Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Forestry 100 (Final) > Terms (Lecture 5 - 16) > Flashcards

Terms (Lecture 5 - 16) Flashcards

1
Q

cultural services

A

NONMATERIAL benefits obtained by ecosystems

  1. spiritual/religion
  2. recreation
  3. education
  4. sense of place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ecosystem services

A

all the benefits people obtain from ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Forest zoning

A

optimizing the assignment of different areas for best use or ecosystem service

ex. triad concept & LRMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Land and Resource Management Plan

A

BC government management of provincial public land and waters that meets economic, environmental, social, and cultural objectives.​

ex. kamloops region LRMP on slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

A

United Nations led initiative (2001) to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well being and the scientific basis for action needed to enhance conservation.

Developed a framework relating to HUMAN WELL BEING and ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Provisioning Services

A

products obtained from ecosystems

  1. food
  2. fresh water
  3. fuel wood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Regulating Services

A

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes

  1. climate regulation
  2. water regulation
  3. pollination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Supporting services

A

the services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services

  1. Soil formation
  2. nutrient cycling
  3. primary production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Triad Concept

A
  • an example of forest zoning

Ecological/Reserve Zone

Production/Intensive Zone

Multiple use/Extensive Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appearance wood

A

wood that is used for decorative purposes (eg. cabinets)

beauty is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chips

A

a wood element - small bits of wood that can be used along with other materials to create products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CLT

A

Cross Laminated Timber –> like plywood but LUMBER pieces
(think of large size panels at BROCK COMMONS)

  • used for walls and large structures
  • visual grading + assembly + glue + press
  • composed of lumber pieces in alternate grain direction

Advantage: large sizes up to 3m wide, 20m long & 50cm thick, lamination can use different thickness + quality, incredible strength, great appearance

Disadvantage: very heavy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dimensional Lumber

A

2x4, 2x6, 2x8, 2x10 pieces (that turn out to not be the real dimensions after drying + paneling)

  • used for residential construction
  • IP: sawing + drying
  • composed of solid softwood pieces

Advantages: simple and standard
Disadvantage: prices subject to commodity market

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Edge glued panel

A

Edge-lamination of solid wood.

  • Composition: lumber pieces.
  • Industrial process: edge glue + press.
  • Uses: industrial and finished retail products.
  • Key feature: a great alternative for appearance single-piece panels.
  • Advantages: greater width achievable; good dimensional stability due to randomness of grain patterns; allows for the use of smaller pieces.
  • Disadvantages: many times it can be noticed that the panel is made of several pieces as opposed to solid wood.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Non structural wood

A

wood that does not require to sustain heavy loads (e.g. panel for a tabletop).

Cost is important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structural wood

A

Wood that is suitable to resist
specified loads, typically used for construction
(e.g. beams or columns).

Strength is important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fiber

A

natural composite structures in which cellulose fibrils are held together by lignin and hemicellulose.

  • used to make paper
  • heavily used for MDF’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Finger Joint

A

multiple small pieces of solid wood glued together.

  • Composition: small pieces of solid lumber.
  • Industrial process: sawing + finger joint + glue.
  • Uses: structural (e.g. wall studs) or non-structural.
  • Key feature: better dimensional stability.
  • Advantages: avoid the presence of wood defects (e.g.
    knots); can be of higher performance than solid wood.
  • Disadvantages: a bit more expensive than solid wood; not good for appearance if finger joint is visible.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flange

A

the top and bottom part (–) on I beams

made out of : MSR lumber, LVL, OSL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Web

A

the middle part (I) on I beams

made out of : OSB, plywood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glulam

A

Glue Laminated Timber

  • Composition: high-quality dimension lumber known as LAMSTOCK
  • Industrial process: stress-grading + finger jointing +
    glue + press.
  • Uses: large structural and appearance beams.
  • Key feature: great size of up to 35 cm width, 2.5 m
    deep and 45 m long.
  • Advantages: small trees can be used; enormous sizes
    achievable; good-looking; stronger than solid wood of
    same size; curvatures or unique shapes possible.
  • Disadvantages: sometimes difficult to transport.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hardwood

A

hardwood lumber products.

  • Composition: hardwood solid wood.
  • Industrial process: sawing + drying.
  • Uses: mainly for appearance; flooring, moldings, cabinets, furniture (darker woods with interesting grain patterns are generally more valuable)
  • Key feature: beauty and hardness; focus on individual pieces
  • Advantages: very nice looking
  • Disadvantages: very expensive (cheapest common
    hardwood is 10 times more expensive than typical softwood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

I-beam

A

I-shaped beams.

