Terms (Midterm 1) Flashcards
Biomedical Definition of Health
The overall condition of body or mind and the presence or absence of illness or injury.
Recent Definition of Health
A resource for living, not the objective of living.
Social Determinants of Health
1) Income and Income Distribution
2) Education
3) Unemployment and Job Security
4) Employment and Working Conditions
5) Early Childhood Development
6) Food Insecurity
7) Housing
8) Social Exclusion
9) Social Safety Net and Network
10) Health Services
11) Indigenous Status
12) Gender
13) Race
14) Disability
Risk Factors
Conditions that increase a person’s chances of disease or injury.
Health Promotion
A process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. A vehicle for achieving wellness.
Dimensions of Wellness
1) Physical
2) Emotional
3) Intellectual
4) Interpersonal
5) Cultural
6) Spiritual
7) Environmental
8) Financial
9) Occupational
Infectious Diseases
Diseases that can spread from person to person. Caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Chronic Diseases
Diseases that develop and continue over a long period such as heart disease or cancer.
Lifestyle Choices
Conscious behaviours that can increase or decrease a person’s risk of disease or injury such as eating a healthy diet, smoking, exercising, and others.
Sex
The biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. Also includes intersex people.
Gender
How people identify and feel about themselves rather than the body parts and sexual organs they have.
Genome
The complete set of genetic material in an individual’s cells.
Genes
The basic units of heredity, sections of genetic material containing chemical instructions for making a particular protein.
Behaviour Change
A lifestyle-management process that involves cultivating healthy behaviours and working to overcome unhealthy ones.
Target Behaviour
An isolated behaviour selected as the subject of a behaviour change program.
Self-Efficacy
The belief in your ability to take action and perform a specific task.
Locus of Control
The figurative place a person designates as the source of responsibility for the events in their life.
Internal Locus of Control
People who believe they are in control of their own lives.
External Locus of Control
People who believe that factors beyond their control determine the course of their lives.
Wellness
Optimal health and vitality.
Disease
Underlying pathology that is biologically defined. The practitioner’s perspective.
Sickness
Social and cultural conceptions of this condition. Cultural beliefs and reactions impact how the patient reacts. Also covers what is considered a disorder suitable for medical treatment.
Illness
A person’s subjective experience of their symptoms (what the patient brings to the doctor).
Reductionist
Abnormal structure or function of cells, organs, and systems.
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Infectivity
The ability of the pathogen to go pass the immune system.
Agent
Cause (virulence, infectivity, addictive qualities, etc.).
Environment
Determinants (public health sanitation, social context, availability of health care, etc.).
Host
Risk Factors (genetic susceptibility, resiliency, nutritional status, motivation, etc.).
Risk Factor
A variable associated with an increased statistical probability of contracting a disease, injury, or infection. Tend to be more “proximal” to the individual.
Determinants
Upstream factors that correlate with increased risk. Tend to be more “distal” and occur at the population level.
Intersectionalities
Social determinants interact with each other.
Individual Factors
1) Age
2) Sex
3) Biological/Hereditary Factors
4) Lifestyle/Behaviours
Hippocrates (460 BC)
“Father” of Western medicine. Believed disease was caused by something physical.
Hippocratic Corpus
Disease caused by an imbalance of man with the environment also by imbalance in humours/fluids: melancholy (mental health), phlegm, bile, and blood.
Miasmas
Vapours from swamps or cesspools.
Vectors
Spread infectious diseases to humans.
Reservoirs
Where the infectious disease lives.
Dr. John Snow (1813-1853)
A physician in London. Considered to be the father of epidemiology. There were large epidemics of cholera in Europe and America in the 1800s. He systematically studied outbreaks in London. Data supported theory of the source of the outbreaks.
Cholera
Diarrheal disease caused by bacteria Vibrio cholera.
Age of Reason and Enlightenment (1650-1800 AD)
Scientific reasoning and birth of modern medicine.
William Harvey (1578-1657)
An English physician who did animal dissections. First to hypothesize that mammals reproduce via fertilization of an egg by sperm.
Small Pox
A virus that infects blood vessels of the skin.
