terms (hsup) Flashcards
dyspnea
SOB, difficult or labored breathing
pleuritic chest pain
-sudden and intense sharp, stabbing, or burning pain in the chest when inhaling and exhaling.
-pain is substernal and may radiate to the neck, shoulders and upper back, upper extremity in general
-made worse by lying down and by respiratory movements and is relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward
cynosis
-bluish discoloration of the lips and nail bed of the fingers and toes in the caucasian population that accompanies inadequate blood oxygen levels
-cardiac and pulmonary problems
clubbing
-thickening and widening of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes result in painless appearance recognized by the loss of the angle the nail and the nail bed
-conditions that chronically interfere with tissue perfusion and nutrition may cause 75% pulmonary disease
-can be a heart dz, PVD, disorders of liver and GI tract
pneumonia
causes of infection, inhalation and aspiration
-often follows influenza
-causes inflmmatory pulmonary response
-cigarrate smoking** high correlation w community acquiered pneumonia (CAP)
-Chest pain sudden- sharp pleuritic, cough hacking.
pulmonary TB
-infectious, inflammatory, systemic
-inhalation of infected airborne particles (droplet)
-global health problem
S/S: productive cough more than 3 wks, weight loss, fever, night sweats, fatigue, malaise, anorexia
lung abscess
-localized accumulation of purulent exudate within lung
-usually as complication of pneumonia
-cause: aspiration associated with alcoholism
-productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, fever
pneumonitis
-acute inflammation of lung tissue, caused by infections
COPD
chronic airflow limitation
- smoking* -most common cause
-characteristic look: shoulders raised, muscle tensed
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, obstructive bronchiolitis
-often above disease co-exist
Chronic bronchitis
productive cough lasting at least 3 months, 2 consecutive years, decreased FEV1/FVX 75%
-inflammation, scarring of bronchial lining
-obstructs airflow, increases mucus production
-air trapping
-persistent cough with expectoration, sputum production, SOB, prolonged expiration, recurrent infectious
emphysema
-pathologic accumulation if air in tissues, esp lungs - over distention of air spaces, airway trapping
-cigarrate smoking**
-most people w COPD have it
-Tachypnea w prolongued expiration
- accessory ms use, leans forward, braces UEs
-Barrel chest, anxiety
ashtma
-reversible obstructive lung disease
-inflammation, increased smooth ms reaction of airways to stimuli
-most common chronic disease in adults
-any age, occurs before age 5
risk factors: air pollution, chest constriction, cough, prolonged expiration, tachycardia-penia
cor pulmonale
enlargment of right ventricle secondary to PH
-causes: pulmonary vascular disease and respiratory diseases- especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
-may appear only during exercise testing
disorders of pleural space
pneumothorax, pleurisy, pleural effusion, pleural empyema, pleural fibrosis
pneumothorax
accumulation of air or gas in pleural cavity
-result in collapse of lung on affected side
-dyspnea
others: sharp pleural chest pain, fall in BP, cessation of normal respiratory movements on affected side
-asymmetric chest, trachea deviation
hemopneumothorax
both air and blood escape into pleural space- from chest trauma
pleurisy
AKA pleuritis
-inflammation of pleura
-sharp sticking chest pain, worse on inspiration, coughing/sneezing
-pleural rub on auscultation
-aspirin+ time, NSAIDS, antibiotics if infection
pleural effusion
collection of fluid in pleural space
-common w heart failure, lymphatic obstructions (neoplasm)
more common in older adults
-dyspnea on exertion that progresses, nonspecific chest discomfort may be pleuritiic, sharp pain by coughing or breathing
SS- of underlying contition
pleural empyema
infected pleural effusion
accumulation of pus
complication of pleurisy or other respiratory disease
sarcoidosis
-granulomatous inflammation present throughout body
-lung involved in 90% of cases
mostly 20-40 years old, only 1/2 have only dry cough and dyspnea
lung cancer
-malignancy of epithelium of respiratory tract
-most frequent cause of cancer death in US
-cigarrette smoking* 1# cause
-adrenal gland is most frequent exranodal met, lungs most frequent site of mets from other types of cancer, prevention is key
pulmonary embolism
-lodging of blood(or air, fat), clot in pulmonary artery
most common cause of sudden death in hospitalized pop
-DVT in prox deep venous system= most common cause
major risk: immobility, abdominal or pelvic surgery, hip/knee replacement, late pregnancy, C section, LE fractures, pelvic, apprehension, cough
-prophylalctic anticoagulants
-thrombolytic agents, mechanical compression
pulmonary hypertension
high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
-primary is rare- young/ middle ager women
-secondary: any resp or cardiovascular disorder that increases volume or pressure of blood entering PA, obstructs PA, increases pressure of blood leaving hear (pulm veins)
-Atypical cardiorespiratory symptoms- fatigue, weakness, chest pain, syncope, peripheral edema, abdominal distention, unexplained SOB
status asthmaticus
-acute attack that cannot be altered with routine care
-medical emergency requiring more vigorous pharmacologic and support measures