  • Composition: Flange: MSR lumber, LVL, OSL.
    Web: OSB, plywood.
  • Industrial process: put pieces together + glue.
  • Uses: FLOOR and ROOF JOISTS
  • Key feature: great strength with small width.
  • Advantages: very efficient in resources; solid in
    both directions of tension.
  • Disadvantages: none
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LVL

A

Laminated veneer lumber

  • Composition: high-grade veneer sheets glued in
    parallel (edge or flat)
  • Industrial process: veneer + glue + press + trimming.
  • Uses: structural beams, headers, I-beam flanges.
  • Key feature: high strength in one dimension and large beams possible.
  • Advantages: large dimensions of up to 9 cm width, 60
    cm deep and 25 m long. More natural edge appearance than plywood. Parallel orientation gives more strength in the dimension that requires it (beams!).
  • Disadvantages: marriage with LVL not legal yet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lumber

A
  • Timber sawed or split into planks, boards, etc.
  • Milled boards
  • Sawn wood of smaller dimensions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MDF

A

Medium Density Fiberboard (non-structural panel)

  • Composition: fiber.
  • Industrial process: fiber + glue + press + planing.
  • Uses: furniture, cabinets, moldings, speaker boxes,
    frames, etc.
  • Key feature: homogeneity & density.
  • Advantages: homogeneous, smooth and dense.
  • Disadvantages: more expensive than particleboard;
    doesn’t look like wood.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MSR

A

Machine stress rated lumber

  • Composition: solid wood.
  • Industrial process: use of non-destructive
    measurement of stiffness to predict strength.
  • Uses: key structural end uses (e.g. roofs).
  • Key feature: verified strength!
  • Advantages: predictable strength!
  • Disadvantages: more expensive.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

OSB

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

OSL

A

Oriented strand lumber (Two types: Parallam and TimberStrand.)

  • Composition: long strands of wood;
  • Parallam: 2.3 m × 1 cm of softwood veneer strips.
  • TimberStrand: 30 cm × 2 cm of hardwood strands.
  • Industrial process: veneer clipping + glue coating +
    press + microwave heating (Parallam) / steam pressing
    (TimberStrand).
  • Uses:
  • Parallam: high-end beams, columns
  • TimberStand: window frames, door stock, furniture, wall studs
  • Key feature: very natural-looking; large sizes!
  • Advantages: large dimensions (Parallam larger); natural looking, dimensional stability, versatile structural and appearance uses.
  • Disadvantages: TimberStrand not as strong as Parallam.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parallam

A

A type of oriented strand lumber (OSL)

  • Stronger than TimberStrand
  • softwood veneer strands
  • usually for high-end beams and columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Particleboard

A

Non-structural panel.

  • Composition: planer shavings + small chips + sawdust (optional veneer or laminates).
  • Industrial process: elements glued + press + planing.
  • Uses: lower-end furniture.
  • Key feature: low cost.
  • Advantages: low cost; can use residues; good appearance if covered with veneer.
  • Disadvantages: compared to MDF, it is less dense, water resistant, smooth, durable and strong. Rough edges.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TimberStand

A

A type of oriented strand lumber (OSL)

  • Weaker than Parallam
  • hardwood strands
  • usually for window frames, furniture, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Planer shaving

A

a wood element

used for particle boards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pulp

A

the outcome of turning wood into fibers for pulp

there is mechanical (cellulose) and chemical pulp (cellulose + ligin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sawdust

A

a wood element - very fine pieces of wood (like sand but wood not rocks)

can be used in particle boards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some softwood lumber products?

A
  • boards
  • dimension lumber
  • timber
  • MSR lumber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Strand

A

used for oriented strand boards (OSB)
^ strands (≈ 25 ×100 × 1 mm) from low
density hardwoods (e.g. aspen, poplar).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Timber (generic definition)

A

Growing trees or their wood (Merriam-Webster).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Timber (specific definition)

A

A large squared piece of wood ready for use or forming part of a structure (North America) (Merriam-Webster).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Treated wood

A

wood used for exteriors, treated with
chemicals.

  • Composition: wood + chemical agents.
  • Industrial process: sawing + pressure treatment.
  • Uses: exteriors; poles, railway ties, decks, etc.
  • Key feature: high durability in exteriors.
  • Advantages: durability in exteriors.
  • Disadvantages: higher cost; may be toxic.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Veneer

A

thin slices of wood and sometimes bark, usually thinner than 3 mm, that typically are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Wood elements

A

wood pieces or components obtained from logs or byproducts of wood processing that can be used alone or in combination with others to create mixed products (obviously with the help of glue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is the definition of NTFPs by FAO limiting?

A

Because it excludes smaller, non-industrial products that can be made of wood fiber

the deBeer & McDermott definition is better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does Karuk cultural burning takes place?

A

Northern California

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are 2 examples of Indigenous forest management practices

A
  1. harvesting planks from ALIVE trees (without cutting)
  2. berry patches being inherited and maintained by house groups of the Gitksan & Wet’suwet’un Nations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is meant by NTFP’s being made invisible historically?

A

Indigenous “maps” and forest management systems and resources for NTFP’s were made invisible by British colonists that just wanted timber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

When did the economic importance of NTFPs start to be recognized in Canada?

A

1990’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When did the economic importance of NTFPs start to be recognized in subtropical and tropical forests?

A

1970s and 80s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How can cultural services be separated?

A
  1. Intangible (identity)
  2. Tangible (able to consume)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What articles in UNDRIP are important for Indigenous land and forestry practices?

A

Article 11.1 & Article 26.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 3 reasons why it’s challenging for timber-focused forestry and NTFPS to coexist?