Edward Jenner
An English physician. Famous for his cowpox experiment in 1796 where he used cowpox to build immunity against smallpox.
Louis Pasteur
In 1862, he disproved theory of spontaneous generation (that living things just pop up) and published his “Germ Theory”. Responsible for pasteurization (saved the wine industry). Created vaccinations against anthrax and rabies (coined the term “vaccine” in honour of Jenner). In 1888, he became the Head of Pasteur Institute in Paris (started the institute).
Robert Koch
In 1882, he discovered that tuberculosis bacterium and in 1883 he identified the bacterium that causes cholera. Came up with Koch’s Postulates that prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
The Enlightenment and Science
Ideals of democracy, reason, rationality, citizenship, and social value of intelligence.
Utilitarianism
“It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong” (Jeremy Bentham). Reducing mortality and improving health is better for the economy. Importance of good government, health, and social policies.
Edwin Chadwick (1842)
An English social reformer. Published a report that described how filth in the environment contributed to spread of disease in urban areas and exposed poor working conditions and child labour (1/2 of child labourers died before 5th birthday). The report led to reforms in sanitation and treatment of the poor and working class.
Grosse Île
A tiny island in the middle of the St. Lawrence in Quebec was the site where many immigrants from Ireland arrived during the Great Irish famine of 1847.
Lalonde Report (1974)
Former federal health Minister Mare Lalonde. Looked beyond individual to improving the health of the population. Started Population Health Movement. Health field concept model with 4 fields, Human Biology, Environment, Lifestyle, and Health Care Organization.
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)
The result of first international conference of health promotion held in Ottawa. Reduces inequities, ramped up prevention, and empowered individuals.
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
1) Building healthy public policy
2) Creating supportive environments
3) Strengthening community action
4) Developing personal skill
5) Reorienting health services
7 Prerequisites for Adult Health
1) Peace
2) Shelter
3) Education
4) Food
5) Income
6) A Stable Eco-system
7) Sustainable Resources
Epidemiological Transitions
First proposed by Abdel Omran in 1971. Dramatic shifts in the patterns of mortality and disease as countries develop economically. 4 transitions/stages.
1) The Age of Pestilence and Famine
2) The Age of Receding Pandemics
3) The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases
4) Age of Delayed Degenerative Disease
The Age of Pestilence and Famine
- Most of human history
- Low life expectancy (20-40)
- High infant mortality
- Majority of deaths caused by malnutrition or infectious disease
- Can’t sustain population growth
- Sub-Saharan Africa
The Age of Receding Pandemics
- Late 1800s to early 1900s in developed countries
- Increased food availability and safer food supply
- Public Health sanitation measures
- Better prenatal and postnatal care
- Introduction of immunization programs and antibiotics
- Deaths from infectious diseases and malnutrition decreased
- Life expectancy increased (50)
- Infant mortality decreased
- Some parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia
The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases
- Mid 20th century
- Chronic disease deaths > infectious disease deaths
- Life expectancy (60)
- Peak in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer rate (>50% of deaths due to CVD)
- Some parts of Central Asia, Middle East, North Africa, and Urban parts of India
Age of Delayed Degenerative Disease
- Mid-1960s to present
- Decline in CVD mortality
—> Prevention (smoking facts, tobacco control policies, and regulations)
—> Technological Advances (blood pressure medications and coronary artery bypass surgery)
—> Public health education around healthier lifestyle, better nutrition, and promotion of physical activity - Life expectancy (82)
Health Inequality
Systematic difference in health between groups of people due to biological differences and/or lifestyle, socio-economic status, and differential access to healthcare.
Health Disparity
Systematic inequalities due mainly to social disadvantages.
Health Inequity
A healthy disparity that is deemed unfair (moral imperative to try to correct). Ex. systematic health disparities for Indigenous Canadians.
Institutionalized (Structural) Racism
Material conditions and access to power.
Personally-Mediated Racism
Prejudice and discrimination.
Internalized Racism
Acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth.
Prevention
Covers actions to prevent the occurrence of disease such as risk factor reduction and also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established.
Primordial Prevention
Actions to minimize future hazards to health that addresses broad health determinants. At populations.
