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Forestry 100 (Final) > Final (Info from midterm - 30% on final) > Flashcards

Final (Info from midterm - 30% on final) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the largest known living organisms in the world?

A

Trees

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2
Q

How old is the oldest single non-clonal tree?

A

More than 5,000 years old

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3
Q

What is subspecies in the taxonomic hierarchy? What order would it be listed

A

Taxon BELOW SPECIES: populations with some identifiable difference, theoretically capable of INTERBREEDING and producing FERTILE OFFSSPRING but disabled in practice mainly due to geographic isolation. Would be listed AFTER species and genus

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4
Q

What is author in the taxonomic hierarchy? What order would it be listed?

A

The person who coined the name - NOT COMMONLY ADDED (don’t add it). Would be listed LAST

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5
Q

Where would you place sp. in the taxonomy of an organism?

A

You would place it when the species is unknown with a known genus

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6
Q

When would you place spp. in the taxonomy of an organism?

A

You would place it when there are multiple species of the same genus

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7
Q

When would you place var. in the taxonomy of an organism?

A

Means VARIETY. It is below subspecies but applicable mostly to plants

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8
Q

When would you place an x in between species?

A

HYBRID. When it is successful interbreeding between different species (not necessarily fertile

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9
Q

What is the trophic hierarchy?

A

The position of an organism in the FOOD CHAIN

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10
Q

List the kind of organisms that are heterotrophs, what kind of consumer/producer/composer they are, and what position they are in the food chain

A

Carnivores - tertiary consumers - First/top of the food chain

Omnivores - secondary consumers - Second highest in the food chain

Herbivores - primary consumers - third highest in the food chain

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11
Q

List the kind of organisms that are autotrophs, what kind of consumer/producer/composer they are, and what position they are in the food chain

A

Photosynthesizers - producers - second last in the food chain

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12
Q

List the kind of organisms that are heterotrophs, what kind of consumer/producer/composer they are, and what position they are in the food chain.

A

Decomposers - last/bottom of the food chain

ex. mushrooms, worms, etc.

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13
Q

What is ecological hierarchy?

A

ecology is primarily concerned about processes at the community and ecosystem levels

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14
Q

Describe population in ecological hierarchy.

A

All individuals of a given species interacting in a prescribed area

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15
Q

Describe community in ecological hierarchy.

A

group of populations of organisms that live and interact in a prescribed area

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16
Q

Describe ecosystem in ecological hierarchy.

A

all the interacting biological and physical components of a prescribed area

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17
Q

Describe biome in ecological hierarchy.

A

very large areas of the Earth’s surface that have similar climate and vegetation

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18
Q

What is the earliest archaeological evidence of the relationship between human ancestors and trees?

A

Burning of wood

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19
Q

What was the single largest global cause of deforestation during the past 500 years?

A

the conversion of forest land into agriculture

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20
Q

What is the best definition of a tree?

A

A woody plant with usually a single stem growing to a height of at least 2M, or if multi-stemmed, then at least one verticle stem of 5CM in diameter at breast height

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21
Q

Describe angiosperms and if they are wood, leaf, or seed

A

It is enclosed in a fruit. It is a seed

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22
Q

Describe gymnosperms and if they are wood, leaf, or seed

A

“naked” or in a cone - seed

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23
Q

Describe broadleaves and if they are wood, leaf, or seed

A

Broad and flat

Deciduous or evergreen - leaf

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24
Q

Describe conifers and if they are wood, leaf, or seed

A

needle - of scale-like

usually evergreen - leaf

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25
Q

What kind of fibers does hardwood have?

A

Short fibers

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26
Q

What kind of fibers does softwood have?

A

Long fibers

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27
Q

What is primary growth?

A

growth in length

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28
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

PRIMARY GROWTH: plants use GRAVITY as a sense of which way they should grow - roots growing down and the plant growing up

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29
Q

What is heliotropism?