A
  1. habitat loss
  2. contamination & site degradation
  3. extended recovery times
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

the science of acquiring information about an object
without physically coming into contact with it

*Measurements can be taken as close as 10 cm or as far as thousands of kilometers

*UBC is a LEADER in remote sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are classic examples of remote sensing?

A
  1. Aerial photography (hot air balloon was the 1st)
  2. Taking a picture of an individual tree in the ground to analyze the shape of its stem
  3. Landsat
  4. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In Canada, where can remote sensing imagery can be acquired from?

A
  1. Aircraft
  2. Satellite (for broader scale issues like land clearing, forest health and forest classification)
  3. UAV’s (aka. DRONES - more common than ever before)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the smallest pixel size that is currently available for civilians?

A

30cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What technology produces those pixely images about the forestry patterns of a specific place?

A

Landsat
(Series of 8 satellites comprised of 4
different sensors - 16 day return period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are some characteristics of LiDAR?

A
  1. It is an active REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY based on LASER PULSES.
  2. It provides a 3D point cloud representing surface elements
  3. It is increasingly being used for commercial applications in forestry.
  4. uses its own energy source

**produces direct terrain elevation data distributed across the landscape – forested or clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Agent (of disturbance)

A

Factor causing the disturbance

(ex. fire or defoliators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Intensity (of disturbance)

A

Magnitude of the disturbance agent.

(ex. 80% mortality or 35% mortality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Severity (of disturbance)

A

Impact on the environment.

(ex. Stand initiation or Species succession)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Source (of disturbance)

A

Origin of the agent.

(ex. Lightning or Native, triggered by…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Deforestation

A

“conversion of forests to other land use or the permanent reduction of tree canopy cover below the minimum (10%).” (FAO, 2020)

*a disturbance mostly by humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Forest Disturbance regime

A

“spatial and temporal characterization of disturbances affecting a defined forest through time.”

basically the frequency, size and severity of disturbance and how it varies with disturbance agent and with ecosystem

*a disturbance mainly from mother nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Forest degradation

A

“reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods
and services.”

*mostly a human disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Forest disturbance

A

“damage caused by any factor (abiotic or biotic) that
adversely affects the vigor and productivity of the forest and which is not a direct result of human activities.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the leading cause of forest fires in Canada by area affected?

A

Lightning –> the cause for 74% of areas burned by fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Rank the main natural disturbances that occur in Canadian forests by area affected

A
  1. insects
  2. fire
  3. logging
  4. deforestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the 4 natural disturbances that occur in the costal temperate rainforests of BC?

A
  1. Fire
  2. Wind (stand initiation and single trees)
  3. Pathogens & insects
  4. Landslides

**avalanches and floods also occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Identify 4 common human disturbances that affect forests globally

A

Degregation –> 1. Invasive species 2. Bad logging

Deforestation –> 3. Urbanization 4. Agriculture converson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Identify 4 common natural disturbances that affect forests globally

A

Biotic:
1. Insects
2. Tree Fall

Abiotic:
3. Fire (superficial, canopy)
4. Water (flooding or drought)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the #1 natural disturbance in tropical rainforests?

A

Gap dynamic regeneration (TREE FALL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Why is Fairy Creek on Vancouver Island important?

A
  • culturally rich land that has been home to First Nations people for thousands of years
  • there are endangered species
  • home to Tatania –> a huge yellow cedar
  • LAST UNTOUCHED WATERSHED IN BC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Forestry practices account for ____% of greenhouse emissions

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Identify the four main phases of stand development after a disturbance

A
  1. Stand Initiation
  2. Stem Exclusion Phase
  3. Understory re-initiation phase
  4. Old growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Describe stand initiation phase

A
  • Regeneration after disturbance by pioneer species.
  • Lots of light and growing space.
  • Rapid growth.
  • High plant diversity but usually dominated by one or two pioneer species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Describe Stem exclusion Phase

A
  • Canopy closure occurs.
  • High competition for light.
  • High mortality.
  • Understory heavily shaded (therefore, only tolerant species survive and low plant diversity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Describe understory re-initiation:

A
  • Gaps in canopy occur due to death of large trees.
  • More light availability.
  • More trees can regenerate.
  • Plant diversity increases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Describe old growth phase

A
  • Large trees and dead wood
  • Complex structure and multi-layered canopy
  • High biodiversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are even-aged dynamics

A

dynamics driven by stand-replacing disturbances, leading to a
new even-aged stand
(more than 1 ha)

*large circle
forest disturbance associated = FIRE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are cohort dynamics?

A

dynamics driven by partial disturbances with mortality of tree
age cohorts (groups of trees of similar age) dispersed within the stands

*very tiny little dots
forest disturbance associated = INSECTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are patch dynamics?

A

dynamics driven by tree mortality at intermediate scales
(more than 200 m2, less than 1 ha).

*medium oddly shaped circles
forest disturbance associated = LANDSLIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are gap dynamics?

A

dynamics driven by tree mortality of single or a small group of trees
(less than 200 m2).

