terms (hsup)

Question 1

dyspnea

Answer 1

SOB, difficult or labored breathing

Question 2

pleuritic chest pain

Answer 2

-sudden and intense sharp, stabbing, or burning pain in the chest when inhaling and exhaling.
-pain is substernal and may radiate to the neck, shoulders and upper back, upper extremity in general
-made worse by lying down and by respiratory movements and is relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward

Question 3

cynosis

Answer 3

-bluish discoloration of the lips and nail bed of the fingers and toes in the caucasian population that accompanies inadequate blood oxygen levels
-cardiac and pulmonary problems

Question 4

clubbing

Answer 4

-thickening and widening of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes result in painless appearance recognized by the loss of the angle the nail and the nail bed
-conditions that chronically interfere with tissue perfusion and nutrition may cause 75% pulmonary disease
-can be a heart dz, PVD, disorders of liver and GI tract

Question 5

pneumonia

Answer 5

causes of infection, inhalation and aspiration
-often follows influenza
-causes inflmmatory pulmonary response
-cigarrate smoking** high correlation w community acquiered pneumonia (CAP)

-Chest pain sudden- sharp pleuritic, cough hacking.

Question 6

pulmonary TB

Answer 6

-infectious, inflammatory, systemic
-inhalation of infected airborne particles (droplet)
-global health problem
S/S: productive cough more than 3 wks, weight loss, fever, night sweats, fatigue, malaise, anorexia

Question 7

lung abscess

Answer 7

-localized accumulation of purulent exudate within lung
-usually as complication of pneumonia
-cause: aspiration associated with alcoholism
-productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, fever

Question 8

pneumonitis

Answer 8

-acute inflammation of lung tissue, caused by infections

Question 9

COPD

Answer 9

chronic airflow limitation
- smoking* -most common cause
-characteristic look: shoulders raised, muscle tensed
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, obstructive bronchiolitis
-often above disease co-exist

Question 10

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 10

productive cough lasting at least 3 months, 2 consecutive years, decreased FEV1/FVX 75%
-inflammation, scarring of bronchial lining
-obstructs airflow, increases mucus production
-air trapping
-persistent cough with expectoration, sputum production, SOB, prolonged expiration, recurrent infectious

Question 11

emphysema

Answer 11

-pathologic accumulation if air in tissues, esp lungs - over distention of air spaces, airway trapping
-cigarrate smoking**
-most people w COPD have it
-Tachypnea w prolongued expiration
- accessory ms use, leans forward, braces UEs
-Barrel chest, anxiety

Question 12

ashtma

Answer 12

-reversible obstructive lung disease
-inflammation, increased smooth ms reaction of airways to stimuli
-most common chronic disease in adults
-any age, occurs before age 5
risk factors: air pollution, chest constriction, cough, prolonged expiration, tachycardia-penia

Question 13

cor pulmonale

Answer 13

enlargment of right ventricle secondary to PH
-causes: pulmonary vascular disease and respiratory diseases- especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
-may appear only during exercise testing

Question 14

disorders of pleural space

Answer 14

pneumothorax, pleurisy, pleural effusion, pleural empyema, pleural fibrosis

Question 15

pneumothorax

Answer 15

accumulation of air or gas in pleural cavity
-result in collapse of lung on affected side
-dyspnea
others: sharp pleural chest pain, fall in BP, cessation of normal respiratory movements on affected side
-asymmetric chest, trachea deviation

Question 16

hemopneumothorax

Answer 16

both air and blood escape into pleural space- from chest trauma

Question 17

pleurisy

Answer 17

AKA pleuritis
-inflammation of pleura
-sharp sticking chest pain, worse on inspiration, coughing/sneezing
-pleural rub on auscultation
-aspirin+ time, NSAIDS, antibiotics if infection

Question 18

pleural effusion

Answer 18

collection of fluid in pleural space
-common w heart failure, lymphatic obstructions (neoplasm)
more common in older adults
-dyspnea on exertion that progresses, nonspecific chest discomfort may be pleuritiic, sharp pain by coughing or breathing
SS- of underlying contition

Question 19

pleural empyema

Answer 19

infected pleural effusion
accumulation of pus
complication of pleurisy or other respiratory disease

Question 20

sarcoidosis

Answer 20

-granulomatous inflammation present throughout body
-lung involved in 90% of cases
mostly 20-40 years old, only 1/2 have only dry cough and dyspnea

Question 21

lung cancer

Answer 21

-malignancy of epithelium of respiratory tract
-most frequent cause of cancer death in US
-cigarrette smoking* 1# cause
-adrenal gland is most frequent exranodal met, lungs most frequent site of mets from other types of cancer, prevention is key

Question 22

pulmonary embolism

Answer 22

-lodging of blood(or air, fat), clot in pulmonary artery
most common cause of sudden death in hospitalized pop
-DVT in prox deep venous system= most common cause
major risk: immobility, abdominal or pelvic surgery, hip/knee replacement, late pregnancy, C section, LE fractures, pelvic, apprehension, cough
-prophylalctic anticoagulants
-thrombolytic agents, mechanical compression