Primary Prevention
Prevent the onset of specific disease via risk reduction. At population or individual level.
Secondary Prevention
Procedures to detect and treat pathological changes.
Tertiary Prevention
After a disease has been treated in clinical phase, prevent relapse or decrease impact on patient.
Protection
Reducing threats to population health (primordial and primary prevention activities).
Surveillance
The on-going, systematic collection and analysis of population-level health information in order to guide the design of public health and preventive interventions. May include long-term, passive monitoring of general health trends or active, short-term checking for emergent diseases or outbreaks.
Health Promotion
Focuses on removing negative threats/influences.
Behaviour Change
Moving in the direction of wellness means cultivating healthy behaviours and working to overcome unhealthy ones.
Models and Theories on Factors That Influence Health Behaviours
1) Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
2) Health Belief Model
3) Theory of Planned Behaviour
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
In order to change target behaviour you must move through distinct stages.
The Transtheoretical Model: Stages of Change
1) Precontemplation (person has no intention for and sees no reason to make change).
2) Contemplation (person has the intention to change target behaviour within 6 months).
3) Preparation (person plans to take action within a month or is already taking small steps to change behaviour).
4) Action (person is already making changes to behaviour which requires time and energy).
5) Maintenance (person has maintained new, healthier lifestyle for at least 6 months).
6) Termination (the new behaviour is adopted).
Health Belief Model
Decisions depend on a certain pattern of beliefs.
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Assumes rational planning by patient. Extension of Health Belief Model that incorporates subjective norms (perceived social pressure to change) and self-efficacy.
Qualitative Research
Generates hypotheses. Answers “why?” and “what does it mean?” questions.
Quantitative Research
Tests hypotheses. Answers “what?”, “how much?”, and “how many?” questions.
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence of disease in populations. Emphasis on prevention of disease through reduction of risk factors for diseases.
Comparative Discipline
Comparing risk of disease in people exposed to a particular agent to those not exposed to the agent. The ultimate goal is to try to establish whether there is a causal relationship.
Austin Bradford Hill (1965)
Proposed criteria for assessing the causal nature of epidemiological relationships.
Criteria for Assessing Epidemiological Relationships
1) Strength of association (high relative risk).
2) A greater response to a greater dose.
3) Consistency between different studies.
4) A temporal relationship (exposure occurred before symptoms).
5) A plausible mechanism (plausible reason why exposure causes symptoms).
Observational Studies
Researcher observes what happens to people under exposure conditions outside the control of the researcher. Non-randomized design.
Confounding
Occurs when a (third or other) variable is associated with BOTH the exposure and outcome being studied. If this third variable is not taken into account, the relationship between the other 2 variables may be misinterpreted (the other variable is the actual reason for the symptom).
Types of Observational Studies
1) Descriptive Studies
2) Analytical Studies
Descriptive Studies
Do not test hypotheses. Describe how things are. Useful for public health agencies and health care planning.
Analytical Studies
Tests a hypothesis. Look at outcome variable in relation to an exposure variable (tests hypothesis predicting an association).
Types of Descriptive Studies
1) Case Study
2) Case Series
Case Study
A study of one diseased individual providing a detailed description of an uncommon disease. Provides timely or rare information.
Case Series
A study of multiple occurrences of unusual cases that have similar characteristics. Investigators can calculate the frequency of symptoms or characteristics of people with the disease.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Survey in which the purpose of the analysis is to record associations between variables rather than merely to report frequencies of their occurrence.
Cohort/Longitudinal/Perspective Studies
Select a population without disease(s) of interest and meeting any other desired criteria in terms of exposures and follow over a period of time to see what happens to its members.
Case-Control/Retrospective Studies
The health profiles of the subjects in a particular “case” group (has a particular disease/outcome) are compared with those in a control group (without the disease/outcome) that has been selected to be as similar as possible to the “case” group (similar spread of ages, sex, etc.). Looking back in time to identify risk factors.
Ecological Studies
Measures variables at the level of populations rather than individuals. Advantages: can provide powerful clues when comparing large populations and can use data that is already available, like government statistics. Disadvantages: can’t prove cause and effect (two factors must be studied in individuals).
Sarcoma
A cancer that attacks tissues. Is a virus.