*small dots
forest disturbance associated = TREE FALLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Change in ________ and _________
for a multi-species stand

A

Structure, composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Change in _______ for mono-species stand

A

structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

The the ecological process of: disturbances and colonization with different developmental phases

A
  • Pioneer species tend to rapidly
    colonize the land after a
    disturbance.
  • The seed of some pioneer tree
    species needs fire to be released
    from the cones.
  • The seed of some pioneer species
    need to be in contact with mineral
    soil in order to be viable.
  • Disturbances can be of any scale
    and recovery rates; the larger and
    more severe, the higher chances
    it becomes a stand-initiating
    disturbance.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

The the ecological process of: light with different developmental phases

A
  • Pioneer species tend to be more aggressive and abundant in early succession stages but may be overtaken by tolerant species over time.
  • Pioneer species tend to have a faster growth rate but a shorter life span.
  • It is not that tolerant species dislike light, but they are typically outcompeted for it by
    pioneer species and increase their growth rate when gaps open up.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Which trees in BC’s costal rainforest have different capacities to tolerate low light levels?

A

Douglas fir and Western Hemlock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

The the ecological process of: water with different developmental phases

A
  • ponderosa pine, Douglas fir and grand fir compete for water and have different drought tolerances.
  • Species thriving in dry areas may do
    so because they have less competition for water, not necessarily because they would not appreciate a bit more of it!
85
Q

Whats an example of a pioneer species?

A

one that’s typically the first to colonize a barren ecosystem.
(ones to grow faster first but not last as long as the tolerant species)

Birches and willows are pioneer - the first ones to overtake and colonize after a disturbance

86
Q

What’s an example of a tolerant species?

A

Tree species that compete well under full shade

Hemlock spieces are tolerant

87
Q

Site index is an indicator of ______?

A

site productivity

88
Q

Site Index

A

average height of dominant and co-dominant trees of a specific species on a given site, at a base age.

It is used as an indicator of site productivity

89
Q

Why is height used to develop site index curves?

A

because unlike diameter or volume growth, height is relatively stable over a large range of managed stand densities.

90
Q

Broadly explain the role of disturbances in shaping forested ecosystems.

A

Forest ecosystems are resilient and can recover after a disturbance.

Disturbances are not bad:
* They allow forest regeneration.
* They allow the persistence of pioneer species (else outcompeted)
* They create favorable conditions for different species over time.

91
Q

Yield

A

“total amount of some attribute
present in a tree or stand at some point in time”

92
Q

Mean annual increment (MAI)

A

average growth accumulated on a given year (i.e. yield divided by age).

93
Q

Current annual increment (CAI)

A

growth that occurred for one year (i.e. mean slope of the yield curve on that year).

94
Q

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

A

largest yield that can be harvested continuously.

(what your trying to get when looking at the increment graphs —> when to harvest to get the best possible MSY)

95
Q

Forest stand

A

“a contiguous community of trees sufficiently uniform in composition, structure, age, size, class, distribution, spatial arrangement, site quality, condition, or location to distinguish it from adjacent communities.”

96
Q

Forest dynamics

A

“changes in stand structure, species composition, and species interactions with disturbance and environment over a range of spatial and temporal scales.”

97
Q

Forest succession

A

changes in species composition, vegetation structure and
environment over time.

98
Q

Tolerant species

A

vegetation species able to grow under shaded conditions,
generally colonizing an area slowly after a disturbance.

99
Q

Pioneer species

A

vegetation species that colonizes an area immediately after a disturbance (usually intolerant to shade).

100
Q

Climax vegetation

A

vegetation that exists at the ‘end’ of succession - aka like all the stand initiation stages (implies complexity and stability).

101
Q

Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC):

A

“hierarchal classification system that uses climax vegetation communities to infer the combined ecological effects of climate and soil”

** a method to classify and manage sites on an ecosystem-specific basis.

102
Q

Biogeoclimatic zones of BC

A

the ecosystem is defined as the interactions between climate and soil that determine the vegetation potential on a site.

reflect climax forest composition, that is, dominant species at the end of natural succession.

103
Q

Climax vegetation is a result of ________ and ________.

A

environmental constraints (species ecological niche)

&
outcome of competition between species (dominant species).

104
Q

Sustainable forest management

A

“stewardship and use of forest and forest lands in a way and at a rate that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill —now and in the future— relevant
ecological, economic and social functions at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems” (FAO)

105
Q

Silviculture

A

“the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest vegetation for the full range of forest resource objectives.”

106
Q

Silvicultural system

A

“a complete regime for regenerating, tending and harvesting forests.”

107
Q

Forest tending

A

“subset of silviculture that includes a variety of forest treatments, including pre-commercial THINNING, FERTILIZING, PRUNING and COMMERCIAL THINNING, which are carried out to maintain a HEALTHY FOREST and to increase the QUALITY and QUANTITY of timber produced”

108
Q

Silvicultural treatment

A

a specific operation applied to a stand as part of its silvicultural system.

(ex. pruning, thinning, establishment)

109
Q

Even-aged vs. uneven-aged stand?

A

even = stand in which trees are approximately the same age.

uneven = stand with a diverse range of tree ages

110
Q

Stand structure

A

physical description of a stand, including age, size, and horizontal and vertical spatial arrangement of trees.

