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HLTH 101 > Terms (Midterm 2) > Flashcards

Terms (Midterm 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance Misuse

A

The use of a substance inconsistent with medical or legal guidelines.

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2
Q

Dependence

A

Frequent or consistent use of a drug or behaviour that makes it difficult for the person to function without it.

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3
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

A cluster of symptoms involving cognitive, bodily, and social impairment related to the continued use of a substance. A single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe.

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4
Q

Pharmacy

A

The art of compounding drugs from various substances.

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5
Q

Pharmacology

A

The science and study of drugs.

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Brain chemicals that transmit nerve impulses.

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7
Q

High

A

The subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt quite soon after the drug is taken.

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8
Q

Placebo Effect

A

When a person receives an inert substance yet responds as if it were an active drug.

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9
Q

Opioids

A

Drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria.

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10
Q

Euphoria

A

An exaggerated feeling of well-being.

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11
Q

Naloxone

A

A drug that can temporarily reverse an opioid overdose.

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12
Q

Stigma

A

Negative attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours about or towards a group of people because of their situation in life. Includes discrimination, prejudice, judgment, and stereotypes.

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13
Q

Central Nervous System Depressants

A

Drugs that slow down the central nervous system.

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14
Q

Sedation

A

The induction of a calm, relaxed, often sleepy state.

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15
Q

Anaesthetics

A

Drugs that produce a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness.

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16
Q

Central Nervous System Stimulants

A

Drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system.

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17
Q

Psychosis

A

A severe mental disorder characterized by a distortion of reality. Symptoms might include delusions or hallucinations.

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18
Q

Depersonalization

A

A state in which a person loses the sense of reality or perceives their body as unreal.

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19
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter perceptions, feelings, and thoughts.

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20
Q

Altered States of Consciousness

A

Profound changes in mood, thinking, and perception.

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21
Q

Codependency

A

A relationship in which a partner or family member who does not abuse drugs or alcohol is controlled by the behaviour of the person with an addition.

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22
Q

Addictive Behaviours

A

Are habits that have gotten out of control resulting in negative effects on a person’s health.

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23
Q

Addiction

A

A chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s system of motivation, reward, and memory. Compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behaviour, causing harm to the individual and/or society.

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24
Q

Tolerance

A

A physical state in which the body adapts to a drug so that the initial dose no longer produces the original physical or psychological effects.

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25
Q

Reward Pathway Components

A

1) Ventral tegmental area (VTA).
2) Nucleus accumbens (NA).
3) Prefrontal cortex (PFC).

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26
Q

Withdrawal

A

A set of symptoms including anxiety, pain, irritability, sweating, tremors, vomiting, and insomnia.

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27
Q

Drugs

A

Are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body.

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28
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousness and is most often associated with abuse and addiction.

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29
Q

Intoxication

A

A short-term state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur. The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally a state of being poisoned).

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30
Q

The Plenty Paradox

A

Overabundance is itself a stressor caused by the mismatch between our primitive wiring and our modern dopamine-rich ecosystem.

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31
Q

Psychological Set

A

Expectations about how one will react to the drug.

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32
Q

Common Opioids

A

1) Heroin
2) Opium
3) Morphine
4) Oxycodone
5) Codeine
6) Hydrocodone
7) Fentanyl

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33
Q

Naloxone Kits

A

Used to treat an overdose.

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34
Q

Common Central Nervous System Depressants (Sedatives)

A

1) Barbiturates
2) Benzodiazepines
3) Methaqualone
4) Gamma hydroxybutyrate
5) Alcohol

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35
Q

Federal Approach on Canada’s Opioid Crisis

A

1) Prevention
2) Treatment
3) Harm Reduction
4) Enforcement

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36
Q

Common Central Nervous System Stimulants

A

1) Amphetamine
2) Methamphetamine
3) Cocaine
4) Crack Cocaine
5) Ritalin (ADHD Drugs)
6) Caffeine
7) Nicotine
8) Ephedrine (used for weight loss)

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37
Q

Marijuana/Cannabis Products

A

1) Cannabis
2) Hashish

  • Comes from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
  • THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main active ingredient (10-30%).
  • Usually smoked but can also be ingested.
  • High doses of marijuana can cause psychosis or panic.
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38
Q

Common Hallucinogens

A

1) LSD
2) Mescaline (peyote)
3) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
4) Ketamine
5) PCP
6) MDMA (ecstasy, can dangerously increase body temperature)

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39
Q

Synaesthesia

A

Cross over with sense ex. smelling colours and seeing sounds.