Importance of Randomization
1) Advantage is that confounding factors are likely equally represented in each study group (like genetic characteristics).
2) Assuming no systematic error or bias (the only things that should differ between the 2 randomly assigned groups should be the intervention).
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that the experimental treatment had no effect.
Study Design Pyramid
Most Evidence
Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Practice Guideline
Randomized Control Trial
Cohort Study
Case Control Study
Case Reports/Series
Least Evidence
Practice Guideline
Gives guidelines for integrating information into clinical practice.
Systematic Review
Document written by a panel that provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a particular health topic/question. Has stringent selection criteria for including studies in the review.
Meta Analysis
Method to systematically combine data from different studies to develop a single conclusion. Can be used to establish statistical significance with studies that have conflicting results.
The Five Ds
Death, disease, disability, discomfort, or distress.
Aggregate Measures
Combined data from individual people summarized at regional or national levels.
Mortality
The state of being mortal or the incidence of death (# of deaths) in a population.
Morbidity
The disease state of on individual or the incidence/prevalence of illness in a population.
Crude Mortality Rate
(# of deaths during a specific period/# of people in the population) x 10n
Infant Mortality Rate
(deaths among children < 1 year old/# of live births in the same year) x 1000
Life Expectancy
Estimate of the expected number of years to be lived by a newborn based on age-specific mortality rates.
Prevalence
Measure of disease state. The number of people with a given characteristic at a given time divided by the population at risk of having that condition. Good for assessing burden of chronic disease. How many people are sick?
Incidence
Measure of speed at which new cases of diseases (or deaths) arise in a population during a fixed time. The number of new cases in a specified time is divided by the number of people in the population at risk. Useful for communicating idea of risk. How many people get sick?
Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
Indicator of the average number of years that an individual is expected to live in a healthy state (quality and quantity of life).
Self-Actualization
The highest level of growth in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Self-Concept/Self-Image
The ideas, feelings, and perceptions people have about themselves.
Self-Esteem
Satisfaction and confidence in yourself. The valuing of yourself as a person.
Autonomy
Independence. The sense of being self-directed.
Inner-Directed
Guided in behaviour by an inner set of rules and values.
Other-Directed
Guided in behaviour by the values and expectations of others.
Positive Psychology
A field of psychological theory and research that focuses on the psychological states (ex. contentment, joy), individual traits or character strengths (ex. intimacy, integrity, altruism, wisdom), and social institutions that enhance subjective well-being and make life most worth living.
Ranking of Types of Lives
The Pleasant Life < The Good Life < The Meaningful Life
Normality
The psychological characteristics attributed to the majority of people in a population at a given time.
Identity Crisis
Internal confusion about who you are.
Values
Criteria for judging what is good and bad which underlie a person’s moral decisions and behaviour.
Cognitive Distortions
Patterns of negative thinking that make events seem worse than they are.
Self-Talk
The statements that people make to themselves.
Defence Mechanisms
Mental devices for coping with conflict or anxiety.
Assertiveness
Expression that is confident and direct but not hostile. Can be helpful when communicating.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
When anger is explosive or misdirected.
Anxiety
A feeling of fear that is not directed towards any definite threat.
Simple/Specific Phobia
A persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
Social Phobia
An excessive fear of being observed in public (ex. public speaking).
Panic Disorder
A syndrome of severe anxiety attacks accompanied by physical symptoms (sudden unexpected surges in anxiety).
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being alone and away from help and avoidance of many different places and situations. In extreme cases, it results in a fear of leaving home.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and anxiety in many situations.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and the performing of irrational rituals.
Behavioural Addiction
An activity or a behaviour that is maladaptive and persistent despite the negative consequences (urges to engage in behaviour creates anxiety/engaging in the behaviour brings relief).
Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSS)
PTSD that happens 1-30 days after the event.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The use of electric shock to induce brief, generalized seizures. Used in the treatment of selected psychological disorders.
Mania
A mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and expansiveness.
Bipolar Disorder OR Manic-Depression
A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality.