111
Q

What are some objectives of forest management

A
  • To best resemble natural forest dynamics processes while getting the timber for ourselves.
  • To obtain specific timber forest products.
  • To maximize forest growth and health.
  • To balance economic, social and
    environmental factors to the best of
    our abilities.
112
Q

What are the silvicultural systems for an even-aged stand?

A

Clearcutting
Seed tree
Patch cutting
Shelterwood
Coppice

113
Q

What are the silvicultural systems for an uneven-aged stand?

A

Selection
Protection

114
Q

What is the one silvicultural system for a two-aged stand?

A

Retention

115
Q

Briefly explain clearcutting and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

the entire canopy is removed in one operation
(more than 1 ha)

Advantages:
- Easier and lowest cost.
* Produces uniform crop for even-aged management.
* Faster growth of regeneration

Disadvantages:
- Low visual quality and negative perception.
* May not be suitable for some wildlife.
* May expose the site to erosion.

116
Q

Briefly explain seed tree and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

like a clearcut but leaving trees for some time to
supply SEED

Advantages:
- Lower establishment cost due to natural regeneration.
* Best trees can be chosen as seed trees, leading to good genetics.
* Aesthetically and ecologically better

Disadvantages:
- Seed trees can fall due to wind.
* Higher skill required than for clearcutting.
* Difficult to protect regeneration when seed trees are removed.

117
Q

Briefly explain shelterwood and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

stand is harvested in series of cuttings, where
uncut trees serve as shelter for new regeneration.

Advantages:
- Protects regeneration.
* Some protection from soil erosion.
* Aesthetically and ecologically better.

Disadvantages:
- Requires more skill.
* More expensive.
* Shelterwood trees may be source of
diseases.

118
Q

Briefly explain patch cutting and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

removal of trees in patches (less than 1 ha).

Advantages:
- Less visual and ecological impact.
* Easy to apply and manage.
* Provides some protection for regeneration.

Disadvantages:
- More expensive than clearcutting.
* Diseases can spread from adjacent forests.
* Can create too many management units.

119
Q

Briefly explain coppice and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

clearcutting and subsequent vegetative regeneration
for some hardwoods. (cutting trees but leaving STUMPS)

Advantages:
- Simple.
* Even regeneration.
* Fast growth rates.

Disadvantages:
- Only small logs for timber can be obtained.
* Not very aesthetic.
* Cannot be performed forever.

120
Q

Briefly explain selection and 2 advantages and disadvantages of each

A

single scattered or small groups of trees are harvested in short intervals indefinitely.

Advantages:
- Minimum visual and ecological impact.
* Good for areas where growth is too slow to
justify planting.
* High flexibility.

Disadvantages:
- Low volume productivity in m3/ha.
* High skills and knowledge required (cost).
* Harvesting must be done very carefully!
* Tends to favor tolerant species.

121
Q

What is retention in forestry?

A

the process of leaving single trees or
groups of trees

*for the purpose of maintaining structural diversity for at least one rotation by leaving more than half the total area of the cutblock within one tree height from the base of a tree or group of trees, whether or not the tree or group of trees is inside the cutblock

*retention in BC is a silvicultural system on its own, not to be confused with clearcut or reserves.

122
Q

What are reserves?

A

individual trees or groups of trees retained
during harvest, or other forest management operations, to provide non-timber values such as wildlife habitat, aesthetics, and biodiversity

123
Q

What is Variable retention (VA)?

A

harvesting approach in which [some] trees are retained to meet ecological objectives such as maintaining structural heterogeneity and protecting biological legacies

124
Q

Briefly explain protection and 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage

A

timber is not extracted; the forest may be managed for other objectives.

(NOT listed as an official silvicultural system but added here as the OPPOSITE EXTREME OF CLEARCUTTING).

Sometimes known as reserve (not to be confused with reserves!).

Advantage:
- close to no zero visual and ecological impact.

Disadvantage:
- does not provide timber

125
Q

What is site preperation?

A

to make sure terrain is adequate for new stand and facilitate regeneration growth in early stages.

Activities:
* Slash removal or layout.
* Prescribed burning.
* Slash chopping.
* Mineral soil preparation (sort of plowing under certain conditions).

Considerations
* Burning looks bad but may be very beneficial!
* Slash piles must be arranged considering future plantation density and spacing.
* Extreme care must be put to protect soil.

126
Q

What is establishment (silvicultural treatment)

A

silvicultural treatment to:
- Establish new trees.
- MINIMIZING INITIAL MORTALITY
- Maximize growth in early stages.

Activities:
* Tree planting and / or regeneration management.
* Weed control until trees can survive alone.
* Fertilization.
* Protection against pests / animals.

Considerations:
* Tree species selection is critical.
* Artificial vs. natural regeneration?
* Make sure genetics are right!
* Optimum stocking density and spacing for desired outcome.

127
Q

What is thinning?

A

silvicultural treatment to:
- Eliminate some trees to alleviate competition.
- Promote growth of remaining trees.
- Obtain revenue if thinning is commercial.
- May reduce fire risk.

Activities:
* Careful selection of trees to be removed.
* Harvesting of selected trees.