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40
Q

Treatment for Substance Use Disorders

A

1) Medication-assisted treatment.
- Methadone
- Buprenorphine
- Suboxone
2) Treatment centres.
3) Self-help groups and peer counselling.
4) Harm-reduction strategies.

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41
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Pathogen —> Reservoir —> Portal of Exit —> Means of Transmission —> Portal of Entry —> New Host

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42
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

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43
Q

Toxins

A

Poisonous substances.

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44
Q

Reservoir

A

A natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives.

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45
Q

Portal of Exit

A

How the pathogen leaves the reservoir.

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46
Q

Vectors

A

Insects, rodents, or other organisms that carry and transmit a pathogen from one host to another.

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47
Q

Portal of Entry

A

How the pathogen enters the new host.

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48
Q

Systemic Infection

A

An invasion by a microorganism that spreads through the blood or lymphatic system to large portions of the body.

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49
Q

Immune System

A

The body’s collective physical and chemical defences against foreign organisms and pathogens.

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50
Q

Neutrophils

A

A type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign organisms and infected, damaged, or aged cells. Particularly prevalent during the inflammatory response.

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51
Q

Macrophages

A

Large phagocytic (cell-eating) cells that devour foreign particles.

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52
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

A type of white blood cell that directly destroys virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

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53
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

A type of white blood cell that directly destroys virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

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54
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that works in both the bloodstream and the lymphatic system.

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55
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Where macrophages and dendritic cells congregate and filter bacteria and other substances from the lymph.

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56
Q

T Cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that arises in bone marrow and matures in the thymus.

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57
Q

B Cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies.

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58
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that help activate other T cells and may help B cells produce antibodies.

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59
Q

Killer T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that kill body cells that have been invaded by foreign organisms and can also kill cells that have turned cancerous.

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60
Q

Suppressor/Regulatory T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that inhibit the growth of other lymphocytes.

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61
Q

Antibodies

A

Specialized proteins produced by white blood cells that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes.

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62
Q

Memory T and B Cells

A

Lymphocytes generated during and initial infection that circulate in the body for years, remembering the specific antigens that caused the infection and quickly destroying them if they appear again.

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63
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Diseases in which the immune system attacks the person’s own body.

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64
Q

Antigens

A

Markers on the surface of a foreign substance that immune system cells recognize as non-self and that trigger the immune response.

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65
Q

Histamine

A

A chemical responsible for the dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in allergic reactions. Increases the inflammatory response and stimulates mucus production.

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66
Q

Pus

A

A collection of dead white blood cells and debris.

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67
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers produced by a variety of cell types that help regulate many cell functions. The immune system cells release this to help amplify and coordinate the immune response.

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68
Q

Immunity

A

Mechanisms that defend the body against infection. Specific defences against specific pathogens.

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69
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

The body’s ability to mobilize the cellular memory of an attack by a pathogen to throw off subsequent attacks. Acquired through vaccination and the normal immune response.

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70
Q

Incubation

A

The period when bacteria or viruses are actively multiplying inside the body’s cells. Usually a period without symptoms of illness. May be contagious.

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71
Q

Immunization

A

The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine.

72
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms, inactivated toxins, or components of microorganisms that is administered to stimulate an immune response, protects against future infection by the pathogen.

73
Q

Allergies/Hypersensitivity

A

A disorder caused by the body’s exaggerated response to foreign chemicals and proteins.

74
Q

Allergens

A

Substances that trigger an allergic reaction.

75
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death.

76
Q

Cytokine Storm

A

An immune reaction in which the body releases large amounts of cytokine molecules into the bloodstream.

77
Q

Infection

A

The invasion of the body by microorganisms.

78
Q

Direct Transmission

A

Hand-to-hand, sexual contact, and/or contact with body fluids.

79
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Animals or insects, contaminated objects (fomites), and/or through air.

