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PBIO 1140 > Terms for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Terms for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; major source of usable chemical energy in metabolism. In hydrolysis, ATP loses one phosphate to become adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing usable energy.

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2
Q

Alkaloids

A

Bitter-tasting nitrogenous compounds that are basic in their chemical properties; include morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine.

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3
Q

Amylopectin

A

a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants.

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3
Q

Amino Acids

A

Nitrogen-containing organic acids, the units, or “building blocks,” from which protein molecules are built

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4
Q

Amylose

A

the crystallizable form of starch, consisting of long unbranched polysaccharide chains.

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5
Q

Anthocyanins

A

are a group of deep red, purple and blue pigments found in plants. They’re part of a larger category of plant-based chemicals called flavonoids. Flavonoids are abundant in all parts of plants: fruits, seeds, shoots, flowers and leaves

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6
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

The father of microbiology

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7
Q

Apical Meristem

A

the meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant

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8
Q

Axillary bud

A

Describing bus or branches arising in the axil of a leaf

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9
Q

Bacteria

A

The phylogentic domain consisting of all prokaryotes that are not member of the domain Archaea.

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10
Q

Carbohydrate

A

An organic compound consist of a chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached in a 2:1 ratio

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11
Q

Castor Bean

A

2 Cotyledons, nutrient source is endosperm, Epigeous, hypocotyl

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction; enzymes are catalysts

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13
Q

Cell

A

The structural unit of organisms; in plants, cells consists of the cell wall and the protoplast

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14
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells
The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism and this
information is passed form parent cell to daughter cell
Cells arise from preexisting cells (first proposed by Matthias
Schleiden)

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

a carbohydrate that is the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protists; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed on microfibrils

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16
Q

Chemical Evolution

A

Primitive atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life

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17
Q

Chitin

A

a tough, resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide forming the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of arthropods, and the epidermal cuticle of other surfaces structures of certain protists and animals

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments

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19
Q

Coleoptile

A

The sheath enclosing the apical meristem and leaf primordia of the grass embryo; often interpreted as the first leaf.

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20
Q

Corn

A

1 cotyledon, nutrient comes from the endosperm, hypogeous, coleoptile

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21
Q

Cotyledons

A

Seed leaf; generally absorbs food in monocotyledons and stores food in other angiosperms

22
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy or fatty layer on the outer wall of epidermal cells formed cutin and wax

23
Q

Cutin

A

Fatty substances deposited in many plant cell walls and on the outer surface of epidermal cell walls, where if forms a later known as the cuticle

24
Q

dehydration

A

The synthesis of a compound or molecule involving the removal of water. Also, called a condensation reaction and creates disaccharides

25
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Carrier of genetic information in cells; composed of chains of phosphate, sugar molecules, and purines

26
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A five ribbon carbon sugar with one fewer atom of oxygen than ribose; a component of deoxyribonucleic acid

27
Q

Descriptive science

A

Describes reality

28
Q

Dicotyledon

A

obsolete term used to refer to all angiosperms other than monocoytledons; characterized by having two cotyledons

29
Q

Disaccharide

A

a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugars molecules linked by a covalent bond, sucrose is an example

30
Q

Element

A

A substance composed of only one kind of atom; one of more than 100 distinct natural or synthetic types of matter that singly or in combination compose virtually all materials of the universe.

31
Q

Embryo

A

in plants, a young sporophyte before the start of a period of rapid growth (germination in seed plants)

32
Q

endosperm

A

a tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the union of a male nucleus and the polar nuclei of the central cell; it is digested by the growing sporophyte before of after maturation of the seed; found only in angiosperms.

33
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

A symbiotic relation in which one or more orgainsms live within the cells or body of a host without doing harm

34
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy but itself unaltered un the process a biological catalyst

35
Q

Epicotyl

A

The upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the point of insertion of the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf or leaves.

36
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of cells of the leaf and young stems and roots primary in origin

37
Q

Epigeous

A

a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are carried above ground level

38
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A
39
Q

Tissues

A

dermal, ground, vasculature

40
Q

Dermal

A

Skin layer of the plant, epidermis, guard cells and gas exchange

41
Q

Vasculature

A

Vascular tissues, Xylem Phloem

42
Q

Ground Tissues

A

collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma

43
Q

Xylem

A

Water exchange

44
Q

Phloem

A

mineral exchange

45
Q

stomata

A

gas exchange on the shoot and leaves usually with guard cells

46
Q

Spongy Parenchyma

A

Used for gas exchange on a leaf along with photosynthesis

47
Q

Secondary Metabolites

A

Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Phenolics

48
Q

primary metabolites

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

49
Q

palisade parenchyma

A

Photosynthesis and light capture

50
Q

Guard Cells

A

Gas exchange

51
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Monocots, no primary root just multiple roots coming from the shoot system

52
Q

Mesophyll

A

the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.

PBIO 1140 (6 decks)

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