  • Considerations:
  • Thinning generally reduces total harvest volume.
  • High tree densities may lead to small trees if thinning not applied.
  • It is important to know how many trees or % of basal
    area is ideal for removal.
  • Eliminated trees must reduce competition; thinning
    very small trees in the understory is a waste of
    money!
128
Q

What is pruning?

A

Silvicultural treatment to:
* Eliminate tree branches to reduce wood defects after final harvest.
* Pruning may be done sometimes to reduce canopy
fire risk.

Activities:
* Cut tree branches up to a given tree height (usually
with length equal to a commercial log).

Considerations:
* Very expensive, so mostly applicable to faster growing species.
* Pruning reduces growth rate!
* Some species have good natural pruning.

129
Q

What is Harvesting?

A

Main timber extraction at the end of rotation age

Activities:
* Road building
* Tree felling
* Extraction
* Yarding
* Transportation

Considerations:
* How much to extract?
* What is the optimum rotation age for even-aged
stands?
* How much volume can you take out in selection
systems?
* Must be done very carefully, as it is potentially the most impactful operation of all.

130
Q

Predominant natural disturbance in coastal temperate rainforests of BC?

A

fine-scale gap dynamics!!
(originally was thought to be fire, not anymore)

*think about the handout from Disc #3

131
Q

Best silvicultural system for coastal temperate rainforests in BC?

A

SELECTION

^^because it best aligns with fine-scale gap dynamics (aka falling trees)

132
Q

What was the main cause of so much secondary growth in coastal BC?

A

Due to so much CLEARCUTTING

the original predominant natural disturbance was thought to be stand-initiating fires so they used clearcutting to align with this disturbance even though there are close to zero forest fires in coastal BC

133
Q

Identify Canada’s biggest landowner of forests?

A

Provincial governments (combined)

134
Q

What are the 2 types of harvesting licenses in BC and the man difference between them

A
  1. Voume-based tenture:
    licensees that operate within a large Timber Supply Area (TSA) and are allocated an allowable annual cut (AAC).
  2. Area-based tenture:
    licenses that give exclusive rights to a specific area
135
Q

What are 3 assets relating to forestry policy in BC?

A
  1. Enormous forest estate
  2. Financially healthy industry
  3. Virtually no illegal logging or deforestation
136
Q

What are 3 issues relating to forestry policy in BC?

A
  1. Disconnection between landlord and management
  2. Government understaffing
  3. Old-growth logging is still not entirely gone
137
Q

Describe how forestry is organized in British Columbia?

A

The provincial government provides harvesting licences to third parties (mostly big companies), and gets stumpage fees in return.

138
Q

What 3 issues are associated with forestry in Guyana?

A
  1. Little benefit to local communities.
  2. Government authoritarianism in forest management.
  3. Rampant corruption.
139
Q

Forest policy (FAO)

A

a negotiated agreement amongst the government and relevant stakeholders on a shared vision and goals for a country’s forests and trees, adopted by government.

140
Q

Forest regulations

A

official laws that apply to forestry activities (a subset of forest policy).

141
Q

Allowable annual cut (AAC)

A

the annual amount of timber that can be harvested on a sustainable basis within a defined forest area

142
Q

Timber Supply Area (TSA)

A

a designated area established by the Ministry in order to practice sound, integrated, resource management principles to improve the allowable annual cuts

143
Q

Crown land

A

land (or land covered by water like rivers or lakes) that is owned by the provincial government (provincial crown) or federal government (federal crown)

144
Q

Forest certification

A

a voluntary process where an independent third party (certifier) assesses the quality of forest management and production against a set of standards that were predetermined by a public/private certification organization

145
Q

Timber tenture

A

agreement, license or permit transferring rights to use crown
forests to others

*2 types:
1. area-based
2. volume-based

146
Q

Stumpage

A

a fee that businesses or individuals pay when they harvest timber from Crown land in B.C

147
Q

What has been a tool used by the BC government to help Caribou?

A

actively reduced WOLF populations
(this has been criticized by some)

148
Q

What are the most accepted reasons as to why the Caribou population changes in BC

A
  • Predation by wolves
  • Habitat loss
149
Q

Overall are caribou populations increasing or declining in BC?

A

Declining :(

Drivers of decline vary but are related to increased predation (wolves) linked to habitat disturbance.

150
Q

What is the IUCN Red List status and population trend for Caribou?

A

Vulnerable/decreasing

151
Q

Explain the difference between dominant and keystone species?

A

dominant = most abundant species in the community structure (by abundance or biomass)

keystone = species that has a profound effect on community structure despite having relatively low abundance by;
—> playing pivotal role in food chain
—> acting as an ecosystem engineer
—> maintaining community structure through species interactions

152
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

states that 2 species competing for the exact same limited resource CANNOT COEXIST in stability

153
Q

niche differentiation

A

states that 2 species can learn to coexist by using their environment differently

154
Q

Alpha (α) diversity

A

diversity within a SINGLE ecosystem

155
Q

Beta (β) diversity

A

diversity BETWEEN ecosystems

156
Q

Gamma (γ) diversity

A

OVERALL DIVERSITY including all ecosystems
in an area or region.