80
Q

The Body’s Defence System

A

1) Physical Barriers
2) Chemical Barriers
3) The Immune System

81
Q

Physical Barriers

A

1) First line of defence.
2) Intact skin.
3) Mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts.
4) Nasal hairs.
5) Tears, saliva, and urine that physically flush out microbes.
6) Mechanical responses.

82
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

1) Secretions of the oil glands.
2) Anti-microbial chemicals, such as the enzyme lysozyme found in saliva, tears, and sweat.
3) Acidic pH of the stomach and vagina.

83
Q

The Immune System Components

A

1) Innate immune response. (No memory)
2) Adaptive immune response. (Memory)
3) Carried out by different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) produced in bone marrow.

84
Q

Innate/Natural Response

A

1) Inflammatory response.
- Most cells release histamine.
- Dilation of blood vessels.
- Heat, swelling, and redness.
2) Neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells drawn to area.
- Destroy pathogens without any memory of past infections.
- Release cytokines as chemoattractants for more immune cells.

85
Q

Phase 1

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells arrive, consume foreign cells, and relay information (ie. display antigens) to helper T cells, which rush to respond.

86
Q

Phase 2

A

Helper T cells (CD4+) multiply rapidly and trigger production of killer T cells and B cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Cytokines such as interleukins and interferons stimulate production of T cells, B cells, and antibodies.

87
Q

Phase 3

A

Cell-mediated immune response: killer T cells (CD8+ cytotoxic T cells) destroy foreign cells and cells of the body that have been invaded and infected. Antibody-mediated (humoral) immune response: B cells produce antibody molecules that bind to antigen-bearing targets, thereby marking them for macrophages to consume. Antibodies only work against pathogens in the body NOT inside cells.

88
Q

Phase 4

A

Suppressor T cells stop the immune response and restore balance. Dead cells are filtered and excreted.

89
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of plaques in the arteries.

90
Q

Prodromal Period

A

After incubation. Initial symptoms begin to appear. Highly contagious period.

91
Q

Immunization Approaches

A

1) Weakened or inactivated virus.
2) Viral-vector vaccines.
3) Nucleic-acid vaccines.
4) Protein-based vaccines.

92
Q

Immunoglobulin (IgE)

A

An antibody that causes allergic reactions.

93
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Immunity that is passed down ex. breast milk.

94
Q

Convolescent Blood

A

Blood that contains antibodies for a particular disease.

95
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can reproduce rapidly.

96
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi, or by contact with chemical toxins or irritants.

97
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). Viral is mild, bacterial is life threatening.

98
Q

Staphylococcal Infections

A

Spherical, clustered bacteria commonly found on skin or in nasal passage.

99
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

100
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Chronic bacterial infection that affects the lungs.

101
Q

MDR TB

A

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

102
Q

XDR TB

A

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis.

103
Q

Tick-Borne Infections

A

Infections spread by ticks ex. lyme disease.

104
Q

Antibiotics

A

Naturally occurring and synthetic substances. Interrupt the production of new bacteria by damaging some part of their reproductive cycle or by causing faulty parts of new bacteria to be made.

105
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

Occurs when antibiotics are misused or overused and pathogens become resistant to their effects.

106
Q

Bacteria Classification

A

1) Bacilli (rod shaped)
2) Cocci (spherical)
3) Spirochete (spiral shaped)
4) Vibrios (comma shaped)

107
Q

Viruses

A

Small infectious agents composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), proteins, and surrounded by glyco-protein coats. Lack an independent metabolism and reproduce only within a host cell. Lack all enzymes essential for energy production and protein synthesis in normal animal cells.

108
Q

Life Cycle of a Virus

A

1) The virus penetrates the cell.
2) The protein coat is removed.
3) Genes replicate and proteins are made.
4) The new protein coat is assembled and genes are inserted.
5) Viruses exit the cell.

109
Q

Influenza

A

Highly contagious. Strains change year to year due to changes in antigens on viral coat.

110
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

Mutation in RNA within the virus that cause small changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus.

111
Q

Antigenic Shift

A

Reassortment or genetic recombination between different strains or host species, completely new antigens.

112
Q

Viral Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain tissue.

113
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver.

114
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Affects the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis and death.