A

PRIMARY GROWTH: The directional growth of a plant towards the SUNLIGHT

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30
Q

How does primary growth work in a tree?

A

The extension of branches OUTWARD from the tree, making them longer

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31
Q

How does secondary growth work in a tree?

A

The radial growth in a tree is adding another ring to the base. The tree growing in its width: the growth is making the branches and base of the tree “thicker”

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32
Q

What is xylem?

A

tissue in charge of transporting water and nutrients in a tree

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33
Q

What is phloem?

A

tissue in charge of transporting sap in a tree

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34
Q

What is cambium?

A

tissue of undifferentiated cells, producing xylem towards the inside and phloem towards the outside of a stem or branch

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35
Q

How does secondary growth happen?

A

Cell division and growth from the cambium

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36
Q

Describe tree rings

A

They are markers of tree growth.

Inter-annual variations

Intra-annual (seasonal)

1 ring = early wood + late wood

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37
Q

Describe early wood

A

Fast growth
Large vessels
Light wood

(LIGHT TREE RING)

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38
Q

Describe late wood

A

Slow growth
Small vessels
Dark, dense wood

(DARK TREE RING)

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39
Q

Describe the components of photosynthesis

A

Water + Carbon dioxide –> photosynthesis
carbohydrate + oxygen

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40
Q

What kind of energy is used in photosynthesis?

A

solar energy

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41
Q

Describe the components of respiration

A

Carbohydrate + oxygen —> respiration
water + carbon dioxide

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42
Q

What kind of energy is used in respiration?

A

chemical energy

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43
Q

List the 5 priority allocations for carbohydrates

A
  1. Maintenance of respiration
  2. Production of roots and leaves
  3. reproduction
  4. primary growth
  5. secondary growth and tissues
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44
Q

Give 3 examples of carbohydrates covered in the notes

A

Glucose

Sucrose

Cellulose

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45
Q

List 5 things photosynthesis and respiration rates depend on

A

Light

temperature

age

carbon dioxide

water

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46
Q

What is required in plants to survive long term in terms of photosynthesis and respiration?

A

Photosynthesis must be LARGER than respiration

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47
Q

What is the gross photosynthesis?

A

total amount of CARBOHYDRATES produced by photosynthesis

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48
Q

What is the net photosynthesis?

A

(RESPIRATION)
total amount of carbohydrates stored after using some as energy sources for metabolism

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49
Q

What is the theory of tolerance?

A

species able to exist and reproduce only within a definite range of values for a given environmental factor

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50
Q

In terms of the tolerance range of trees, what does O stand for? What does it mean?

A

Optimum level - maximum performance

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51
Q

In terms of the tolerance range of trees, what does R stand for? What does it mean?

A

Plant grows and REPRODUCES successfully

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52
Q

In terms of the tolerance range of trees, what does G stand for? What does it mean?

A

Plant GROWS but cannot reproduce

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53
Q

In terms of the tolerance range of trees, what does S stand for? What does it mean?

A

Plant SURVIVES or persists but cannot grow

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54
Q

In terms of the tolerance range of trees, what does T stand for? What does it mean?

A

TOLERANCE range for that factor - beyond tolerance is lethal

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55
Q

What is ecological niche?

A

favorable combination of environmental factor ranges for a given species to grow and reproduce

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56
Q

Name all 4 phases of stand development from initial growth to death.

A

Stand initiation phase

Stem exclusion phase

Understory reinitiation phase

Old growth phase

57
Q

Name the 3 types of fruits discussed in the notes in terms of dispersal and colonization

A

Windblown fruits (blown in wind)

Adherent fruits (stick to human/animals)

Fleshy fruits (eaten and pooped out in a different place)

58
Q

What is the most notable characteristic of gymnosperms?

A

their seeds are naked or in a cone

59
Q

Name the qualifications for a forest

A
  • Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares
  • Trees higher than 5 meters
  • A canopy cover of more than 10% - or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
60
Q

Do the qualifications of a forest INCLUDE land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use?