Types of Pharmacological Therapy
1) Antidepressants
2) Mood Stabilizers
3) Antipsychotics
4) Anxiolytics (Antianxiety Agents) and Hypnotics (Sleeping Pills)
5) Stimulants
6) Anti-Dementia Drugs
Exposure
A therapeutic technique for treating fear in which the subject learns to come into direct contact with a feared situation.
Psychological Mental Health
Our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges. Important to every dimension of wellness. Defined either negatively as the absence of illness or positively as the presence of wellness.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Top
Self-Actualization
Self-Esteem
Love and Belongingness
Safety and Security
Physiological Needs
Bottom
Qualities of Self-Actualization
1) Realism
2) Acceptance
3) Autonomy
4) Authenticity
5) Capacity for Intimacy
6) Creativity
Erik Erikson
Proposed that development progresses through 8 stages across our lifetime.
Adult Identity
About knowing who you are, what you are capable of, what roles you play, and your place among your peers.
Developing Intimacy
Learning to live intimately with others and finding a productive role for yourself in society.
Developing Values and Purpose in Your Life
Underlie our moral decisions and behaviour as they help us distinguish between “good” and “bad”.
Benefits of Spirituality
1) Social Support
2) Healthy Habits
3) Positive Attitude
4) Moments of Relaxation
Psychological Disorder
When negative feelings or thoughts interfere with daily activities of life and rob us of peace of mind.
Types of Psychological Disorders
1) Anxiety Disorders
2) Mood Disorders
3) Schizophrenia
Factors That Contribute to Psychological Disorders
1) Genetics
2) Learning and Life Events
3) Exposure to Trauma
4) Parental and Peer Influences
Obsessions
Recurrent, unwanted thoughts.
Compulsions
Repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Reaction to a severely traumatic event by reliving it through dreams, flashbacks, and hallucinations.
Mood Disorder
Emotional disturbances that are intense and persistent enough to affect normal functioning.
Unipolar Disorder
Negative moods, sadness, and loss of interest in activities of life (depression as defined in textbook).
Types of Unipolar Depression
1) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
2) Major Depressive Disorder
3) Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymia
4) Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
5) Unspecified Depressive Disorder
6) Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
7) Seasonal Affective Disorder
8) Psychotic Depression
9) Post-Partum Depression
10) Adjustment Disorder With Depressed Mood
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Intense and frequent explosive outbursts, extreme irritability and anger.
Major Depressive Disorder
Five or more symptoms on most days for 2 weeks or longer.
Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymia
Depression, mostly mild to moderate, that lasts 2 years or longer.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Period of major depression that happens during the winter (less sunlight).
Psychotic Depression
Depression coincides with psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or paranoia.
Post-Partum Depression
Onset of depression following child-birth.
Adjustment Disorder With Depressed Mood
Transient depression associated with a stressor.
Warning Signs of Suicide
Ideation
Substance Abuse
Purposeless
Anxiety
Trapped
Hopelessness
Withdrawal
Anger
Recklessness
Mood Changes
?
Types of Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy)
1) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
2) Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
Focus is on problems in relationships and understanding events that may have triggered depression. Removes guilt and self-blame.
Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies
Addresses learned beliefs and behaviours that contribute to mood disorder.
Models of Human Nature and Therapeutic Change
1) Biological Model
2) Behavioural Model
3) Cognitive Model
4) Psychodynamic Model
Biological Model
The mind’s activity depends entirely on the brain and it’s genetic composition. Treatment for psychological disorders is pharmacological therapy.
Behavioural Model
Stimulus, response, and reinforcement determine behaviour. Treatment for psychological disorders is identify and alter reinforcers of behaviour.
Cognitive Model
Attitudes, expectations, and motives determine behaviour. Treatment for psychological disorders is therapy that tries to expose and identify false ideas that produce anxiety or depression.
Psychodynamic Model
Unconscious ideas and impulses feed thoughts and behaviours. Treatment for psychological disorders is for patients to speak freely to understand the basis of their feelings and try to gain insights.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Block the re-uptake of the serotonin neurotransmitters.
Tricycle Antidepressants (TCAs)
Block the re-uptake of the serotonin neurotransmitters and norepinephrine neurotransmitters.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
An enzyme inhibitor to the enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters.
Benzodiazepines
Depressants that produce sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and reduce seizures.