115
Q

Rabies

A

Infection of the central nervous system.

116
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

A variety of types cause warts. Some types cause cervical cancer.

117
Q

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

A

Mildest form. Transmitted by an infected person or food or water contaminated by sewage.

118
Q

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

A

Transmitted sexually. 5-10% become chronic carriers (won’t go away).

119
Q

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

A

Direct contact with infected blood via injection (ex. drug use). Can develop chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. 85% become chronic carriers (won’t go away).

120
Q

AZT

A

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in HIV treatment.

121
Q

Fungus

A

An organism that absorbs food from organic matter. Can be multicellular (molds) or unicellular (yeasts). Causes infections in the skin, mucous membranes, and lungs. Can form spores (a resistant formant stage).

122
Q

Candida albicans

A

The fungus that causes yeast infections.

123
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled eukaryotic that often produce recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease ex. malaria, giardiasis (waterborne disease), and trichomoniasis (common vaginal infection).

124
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Recurrent attack of severe flu-like symptoms. Injected into bloodstream of host by mosquitos. One of the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide.

125
Q

Parasitic Worms

A

The largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infection.

126
Q

Pinworm

A

The most common worm infection in Canada.

127
Q

Prions

A

Lack DNA or RNA and consist only of protein. Their presence in the body does not trigger an immune response. They have an abnormal shape and form deposits (holes) in the brain. May trigger normal proteins to change their structure to the abnormal, damaging form. Have been linked to cause fatal degenerative disorders of the central nervous system ex. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (humans), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle-mad cow disease), and scrapie (sheep).

128
Q

Hygiene Hypothesis

A

Using hookworms to treat people with allergies. Helps reduce hypersensitivity of the immune system.

129
Q

Sporadic

A

Diseases that occur infrequently and randomly ex. rabies.

130
Q

Endemic

A

The usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population in a given area ex. common cold and Lyme disease.

131
Q

Outbreak

A

Greater than expected number of new cases of disease in a define area (ex. food-borne disease).

132
Q

Epidemic

A

Greater than expected number of new cases of disease affecting a larger population or region (ex. Ebola).

133
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents at the same time ex. HIV/AIDS, influenza, and COVID-19.

134
Q

Zoonosis

A

A disease or infection that is transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans or vice-versa ie. the animal is the primary reservoir.

135
Q

Common-Source

A

Group of people all exposed to an infectious agent or toxin from the same source. Usually rapid rise and decline of incidence.

136
Q

Propagated

A

Transmission from one person to another.

137
Q

Emerging

A

Diseases that are newly appearing or that were previously confined to only certain regions or species ex. SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV2, Monkeypox, Mad Cow disease, Ebola Virus disease, and Zika Virus.

138
Q

Re-Emerging

A

Known diseases from the past which are making a comeback ex. tuberculosis and cholera.

139
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases of Concern

A

1) Avian influenza (H5N1)
2) West Nile virus (can cause permanent brain damage and death)
3) SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)
4) Rotavirus (causes intestinal inflammation ex. vomiting and diarrhea)
5) ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 (causes bloody diarrhea and kidney damage)
6) Hantavirus
7) Zika Virus
8) Monkeypox
9) Ebola Virus Disease

140
Q

Aerosol Transmission

A

Exhaled respiratory units of ≤ 5 μm in diameter linger in the air for hours.

141
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Exhaled respiratory units of ≥ 5 μm in diameter fall to the ground within 1 to 2 metres.

142
Q

Fomite Transmission

A

Respiratory units incident on an inert surface, touched by a potential host, who then transfers it to their own mucous membrane.

143
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside opening.

144
Q

Cervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix characterized by discharge and bleeding on contact.

145
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the rectum characterized by anorectal pain, the sensation of incomplete bowel movements, and discharge.

146
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the small body of sperm-carrying ducts that rest on the testes.

147
Q

Opportunistic (Secondary) Infections

A

Infections caused when organisms take the opportunity present by a primary (initial) infection to multiply and cause a new, different infection.