A

No - forests can only be on land that is not close or occupied by urban uses or agriculture

61
Q

What are the 3 qualifications of a primary or natural forest?

A
  1. naturally regenerated forest of native species
  2. where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities
  3. the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed
62
Q

What is a planted forest or plantation?

A

forest predominantly composed of trees established through planted and/or deliberate seeding

63
Q

What is a forest estate?

A

all the land containing a forest endowment

64
Q

What is a forest stand? What forest type is most common?

A

a continuous piece of land covered by relatively homogenous forest type

65
Q

What is the shape of a forest plot? How large is it? What is its purpose?

A

a polygon

usually circular and small (e.g. 300m2)

where all trees are measured in order to estimate stand-or estate-level forest metrics

66
Q

What is afforestation?

A

establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on that land, until then, was not classified as a forest

67
Q

What is reforestation?

A

re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest

68
Q

Describe the usage and degradation of deforestation

A

the conversation of forests to another land use (usage)

Or the permanent reduction of tree canopy cover below 10% threshold (degradation)

69
Q

What is a climate graph?

A

illustration of average monthly TEMPERATURE and PRECIPITATION

70
Q

Describe Vancouver B.C.’s climate graph in terms of how much rainfall we get and how much the temperature varies

A

Rain all year, but specifically:
- July and August (5-6 cm) have the least amount of rain.
- November and December (23-29 cm) with the most

(November has the most rain august has the least amount of rain)

  • The highest temperature of around 30 degrees in July/August
  • The lowest being around 2 degrees in December/January
71
Q

Describe how climate is summarized

A

It is summarized by temperature and precipitation

(averages and seasonal variation)

72
Q

What is formation?

A

community with a specific vegetation structure (e.g. cold desert of temperate deciduous forest)

also used as a subdivision of biome

73
Q

Name the 3 types of growth forms and list examples for each

A

Non-parasitical upon another plant - trees, shrubs, herbs, epiphytes

woody vines - lianas

mosses and lichens - bryophytes

74
Q

What are the 2 forms of natural disturbances? Give examples for each

A

Abiotic: fire, temperature, geomorphic (landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes)

Biotic: insects, pathogens, invasive plant species

75
Q

What are the 2 forms of human disturbances? Give examples for each

A
  1. Degradation: fragmentation, bad logging
  2. Deforestation - urbanization, agricultural conversion, terrible logging
76
Q

What is the climate like in tropical rainforests?

A

Synonym: tropical jungle

Tropical wet:

Average temp is 24 degrees
Normally around the same temperature

Total precipitation: 285 cm
Lots of rain throughout the year - not as much rain in the summer months (Jul - Sept)

77
Q

What is the vegetation in a tropical rainforest?

A

all forms (trees to bryophytes)

78
Q

What are the adaptions in a tropical rainforest?

A
  • competition for light
  • shade tolerance
  • layered structure
  • wet soil tolerance
79
Q

What are notable features in a tropical rainforest?

A

high biodiversity and biomass; second most abundant after boreal forest

80
Q

What is the human footprint in tropical rainforests?

A
  • logging
  • burning
  • cattle ranching
  • agriculture
81
Q

What is the climate like in a tropical seasonal forest/monsoon forest?

A

Tropical monsoon:

Average temp: 28 degrees
Normally around the same temperature

Total precipitation:
193 cm
Little to no rain in summer months (Dec-Mar)
Most precipitation in the winter months (Jun-Sept)

82
Q

What is the vegetation in a tropical seasonal forest?

A

broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs

83
Q

What are the adaptations in a tropical seasonal forest?

A
  • extreme tolerance for humidity
  • annual leaf growth
  • fire tolerance
84
Q

What are the notable features of tropical seasonal forests?

A

dominated by the monsoon

high biodiversity

85
Q

What is the human footprint of tropical seasonal forests?

