Terms pt 2

Question 1

Directional vs. Nondirectional hypotheses

Answer 1

directional hypothesis predicts how things will change, while a nondirectional hypothesis only says that a change will happen.

Question 2

Conceptualization

Answer 2

process of defining and clarifying ideas or concepts in research to understand what they mean and how to measure them.

Question 3

Operationalization

Answer 3

process of turning abstract concepts into measurable variables so they can be studied.

Question 4

Nominal variables

Answer 4

These are categories without a specific order (e.g., colors, gender).

Question 5

Continuous variables

Answer 5

These can take any value within a range and have an order (e.g., height, weight).

Question 6

Importance of literature review

Answer 6

summarizes existing research, identifies gaps, and helps shape new studies by providing context and background.

Question 7

Importance of Theory

Answer 7

provides a framework for understanding research, guiding questions, and helping to explain findings.