157
Q

Functional diversity

A

the value and the range of species and organism traits that influence ecosystem functioning

158
Q

Structural diversity

A

diversity in the STRUCTURE OF THE FOREST mainly including canopy structure (tree height, canopy cover), species composition, diversity of flowering and fructification and dead wood.

*Higher structural diversity will require higher species diversity bc species of different tolerance are required to fill different forest layers.

159
Q

Genetic diversity

A

diversity of genotypes within a species.

160
Q

Species diversity: Abunance

A

the number of individuals of a species in an area.

161
Q

Species richness (R)

A

the NUMBER of different species in an area.

162
Q

Species Diversity (D)

A

numerical index that incorporates species RICHNESS and their relative abundances (also known as evenness).

*basically means the ratio of different species
^Ex. an ecosystem with an even distribution of 5 species has a higher species diversity (D) than an ecosystem with 8 species but dominated by one

163
Q

Closed community (of species)

A

species are dependent upon each other, like organs in a body.

164
Q

Community structure (species)

A

description of the
species present in an ecosystem, their
abundance and interrelations.

165
Q

Open community

A

species are present due to similar ecological niches along environmental gradients, without forming a
“superorganism”.

166
Q

Edge community

A

ecotone communities having species from adjacent communities and some unique to the ecotone.

ECOTONE = region where two communities
meet.

167
Q

A salt marsh is an example of ____

A

an ENERGY FLOW
(a salt marsh is a coastal ecosystem flooded by tides, with salt-tolerant plants)

168
Q

Food web or food chain

A

“organization of an ecosystem into steps or levels through which energy flows as the organisms at each level consume energy stored in the tissues
of organisms of the next lower level.”

*10 to 50% of energy can be transferred to one level to the other, as it is lost in RESPIRATION, HEAT EXCHANGE,
METABOLISM and TISSUE BUILDING.
^^^picture the diagram

169
Q

Ecology

A

the study of the interrelations between organisms
(biotic factors) and their environment (abiotic factors)

170
Q

Forest ecosystem

A

a unit or portion of the forest landscape relatively uniform in composition, structure and properties of both biotic and abiotic elements and their interactions.

171
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

are fungi that grow on and form a symbiotic relationship with tree roots.

The tree and fungi have a MUTUALISTIC interaction.

The fungi receive energy from the trees and in return the trees receive nitrogen from the fungi

172
Q

What type of forest has the least nutrients in their soil?

A

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS - leaching due to heavy rains results in low levels of nutrients essential for growth (e.g. phosphorous, nitrogen).

But how do they still have so much life and healthy trees? —-> because of Mycorrhiza

173
Q

What did Robert McArther do?

A

McArthur divided spruce trees into different zones
and re-observed the warblers, hypothesizing
that different species would use separate zones.

^Predictions were correct: the spatial separation of
feeding zones allowed the birds to coexist.

This research created the concept Niche Differentiation

174
Q

Explain the 3 biological interactions that overlapping niches between species generate

A
  1. Negative (cost to one or both species):
    * Competition (–,–)
    * Predation / herbivory (+,–)
    * Parasitism (+,–)
  2. Positive, also called symbiosis or
    facilitation (benefit to one or both species):
    * Commensalism (+,0)
    * Mutualism (+,+)
  3. Neutral (no effect)
175
Q

Forest degradation

A

the reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services, typically a gradual process through which a forest’s biomass declines, its species composition changes or its soil quality declines”

176
Q

Forest loss

A

tree mortality or removal due to natural disturbances (e.g. wind, fire) or human activities (e.g. logging, prescribed burnings) where the forest is expected to regrow.

177
Q

Forest gain

A

increase in forest land cover due to afforestation, reforestation, forest plantations or natural regeneration, not necessarily leading to forests with optimum biodiversity.

178
Q

Forest fragmentation

A

any process that results in the conversion of formerly continuous forest into patches of forest separated by non-forested lands

*Picture several BLOCKS of no trees in a forest

179
Q

Primary forest

A

naturally regenerated forest of native species with no clearly visible indications of human activities and ecological processes are not significantly disturbed

180
Q

Naturally regenerated forest

A

the process by which juvenile plants and coppice that have established naturally replace plants which have died or have been killed.

Over time, following a disturbance, the growth of natural regeneration will reestablish canopy trees.

181
Q

Planted forest

A

forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding

182
Q

Describe the Global Forest Resources Assessment program.

A

Major study that happens ever 5 years!

Used by governments and policy makers in countries and global organizations (ex. United Nations) to set priorities and goals.

Reports for each country: forest area, rate of change since 1990, forest expansion (natural and human), deforestation & forest type

183
Q

Explain the hydrologic cycle with it’s major storages and processes

A

STORAGE GAIN:
Precipitation (P): rainfall or snowfall.

STORAGE LOSS:
* Interception (I): water intercepted by vegetation,
which then evaporates.
* Transpiration (T): water transported from the
ground to the atmosphere via root absorption and
release via leaves.
* Evaporation (E): loss of water from the ground to
the atmosphere.
* Evapotranspiration (ET): sum of interception,
transpiration and evaporation.
* Streamflow (Q): water flowing in surface channels.

