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1
Q

What is action potential?

A

A rapid electrical impulse that travels along the membrane of a neuron, resulting from the movement of ions in and out of the cell.

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2
Q

What is adaptive Immunity (Specific)?

A

A part of the immune system that learns to recognize and eliminate specific pathogens, involving B and T lymphocytes and the production of antibodies.

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3
Q

What is aestivation?

A

A state of dormancy or inactivity in animals during hot or dry periods, similar to hibernation but occurring in response to heat.

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The set of metabolic processes that build up larger molecules from smaller ones, typically requiring energy, such as the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

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5
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein produced by B cells that specifically binds to antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

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6
Q

What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance by reducing urine production.

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule or substance that is recognized by the immune system as foreign, triggering an immune response.

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8
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released to send signals to the next cell.

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9
Q

What is a bacterium?

A

A single-celled microorganism that can exist either as a free-living organism or as a parasite, some of which can cause disease.

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10
Q

What is B Cell Memory?

A

A type of B cell that remains in the body after an infection has been cleared, providing long-term immunity by quickly responding to the same antigen if encountered again.

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11
Q

What is B Cell Plasma?

A

A type of B cell that produces large quantities of antibodies to fight off infections during the immune response.

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12
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy, such as the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration.

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13
Q

What is Cell Receptor Specificity?

A

The ability of a cell receptor to bind only to a specific molecule, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter.

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14
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and sending out signals throughout the body.

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15
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli, such as the taste buds on the tongue or the olfactory receptors in the nose.

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16
Q

What are Connector Neurons?

A

Also known as interneurons, these neurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.

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17
Q

What are defensins?

A

Small antimicrobial peptides produced by the immune system that help to protect against infection by destroying the membranes of pathogens.

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18
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The branched projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body.

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19
Q

What does Disease Congenital mean?

A

A disease or disorder present from birth, which can result from genetic factors or environmental influences during pregnancy.

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20
Q

What does Disease Infectious mean?

A

A disease caused by the invasion of a host organism by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

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21
Q

What does Disease Zoonotic mean?

A

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, such as rabies or Lyme disease.

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22
Q

What are effectors?

A

Organs, tissues, or cells that respond to a signal from the nervous or endocrine system to produce a physiological response, such as muscles or glands.

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23
Q

What is a Feedback Loop (Positive & Negative):?

A

Mechanisms in the body that regulate processes. Positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g., blood clotting), while negative feedback reduces a change (e.g., regulation of blood glucose levels).

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24
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

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25
Q

What is Glucose Regulation?

A

The process by which the body maintains blood glucose levels within a narrow range, involving hormones like insulin and glucagon.

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26
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes, involving various physiological mechanisms.

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27
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger produced by glands in the body that travels through the bloodstream to target organs, regulating various biological processes.

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28
Q

What is Hormone Specificity?

A

The concept that each hormone binds only to specific receptors on or in its target cells, ensuring precise regulation of biological processes.

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29
Q

What is hibernation?

A

A state of prolonged dormancy in animals during cold periods, where metabolic activity is significantly reduced to conserve energy.

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30
Q

What is histamine?

A

A compound released by immune cells during an allergic or inflammatory response, causing symptoms like swelling, redness, and itching.

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31
Q

What is a Hypothalamus?

A

A region of the brain that controls many bodily functions, including temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

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32
Q

What is Active Immunity (Natural & Artificial)?

A

Active immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies. Natural active immunity comes from infection; artificial active immunity comes from vaccination.

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33
Q

What is Passive Immunity (Natural & Artificial)?

A

Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies. Natural passive immunity is passed from mother to child; artificial passive immunity is provided through antibody-containing serum.

34
Q

What is Immunoglobulin?

A

Is another term for antibodies, these are proteins produced by B cells that specifically bind to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.

35
Q

What is the Inflammatory Response?

A

A part of the immune response that involves the activation of immune cells and release of substances like histamines to combat infection and heal injury.

36
Q

What is Innate Immunity?

A

The non-specific first line of defense against pathogens, including physical barriers (like skin) and immune cells that respond to all foreign invaders in the same way.

37
Q

What is Insulin?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

38
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Proteins released by cells in response to viral infections, which help to inhibit the replication of viruses and activate other immune responses.

39
Q

What is Kleptothermy?

A

The behavior of animals that share body heat with others to reduce energy expenditure, often seen in animals that huddle together.

40
Q

What is a Mechanoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion, such as touch receptors in the skin or stretch receptors in muscles.

41
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism, including both anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) processes.

42
Q

What is a Motor Neuron?

A

A type of neuron that transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands, causing them to act.

43
Q

What is a Neural Cleft/Synapse?