Question 23

pulmonary hypertension

Answer 23

high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
-primary is rare- young/ middle ager women
-secondary: any resp or cardiovascular disorder that increases volume or pressure of blood entering PA, obstructs PA, increases pressure of blood leaving hear (pulm veins)
-Atypical cardiorespiratory symptoms- fatigue, weakness, chest pain, syncope, peripheral edema, abdominal distention, unexplained SOB

Question 24

status asthmaticus

Answer 24

-acute attack that cannot be altered with routine care
-medical emergency requiring more vigorous pharmacologic and support measures

Question 25

bronchiectasis

Answer 25

-irreversible destruction and dilation of airways
-associated w chronic bacterial infectious
SS: persistent coughing large amounts of purulent sputum
-CF causes 1/2 of cases

Question 26

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 26

daytime sluggishness, sleepiness, fatigue
-night: loud snoring, restless, thrashing, waking/gasping
-increases risk of hypertension, angina, MI, arrytmias, ischemic stroke
children- primary symptom is hyperactivity
-CPAP during sleep
-treatment can improve QDL and overall health, productivity
-sleep monitoring* (overnight polysomography)

Question 27

restrictive lung diseases

Answer 27

-any condition that reduces lung volume and decreases compliance
-pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis lung diseases, chest wall trauma
-neurological (CHI, SCI, ALS, GB, myasthenia gravis) MSK disease, etc
-PFTs show decreased total lung capacity

Question 28

pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 28

-interstitial lung disease
-ephiyhelial damage if chronic inflammation - progressive scarring

Question 29

systemic sclerosis lung disease

Answer 29

-scleroderma
- autoimmune disease of connective tissue- skin, then lungs especially (ave 7 years later)

Question 30

chest wall trauma

Answer 30

range: superficial, fail chest, tension pneumothorax
-CMs= hemopneumothorax, fractured ribs can lacerate abd organs, BP, blood vessels
-complications of flail chest

Question 31

flail chest

Answer 31

-fractures of 2+ ribs on same side, each bone fractured into 2segments (free floating)
-atelectasis, excruciating pain, severe dyspena, hypoventilation, cyanosis, hypoxemia, respiratory failure

Question 32

pneumoconiosis

Answer 32

-dusty lungs
-any group of lung diseases from inhaling particles of industrial substances
- iron ore, coal, silicosis, asbestosis

Question 33

cystic fibrosis

Answer 33

-inherited disorder of ion transport- sodium and chloride
-most common inherited genetic disease in whites
-infant “tastes” salty when you kiss them
-overproduction of viscous mucus and deficiency of pancreatic enzymes
-chronic cough, purulent sputum, infections, hypoxia, clubbing, cyanosis, hypercapnia
-sweat test for diagnosis

Question 34

atelactasis

Answer 34

-collapse of normally expanded and aerated lung tissue
-primary cause: obstruction of bronchus
-by tumor, mucus, foreign material
-SS- dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, temp elevation, drop in BP, substernal retractions, shock

Question 35

pulmonary edema

Answer 35

-excessive fluid in lungs leaks into alveolar spaces, interstitial tissue or both
-common complication of many diseases
-older people w left sided heart failure, acute HTN, mitral valve dx, kidney/liver disorders, IV narcotics, etc
- severe edema-cough produces frothy suptum tinged w blood looks pink, hypoxia, less responsive, may lose consciousness

Question 36

ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)

Answer 36

-often fatal complication of serious illness, trauma, or surgery
-most often in younger adults w traumatic injuries
-within 12-24 hours: increased respiratory rate (shallow, rapid breathing), dyspnea, hyperventilation, changes on chest radiograph

Question 37

auscultation

Answer 37

-action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs other organs, typically with a stethoscope

Question 38

compliance

Answer 38

-measure of expansion of the lung
-critical to the proper function of the respiratory system

Question 39

CPAP (Continuous positive airway pressure)

Answer 39

-continuous positive airway pressure
-most common treatment for OSA
-machine uses a hose connected to a mask or nonspiece to deliver constant and steady air pressure to help breathe when sleeping

Question 40

PEEP (Positive end expiratory pressure)

Answer 40

-mode of therapy used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation
-maintains the patients airway pressure above the atmospheric level by exerting pressure that opposes passive emptying of the lung

Question 41

Iatrogenic

Answer 41

relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment

Question 42

mucolytic

Answer 42

-medicines that thin mucus, making it less thick and sticky and easier to cough up
-used to treat respiratory conditions characterized by excessive or thickened mucus, such as a chesty cough.

Question 43

palliative

Answer 43

-(of a medicine or medical care), relieving pain without dealing with the cause of the condition
-specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness
-focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness
-goal is to improve quality of the life for both the patients and the family.

Question 44

perfusion

Answer 44

-passage of fluid through circulatory system (blood stream) or lymphatic system to organ or tissue, usually referring to delivery of blood to an area.

Question 45

prophylaxis

Answer 45

action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease

Question 46

spirometry

Answer 46

-most basic and frequently performed test of pulmonary (lung) function
-measures how much air the lungs can hold and how well the respiratory system is able to move the air into and out the lungs

Question 47

ACTs (airway clearance techniques)

Answer 47

-percussion, postural drainage, vibration, deep breathing, cough assisted techniques, use of mechanical devices (flutter, acapella)