A

mostly converted to agriculture

86
Q

What is the climate like in a temperate deciduous forest?

A

VANCOUVER**

Average temp: 16 degrees
Gets warmer (up to 28 degrees) in the summer months (Jul & Aug)
Colder (down to 2 degrees) in the winter months

Total precipitation: 133 cm
Normally the same amount of rain year round - the most in Mar

87
Q

What is the vegetation in temperate deciduous forests?

A

broadleaf deciduous trees

88
Q

What are the adaptations in temperate deciduous forest?

A
  • annual leaf growth
  • resistance to cold and hot temperatures
89
Q

What are the notable features of temperate deciduous forests?

A

beautiful fall colours

90
Q

What is the human footprint temperate deciduous forests?

A

agricultural and urban conversion and logging

91
Q

What is the climate like in temperate rainforests?

A

Marine west coast:

Average temperature: 10 degrees
Gets a bit warmer (up to 25 degrees) in the summer months (Jul & Aug)
Gets a bit cold in the winter months (Nov - Feb)

Total precipitation: 119 cm
Most rain in the winter months (Nov - Feb)
Less rain in the summer (Jun-Sept)

92
Q

What is the vegetation in temperate rainforests?

A

needleleaf and broadleaf trees

epiphytes

bryophytes

shrubs

ferns

93
Q

What are the adaptations in a temperate rainforest?

A

layered forest structure

long life span

shade tolerant

gap dynamic regeneration

94
Q

What are the notable features in a temperate rainforest?

A

valuable wood

relatively high biodiversity for their latitude

great productivity and biomass

scarce

high conservation value

95
Q

What is the human footprint on temperate rainforests?

A

logging

urban conversion

96
Q

What kind of climate does a boreal forest have?

A

Subarctic:

Average temp: -1 degrees
Gets the coldest or below 0 (down to -25 degrees) in the winter months (Nov-Mar)
Gets the warmest (up to 18 degrees) in the summer months (Jun-Sept)

Total precipitation: 35 cm
Barely any rain year round
The most rain is in the summer months (Jun-Aug)

97
Q

What is the vegetation in boreal forests?

A

needleleaf evergreen trees

98
Q

What are the adaptations in boreal forests?

A

frost resistance

structure optimized for low light

99
Q

What are the notable features in Boreal forests?

A

world’s most abundant forest

crazy summer bugs

only found in the Northern Hemisphere

100
Q

What is the human footprint in boreal forests?

A

No significant human footprint

101
Q

What is the climate like in Montane forests?

A

Cold mountain:

Average temp: 11 degrees
Coldest (down to 4 degrees) in the winter months (Nov-Mar)
Warmest (up to 19 degrees) in summer months (Jun-Sept)

Total precipitation: 74cm
Little rain in winter/spring months (Oct-May)
Rains the most in Jul-Aug

102
Q

What is the vegetation in montane forests?

A

needleleaf trees in the Northern Hemisphere

Broadleaf trees in southern Hemisphere

103
Q

What are the adaptations montane forests?

A

resistance to cold temperatures

fire

drought

104
Q

What are the notable features of montane forests?

A

Very diverse since they occur at all latitudes

105
Q

What is the human footprint on montane forests?

A

logging

fire suppression

106
Q

What are the objectives of planted forests?

A

Timber production

Non-timber products and services

Protection and resoration

107
Q

What are the timber products of planted forests?

A

Pulp

Fiber and particle boards

Solid lumber

Veneer

108
Q

What are the specialty plantations of planted forests?

A

Bamboo plantation

agroforestry

109
Q

What are NON-forestry products of plantations?

A

Fruits

Palm oil

Cork

110
Q

Out of planted forests, natural forests, agriculture, and grazing, which is the most productive (produces the most wood supply per global area)?

A

planted forests - by a long shot!

111
Q

Which country has the highest wood supply from plantations and native forests in the world?