INTERMEDIATE PROCESS:
* Subsurface flow (S): water that reaches the
stream through the porous soil.
* Overland flow (O): water that reaches the stream
flowing on top of the soil.

184
Q

What is the ultasimplified water balance equation?

A

Q = P - ET
(streamflow) = (precipitation) - (evaportranspiration)

*all in volume (ex. m3) or depth (ex. mm)

185
Q

What are the 3 main categories of water-shed level water properties and at least 2 specific components for each category

A
  1. Quantity (water yield & streamflow)
  2. Quality (physical, chemical, biological)
  3. Extreme events (flooding, landslides, low flows)
186
Q

Peakflow

A

maximum rate of discharge during the period of runoff caused by a storm

maximum instantaneous m3/s

187
Q

Associate clearcutting with water quality

A

Clearcutting in areas that are close to streams/rivers, etc. may drastically increase stream temp (cause fish mortality) and add debris and sediment into the stream

188
Q

Associate inadequate forest operations with water quality

A

Inadequate forest operations can include higher sediment loads that effects the quality of nearby streams

*the best way to prevent harmful sediment from getting to the water is by insuring safe forest operations

189
Q

Associate forest harvesting with extreme events

A

forest harvesting reduces evatranspiration and therefore increases flooding risk (an extreme event)

190
Q

Watershed

A

“The area that appears on the basis of topography to contribute all the water that passes through a given cross
section of a stream.” (Dingman, 2002).

***Synonyms: basin, catchment, drainage basin.

191
Q

Water yield

A

m3/year

an estimate of freshwater input (for example, rain, snow and snowmelt) flowing into streams and rivers.

192
Q

Streamflow

A

average or current m3/s

193
Q

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

A

an international legally binding agreement established in 1992, with three main objectives:

  • Conservation of biological diversity.
  • Sustainable use of biological diversity components.
  • Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from resource use.
194
Q

Preservation

A

protection of nature from human use

195
Q

Protected areas

A

a clearly defined geographical space recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem
services and cultural values

196
Q

Restoration

A

full reestablishment of original components and processes of a damaged or degraded ecosystem to:
* A previous historical state.
* A present standard.
* A desired future condition.

the main goals could be:
- to initiate or speed the recovery of an ecosystem after disturbance.
- to reestablish natural disturbance regimes.

197
Q

Biodiversity Hotspot

A

geographic areas with at least 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants (irreplaceable), and with 30% or less of its original natural vegetation
(threatened).

36 areas qualify as hotspots globally!

198
Q

Conservation

A

biological approaches to:
- prevent extinction of species
- maintain genetic diversity
- protect or restore biological communities and their associated functions

the careful (sustainable) use and protection of the earths natural resources and ecosystems.

199
Q

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

A

an international organization dedicated
to finding environmental solutions to various issues

**famous for the publication of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; founded in 1948

200
Q

Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

A

multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals, regulating international trade of specimens of wild animals; established in 1973.

201
Q

What’s an example of the introduction of an exotic tree species that seems to have been beneficial to biodiversity and overall?

A

Sitka spruce plantations in Scotland

202
Q

What are some realistic strategies to meet future demands for timber

A
  1. Revitalize degraded forests
  2. Plant new forests
  3. Reduce the demand for wood
  4. Cut existing forests more rapidly
  5. Manage existing forests more intensively
203
Q

What are some general problems that exist when it comes to poor regulation of logging

A
  • Favourable deals and policies
  • Ambiguous laws
  • Bribes, enforcement and loopholes
  • Tax evasion
  • Illegal logging
204
Q

What is an A-player?

A

a high-performing professional in the top 10% of talent pool available

205
Q

Engagement

A

how involved or interested students APPEAR to be in their learning and how connected they are to their classes, institutions and
each other.

206
Q

Motivation

A

students’ energy and drive to learn, work hard, and achieve at school goal.

207
Q

What 3 factors determine motivtion?

A
  1. High support (good learning environment)
  2. High Value (the end goal is beneficial to you)
  3. High expectancy (the end goal feels achievable)
208
Q

What are ethics?

A

“a theory or system of moral
values”

209
Q

Normative ethics

A

is the study of human behavior; what is right or wrong

210
Q

Academic integrity

A

provides a set of values for how a university can maintain honest and ethical academic standards in its research and teaching.

211
Q

Professional ethics

A

duty or responsibility to your employer or profession.

212
Q

Each profession or institution has specific ethical considerations, summarized by their _________

A

codes of conduct

213
Q

Professional registration

A

in British Columbia, foresters are required by law (Foresters Act) to be authorized to practice the profession by the Association of British Columbia Forest Professionals (ABCFP).

214
Q

Land ethic

A

ecocentric philosophy first proposed by Aldo Leopold, LINKING ETHICS WITH ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: individuals are part of a community and ecosystem, and humans must act as responsible members.

215
Q

Eutrophication

A

fatal oxygen depletion caused by ALGAE OVERGROWTH due to excessive nutrient concentration (N, P).

kills fish and other animals in water

Forestry 100 (Final) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions