common, but often undetected by medical staff.

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7
Q

Opiods

A

Risk w/ nonmedical or perscription abuse

OD can cause death (respiratory suppression)

Anhedonia makes dependence hard to break.

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8
Q

Abuse

A

An intense desire to obtain increasing amounts of a particular drug to the exclusion of all other activities

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9
Q

Dependence

A

The body’s physical need (addiction) to a specific drug. Dependence may result in physical harm, behavior problems, and association with people who also abuse drugs. Stopping can result in withdrawal.

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10
Q

Tolerance

A

A state of progressively decreased responsiveness to a substance.

Takes more to get high.

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11
Q

Compulsive Use

A
  • Drug is taken in larger amounts or for longer periods.
  • Persistent desire to or unsuccessful attempts at controlling use of substance
  • Development of a substance centered lifestyle
  • Neglect of signficant personal or social interests or obligations.
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12
Q

Leading COD’s Age 1-24

A
  1. ) Unintentional Injuries (38%)
  2. ) Homicide (13%)
  3. ) Suicide (12%)
  4. ) Cancer (7%)
  5. ) Heart disease (3%)
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13
Q

Leading COD’s Ages 25-44

A
  1. )Unintentional injuries (25%)
  2. ) Cancer (14%)
  3. ) Heart Disease (12%)
  4. ) Suicide (11%)
  5. ) Homicide (6%)
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14
Q

Leading COD’s Agest 45-64

A
  1. ) Cancer (32%)
  2. ) Heart disease (21%)
  3. ) Unintentional injuries (7%)
  4. ) Chronic lower respiratory disease (4%)
  5. ) Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (4%)
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15
Q

Leading COD’s Ages 65+

A
  1. ) Heart Disease (27%)
  2. ) Cancer (22%)
  3. ) Chronic lower respirator disease (7%)
  4. ) Stroke (6%)
  5. ) Alzheimer’s disease (5%)
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16
Q

WHO ranking of national health care systems

A

Five factors:

  1. ) Health level (life expectancy; 25% weight)
  2. ) Responsiveness (Speed, privacy protections, choice of care; 12.5% weight)
  3. ) Financial Fairness (25% weight)
  4. ) Health Distribution (how equally resources are shared; 25% weight)
  5. ) Responsiveness distribution (how equally responsiveness if distributed; 12.5% weight)

U.S. ranked 37th.

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17
Q

ACA key points

A
  1. ) Expanded medicaid and increased number of plans subsidized
  2. ) Created/Encouraged ACOs to coordinate care delivery for specified populations (pay based on outcomes)
  3. ) ACOs will contract with PCMHs to deliever and coordinate care acoss the spectrum of patient needs.
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18
Q

IHI Triple Aim

A
  1. ) Experience of Care
  2. ) Population health
  3. ) Per capita cost
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19
Q

Normative

A

Counting or measuring a behavior, event, etc. then defining the most common as normal

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20
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of prediction over time, over predictors, over individuals and/or over assesment techniques.

AKA repeatability

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21
Q

Validity

A

AKA Accuracy

Degree of accuracy of predictive statements. Any statement can be valid or invalid (p=0 or p=1)

Diagnostic predictions are never wholly valid

22
Q

Extinction

A

Whatever can be learned can be unlearned. Once reward/punishments change behaviors should fade.

23
Q

Positive punishment

A

The presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response that follows.

I.e. parking ticket

24
Q

Negative punishment

A

AKA punishment by removal

I.e. failing grade

25
Q

Generalized reinforcer

A

Any reinforcer that acts across many different behaviors and people and culture.

Attention, affection, and approval.

26
Q

Couvade syndrome

A

Male experiences similar pregnancy sx as wife

27
Q

APGAR

A

Test performed twice at one minute and at five minutes.

Five clinical signs scored 0,1, or 2

One minute scores less than 4 = severe nervous system depression, immediate resuscitation

Five minute scores less than 7 place infant at risk for subsequent CNS dysfunction

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Appearance
Respiration
28
Q

Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale

A

Test to assess mothers for post-natal depression.

Consists of ten statements relating of post-natal depression.

29
Q

The social smile

A

Smiling may begin as early as two weeks.