148
Q

7 Major STIs

A

1) Chlamydia
2) Gonorrhea
3) Syphilis
4) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
5) Genital herpes (HSV 1 and HSV 2)
6) HIV/AIDS
7) Hepatitis B (HBV)

149
Q

Chlamydia

A

Caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. Most prevalent bacterial STI in Canada. Can be asymptomatic. Women are at risk for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Men may experience epidiymitis (inflammation of the testicles) or urethritis. Infants can acquire infection from mothers. Antibiotics can usually cure the infection in one dose.

150
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding with pain, fever, chills, and nausea. Treatment is antibiotics. Infection goes up into the reproductive track.

151
Q

Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV)

A

Thought to be one of the most common STIs in Canada. Can lead to common warts, genital warts, and genital cancers. Can be persistent and incurable. Can be spread by oral sex.

152
Q

Types 6 and 11

A

Low-risk HPV. Causes genital warts.

153
Q

Types 16 and 18

A

High-risk HPV. Can lead to cancer.

154
Q

E6

A

Tags an important tumor suppressor for destruction.

155
Q

E7

A

Inhibits a protein that normally puts the brakes on progression through the cell cycle.

156
Q

HIV

A

A chronic disease that progressively damages the body’s immune system. Attacks and invades CD4 T-cells (helper T cells), monocytes, and macrophages, essential elements of the immune system. Enters a human cell and converts its own genetic material, RNA, into DNA which is inserted into chromosomes of the host cell. Viral DNA takes over the CD4 cell, causing it to produce new copies of HIV and makes CD4 cells incapable of performing immune functions. Lives only within cells and bodily fluids. It is transmitted by blood and blood products, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions, and breast milk.

157
Q

Primary/Acute Infection Phase

A

Occurs in the first weeks after being infected and can produce flu-like symptoms. There is a lot of HIV in the system, making the individual much more infectious. Most people are unaware they are infected and tests (based on antibodies) are often negative at this stage.

158
Q

Chronic Asymptomatic (Symptom-Free) Stage

A

Can last from 2-20 years. The virus progressively infects and destroys the cells of the immune system.

159
Q

Chronic Symptomatic Stage

A

Further depletion of CD4 cells and a severely damaged immune system.

160
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

Rare skin cancer caused by a virus.

161
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Respiratory infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

162
Q

Candida

A

A common fungus that causes yeast infections.

163
Q

Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP)

A

Lung infection caused by a fungus.

164
Q

Treatment and the HIV Life Cycle

A

1) Binding Inhibitors (prevents the binding of HIV).
2) Fusion Inhibitors (prevents fusion of HIV to the cell).
3) Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme from HIV).
4) Integrase Inhibitors (inhibits the integrase enzyme from HIV that is responsible for altering the DNA).
5) Protease Inhibitors (an HIV enzyme, protease, that makes the HIV virus mature).

165
Q

Types of Symptoms

A

1) Severe
2) Unusual
3) Persistent
4) Recurrent

166
Q

Signs of Stroke

A

FACE (is it drooping?)
ARMS (can you raise both?)
SPEECH (is it slurred or jumbled?)
TIME (to call 911 ASAP)

167
Q

Scientific Method

A

1) Ask a question.
2) Do background research.
3) Construct a hypothesis.
4) Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment.
5) Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.
6) Report your results.

168
Q

Health Literacy

A

The skills to access, understand, and use information regarding health.

169
Q

Vulnerable Populations Regarding Health Literacy

A

1) Seniors
2) Immigrants
3) Unemployed

170
Q

Evidence-Based Medicine

A

A systematic approach to clinical problem solving that allows the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.

171
Q

The Evidence-Based Medicine Triad

A

1) Individual Clinical Expertise
2) Best External Evidence
3) Patient Values and Expectations

172
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

The practice of health care in which the practitioner systematically finds, appraises, and uses the most current and valid research findings as the basis for health-related decisions.

173
Q

Hierarchy of Evidence Pyramid

A

Top
Systematic Reviews
Randomized Controlled Trials
Cohort Studies
Case-Control Studies
Case Series, Case Reports
Editorials, Expert Opinion
Bottom

174
Q

Cohort Studies

A

Seeing the outcomes based on risk factors.

175
Q

Case-Control Studies

A

Looking back in time to determine risk factors.

176
Q

Case Series/Case Reports

A

Reporting on a single or group of people with new symptoms.

HLTH 101 (2 decks)

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