A

The small gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit a signal from one neuron to the next.

44
Q

What is a Neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical messengers released by neurons that transmit signals across a synapse to another cell.

45
Q

What is a Nocireceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that detects pain or harmful stimuli, sending signals to the brain for processing.

46
Q

What is an Osmoreceptor/ mechanoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that detects changes in osmotic pressure, important in regulating the body’s water balance.

47
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

The process by which an organism regulates the balance of water and electrolytes in its body, maintaining homeostasis.

48
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on or in a host organism, deriving nutrients at the host’s expense, often causing harm.

49
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus, that causes disease in its host.

50
Q

What is Pathogenesis?

A

The process by which a disease develops, including the mechanism of infection and progression in the host organism.

51
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including nerves and sensory receptors.

52
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

The process by which certain immune cells, like macrophages, engulf and digest pathogens or debris.

53
Q

What is Photoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor in the eye that detects light, enabling vision.

54
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A

A small gland at the base of the brain that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions, often called the “master gland.”

55
Q

What are Plant Antimicrobial Compounds?

A

Chemical substances produced by plants to defend against pathogens, including phytoalexins and other secondary metabolites.

56
Q

What are Plant Toxins?

A

Toxic substances produced by plants to deter herbivores or kill pathogens, such as alkaloids and tannins.

57
Q

What is Primary (First line) Defence?

A

The initial barriers and immune responses that protect an organism from infection, including skin, mucous membranes, and innate immune cells.

58
Q

What is a Prion?

A

A type of infectious protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases by inducing abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins, such as in mad cow disease.

59
Q

What are Receptor Neurons?

A

Sensory neurons that detect stimuli from the environment and transmit signals to the central nervous system.

60
Q

What are Renal Functional Components?

A

The structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine, including nephrons, glomeruli, and tubules.

61
Q

What is the Secondary Defence?

A

The immune responses that occur after a pathogen has breached primary defenses, involving adaptive immune cells like B and T cells.

62
Q

What are Secondary Metabolites?

A

Organic compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth, development, or reproduction, but often serve as defense mechanisms.

63
Q

What is a Sensory Neuron?

A

Is a type of neuron that transmits sensory information from sensory receptors (such as those for touch, pain, temperature, etc.) to the central nervous system (CNS).

64
Q

What is a Stomata?

A

Small openings on the surface of plant leaves and stems that allow for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out) and transpiration (water vapor loss).

65
Q

What is the Surface Area : Volume Ratio?

A

A ratio that describes the relationship between the surface area of an organism or cell and its volume, crucial in biology as it affects the rate of diffusion, heat exchange, and metabolic processes.

66
Q

What is a T Cell Cytotoxic Killer?

A

A type of T cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells by recognizing antigens presented on their surface, playing a key role in the immune response.

67
Q

What is a T Cell Helper?

A

A type of T cell that assists other cells in the immune response by releasing cytokines that enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and macrophages.

68
Q

What is Tertiary Defence?

A

Advanced immune responses involving specialized cells and processes that eliminate pathogens after secondary defenses have been activated, often referring to memory cells and long-term immunity.

69
Q

What is a Thermoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that detects changes in temperature, allowing organisms to respond to changes in their environment by regulating their internal temperature.

70
Q

What is Thermoregulation?

A

The process by which organisms maintain their internal body temperature within a certain range, despite external temperature changes, using mechanisms like sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation.

71
Q

What is the Thyroid?

A

A gland located in the neck that produces hormones (such as thyroxine) that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

72
Q

What is Thyroxine?

A

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism by controlling the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy.

73
Q

What is Torpor?

A

A state of reduced metabolic rate and body temperature, often used by animals to conserve energy during periods of cold or limited food availability, similar to but shorter than hibernation.

74
Q

What is Transmission?

A

The process by which a pathogen spreads from one host to another, which can occur through various routes such as direct contact, airborne particles, or vectors like insects.

75
Q

What is a Vaccination?

A

The process of introducing a vaccine into the body to stimulate the immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a specific pathogen, helping to prevent future infections.

76
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow and heat loss, often in response to cold temperatures to conserve body heat.

77
Q

What is Vasodilatation?

A

The widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow and heat dissipation, often in response to warm temperatures to cool the body.

78
Q

What is a Virus?

A

A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, often causing disease by hijacking the host’s cellular machinery.

79
Q

What is Virulence?

A

The degree to which a pathogen can cause disease; a highly virulent pathogen causes more severe or rapidly progressing disease.

80
Q

What is a Wax Cuticle?

A

A protective, waxy layer covering the surface of plant leaves and stems that helps reduce water loss and provides a barrier against pathogens.

Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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