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced in the body and transported in the bloodstream to target cells or organs for specific regulation of their activities.
Endorphins
Brain secretions that have pain-inhibiting effects.
Somatic Nervous System
The branch of the peripheral nervous system that governs motor functions and sensory information, largely under conscious control.
Trait Anxiety
A proneness to experience anxiety.
Rumination
A response style whereby an individual tends to repeatedly think about the problematic situations or events, and focus on negative emotions and symptoms the adversity evoked.
Stressor
Situation or event that triggers physical and emotional reactions.
Stress Response
The reactions to the stressor.
Stress
Describes the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response.
Physical Responses to Stressors
1) Actions of nervous system.
2) Actions of endocrine system.
3) The two systems together.
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls basic body processes and is comprised of the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
In control when you are relaxed. Aids in digestion, storing energy, and promoting growth.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Activated during times of arousal, including exercise, and when there is an emergency, such as severe pain, anger, or fear. Activation causes release of catecholamines (norepinephrine/noradrenaline and epinephrine/adrenaline). Fight or flight.
Endocrine System
Helps control the bodily functions by releasing hormones (glands, tissues, and cells). Helps prepare the body to respond to a stressor.
Homeostasis
A state of stability and consistency in an individual’s physiological functioning.
HPA Axis
1) Hypothalamus receives sensory stressors.
2) The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in hypothalamus releases the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
3) CRH flows through veins to nearby pituitary gland, to stimulate release of the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) into blood stream.
4) ACTH flows via blood vessels to adrenal gland and stimulates release of glucocorticoid hormones (stress hormones) (cortisol in humans).
HPA Axis-Negative Feedback
Glucocorticoids bind to receptors (GCRs) to turn down the response thereby leading to a decrease in glucocorticoids in the blood.
Personality
The sum of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional tendencies and clearly affects how people perceive and react to stressors.
Big Five Model/Five Factor Model
1) Conscientiousness
2) Agreeableness
3) Neuroticism (anxiousness, irritability, and self-consciousness)
4) Openness to experience
5) Extraversion
Somatic Nervous System
Part of the peripheral nervous system. Controls voluntary movement.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A pattern of stress responses consisting of three stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Alarm
Body is more susceptible to disease or injury, may experience headaches, indigestion, anxiety, and disrupted eating or sleep patterns.
Eustress
Pleasant stressor.
Distress
Unpleasant stressor.
Resistance
Homeostasis develops, body becomes more resistant to disease or injury.
Exhaustion
A life-threatening physiological state.
Allostatic Load
The long-term wear and tear of the stress response.
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of the interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.
Neuropeptides
Translate stressful emotions into biochemical events that affect immune system.
Hans Seyle
A Canadian endocrinologist. Father of the field of stress research.
Allostasis
Larger boundaries when compared to homeostasis.
Acute Stress
White blood cells move into periphery to enhance immune response.
Chronic Stress
Prolonged secretion of cortisol which increases inflammation.
WHO 13 Urgent Health Challenges
1) Climate crisis.
2) Delivering health in conflict and crisis.
3) Expanding access to medicine.
4) Stopping infectious diseases.
5) Preparing for epidemics/pandemics.
6) Lack of food, unsafe food, unhealthy diets, and dangerous products (tobacco, vaping).
7) Under-investment in health care workers.
8) Keeping adolescents safe from road injury, HIV, suicide, lower respiratory infections, and violence.
9) Earning public trust (misinformation and anti-vaccine movement).
10) Ethical and social implications of new technologies like genome editing, synthetic biology, and digital health technologies and artificial intelligence.
11) Anti-microbial resistance (Tuberculosis, STIs).
12) Lack of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene in health facilities.
13) Health inequities.
REM
Rapid Eye Movement. Dreaming occurs. Cortisol levels are the highest.
NREM
Non-Rapid Eye Movement. 4 stages of successively deeper sleep. Cortisol levels decrease.
Sleep Deprivation
A lack of sleep over time.
Insomnia
Trouble falling and staying asleep.
Sleep Apnea
Soft tissues in neck collapse when relaxed preventing breathing. People wake up multiple times in the night.