At four months, peak smiling to unfamiliar face

5-6 months selective smiling to key persons (parents, sibs)

7-8 = stranger anxiety

30
Q

Denver II

A

Scoring: Pass, fail, refusal, no opportunity to try.

Scored ITEMS as:
Advanced (completely right of normal)
Normal - Age line falls between 25th and 75th percentile
Caution - Child fails or refuses item when age line falls between the 75th and 90th percentile
Delayed - Completely left of age line

Interpreations: Cautious/Conservative
Normal: max of one caution
Suspect: two or more cautions/ or one or more delay
Untestable: Refusal scores on one or more or falls delayed on more than two.

Rescreen in 1-2 weeks if suspect or unstestable

Goals of test: Make parents more aware of norms, systematically docuement progress, facilitate early id or delays.

31
Q

Ages and Stages Questionnaire

A

Series of dev and social-emotional screening instrument for children from one month to 5 and 1/2 years.

32
Q

Risk Factors for Divorce

A 
Age - 20s and 30s
Often have young children
Married average of seven years
Lower SES
Married as teenagers
Short courtship
Conceive child before married.
33
Q

Classification schema for prevention and control of chronic disease

A

Health promotion (entire populaton; prevent risk factors) –>

primary prevention (one or more risk factors; prevent development of disease) –>

secondary prevention (limited disease; prevent disease progression/recurrence) –>

tertiary prevention (symptomatic or advanced disease; reduce complications or disability)

34
Q

BMI

A

weight in kg / height in m squared

Four disclaimers:
-It may over estimate body fat in athletes
-It may underestimate body fat in older persons
- Should not be used in pregnancy, except in pre to pose comparisons
-Endurance athletes should not be assesses using BMI.
>20 = underweight
20-24.9 = normal
25-29.9=preobese
30-34.9 = Obese class I
35-39.9 = Obese Class II

35
Q

Four subgroups whom clearly benefit from statins

A
  1. ) clinically evident ASCVD
  2. ) Primary LDL that is > 190
  3. ) Type I or II DM and LDL > 70
  4. ) 10 year risk of ascvd of >7.5% and an LDL of >70
36
Q

Z distribution

A

Special case of normal distribution w/ idealized mean of 0 and S of 1.

Need normal sample sizes > 100

Z score of 1.96 = 95% C.I.

37
Q

Critical region

A

Alpha

Area under curve that include unlikely sampling outcomes if null is true.

i.e. if alpha = 0.05 anything >1.96 will be in the critical region.

1 tailed - don’t divide alpha by two and focus on one side (positive or negative). 5% in one tail. z = 1.65

2 tailed - Normal distribution. 2.5% in each tail. a =1.96

38
Q

Student’s T Distribution

A

Used w/ smaller samples (N30

39
Q

Type 1 Error

A

False positive

40
Q

Type 2 Error

A

False negative

41
Q

Observational Study

A

Patients observed and outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome.

Positives: probability sampling, great intro tool, answer some questions that controlled can’t due to morals/ethics

Negatives: low validity across cultures, correlations no causations, rely on self-reporting.

42
Q

Trend

A

Longitudinal study that measures changes in a population over time.

I.e. Survey of college freshman each year.

43
Q

Cohort

A

Longitudinal study that measures Changes and follow a particular population over time.

I.e. 25 MS1’s in 2014 and 25 MS2’s in 2015. Can be a different individuals, but same population.

*Boards often state cohort, but don’t differentiate from panel.

44
Q

Panel

A

Longitudinal study that measures changes in the SAME PEOPLE over time.

I.e. 200 Diabetics in 2013 and same 200 diabetics in 2014

*Boards often state cohort, but don’t differentiate from panel.

45
Q

Qualitative

A

High valididty. In depth/ nuanced

46
Q

Quantitative

A

High reliability. Generalized sampling.

47
Q

Nomothetic Causation

A
  1. )Correlation/Association
  2. )Temporal Order
  3. )Non-spuriousness
48
Q

Clinical Trial Phases

A

Phase I - Safety and side effects
Phase II - Ideal dosing
Phase III - Experimental vs. control
Phase IV - continued evaluation of FDA-approved therapy.

49
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Researcher attention affects behavior

50
Q

External invalidity

A

Lack of applicability to real world

51
Q

Internal Invalidity

A

Anything other than the stimulus that influences results.

Social Behavioral Mike Rose (6 decks)

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