Terms PC

Question 1

Psychological interpretation

Answer 1

Redefining or restructuring the situation through the presentation of an alternate description of behaviour.

Question 2

Ubiquitous interpretation

Answer 2

Interpreting from a certain frame of reference or viewpoint.

Question 3

Confrontation

Answer 3

This refers to giving a response to the client’s views about themselves or the world that is significantly different from that of the client.

Question 4

Positive relabelling

Answer 4

This refers to applying a positive reconstruction to parts of the problem originally found to be negative.

Question 5

Examples of one’s own

Answer 5

This refers to sharing own experiences with the client.

Question 6

Directness

Answer 6

This includes a frank discussion about what is happening.

Question 7

Non-selective listening skills

Answer 7

Skills that exert little influence and are intended to encourage and stimulate the client.

Question 8

Selective (listening) skills

Answer 8

Skills that are used to select a certain aspect of the client’s story which is deemed important. This can be done by going into the content, feeling of giving extra attention to a certain subject.

Question 9

Facial expression

Answer 9

This should be tailored to the individual (e.g. occasional smiling; frowning).

Question 10

Eye contact

Answer 10

The clinician should look at, or in the direction of the client most of the times but should not stare or avoid eye contact.

Question 11

Body language

Answer 11

This communicates the tenseness of the situation.

Question 12

Encouraging gestures

Answer 12

This includes nodding and using supportive hand gestures.

Question 13

Verbal following

Answer 13

This includes ensuring that one’s comments line up as closely as possible with what the client says and does not introduce new topics (e.g. minimal encouragement). It gives the client the opportunity to explore and elaborate on their own line of thought.

Question 14

Use of silences

Answer 14

This gives the client the opportunity to consider what they have just said.

Question 15

Open questions

Answer 15

This gives the client a lot of freedom in their answers.

Question 16

Closed questions

Answer 16

This does not give the client a lot of freedom and often stem from the clinician’s frame of reference.

Question 17

Why-questions

Answer 17

This is a form of open question that can give the idea of the need to justify oneself.

Question 18

Paraphrasing

Answer 18

This refers to briefly reproducing in one’s own words the gist of what the client said and refers to the informational content of the client.

Question 19

Reflection of feeling

Answer 19

This refers to reproduction or mirroring of feeling.

Question 20

Summarizing

Answer 20

This refers to reproducing statements of the client over a longer period of time and can be a summary of content or feelings.

Question 21

Starting the interview

Answer 21

This includes explaining what the client can expect from counselling and discusses bidirectional expectations.

Question 22

Making an initial contract

Answer 22

This includes emphasizing that it is joint undertaking with joint responsibility and the client should be invited to cooperate and participate.

Question 23

Goal-setting and goal evaluation

Answer 23

This includes formulating realistic process goals.

Question 24

Situation clarification

Answer 24

This includes discussing ambiguities and misunderstandings and requires a meta-view of the conversation.

Question 25

Thinking aloud

Answer 25

This includes disclosing thoughts leading up to a conclusion as well as a conclusion.

Question 26

Ending the counseling interview

Answer 26

This can include a meta-conversation about how the client experienced the interview.

Question 27

Goal

Answer 27

Refers to what the client or clinician would like to achieve (e.g. reduction of problems).

Question 28

Process goals

Answer 28

This refers to goals aimed at creating the right condition for effective counselling (e.g. creation of a good atmosphere).

Question 29

Outcome goal

Answer 29

This refers to goals aimed at reaching a (pen)ultimate goal.

Question 30

Confidant role

Answer 30

The clinician needs to create clarity and calmness during the session and the clinician needs to be attentive (1), understanding (2) and encouraging the client to speak freely (3).

Question 31

Communicative detective role

Answer 31

It includes asking questions and openness in the communication with the client (e.g. explain reasoning behind a question).

Question 32

Teacher role

Answer 32

The clinician takes up an explanatory role and introduces new perspectives in an empathetic way.

Question 33

Coach role

Answer 33

The clinician guides and helps their client by discussing and evaluating the outcome of their experiments with new behaviour in real life.

Question 34

Overgeneralization

Answer 34

All new information is immediately slotted into an existing mental framework.