A

New Zeland

112
Q

How many ha of plantations are required to supply 100% of global timber demand?

A

371 million ha

113
Q

What percent of total wood supply from plantations is expected to be reached by 2050?

A

60%

114
Q

What is the diameter at breast height (DBH) of a tree measured in?

A

cm

115
Q

Describe the diameter at breast height (DBH) and how it is measured

A

it is tree diameter measured at around 1.3 m above the ground

At the plot or stand level, mean DBH is used: the arithmetic average of all trees in the area

116
Q

What is the height (H), mean height (Hm), and dominant height (HD) of a tree measured in?

A

All measured in METERS (m)

117
Q

Describe height (H), mean height (Hm), and dominant height (HD) and how they are measured.

A

(H) tree height from the ground to the highest tip

(Hm) arithmetic mean of all trees in the plot or stand

(HD) mean of largest trees in the area (e.g., largest ever 100 m2)

118
Q

What is tree density (Nha) measured in?)

A

trees/ha

119
Q

Describe tree density (Nha) and how it is measured

A

number of trees in a hectare (typically extrapolated)

Tree density is, by default, an area-level metric

synonym: STOCKING DENSITY

120
Q

What is basal area (G) measured in?

A

m2 and m2/ha

is also Gha - basal area per hectare

121
Q

Describe basal area (G) and how is measured

A

G is an area of cross-section of a tree at DBH
* the average amount of an AREA (usually an acre) OCCUPIED BY TREE STEMS

at the plot or stand level, G can also be expressed as the sum of basal area of all trees in a hectare (typically extrapolated)

122
Q

What is timber volume (V), volume per hectare (Vha), and total volume (VT) all measured in?

A

(V) - m3
(Vha) - m3/ha
(VT) - m3

123
Q

Describe what timber volume (V), volume per hectare (Vha), and total volume (VT) are and how they are measured

A

V - timber volume from ground to tip

Vha - at plot or stand level, sum of timber volume of all trees

VT - at plot or stand level, total timber volume in a given stand

124
Q

What is merchantable volume?

A

It is volume EXCLUDING the stump (e.g., 30 cm height) and treetop (e.g., less than 10 cm in diameter)

125
Q

What is an attribute of forests, according to the FAO definition?

A

Canopy cover of more than 10%

126
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

a chain of carbohydrate molecules

127
Q

What is cellulose?

A

crystalline, strong polysaccharide that provides structure to cell walls (~40% of wood)

128
Q

What is hemicellulose?

A

amorphous weak polysaccharide that supports attachment with lignin (~30% of wood)

129
Q

What is lignin?

A

rigid, durable polymer that reinforces cell walls (~30% of wood)

130
Q

What is a forest product?

A

any monetizable market demand obtainable from a forest

131
Q

What are the 4 classifications of forest products?

A

Timber forest product

Non-timber forest product

Forest service

Fuel

132
Q

Describe what a timber forest product is

A

anything made of recognizable wood or wood fibers

133
Q

Describe what a non-timber forest product is

A

physical good obtained from the forest, excluding wood

134
Q

Describe what forest service is

A

provision depending on a forest but not extracting physical goods from it (ex. wedding location)

135
Q

What are the 4 classifications of non-timber forest products? Give 1 or 2 examples for each

A
  1. Flora - latex, oil
  2. Fauna - food, fur
  3. Soil - sand, clay
  4. Water - drinking water, industrial water
136
Q

What are the 3 classifications of forest services? Provide 1 or 2 examples for each

A

Ecotourism - lodges, trails, sightseeing

Biomass - carbon credits

Conservation - direct payments for conservation

137
Q

What is forest value?

A

anything the forest can provide whether monetizable or not

Values with prices are difficult to calculate

Values that are invaluable (ex. spirituality or sense of place, etc.)

138
Q

What sections are forest values separated into?

A

Material

Non-material

Forestry 100 (Final) (2 decks)

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