Terms for Exam 1 Flashcards
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; major source of usable chemical energy in metabolism. In hydrolysis, ATP loses one phosphate to become adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing usable energy.
Alkaloids
Bitter-tasting nitrogenous compounds that are basic in their chemical properties; include morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine.
Amylopectin
a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants.
Amino Acids
Nitrogen-containing organic acids, the units, or “building blocks,” from which protein molecules are built
Amylose
the crystallizable form of starch, consisting of long unbranched polysaccharide chains.
Anthocyanins
are a group of deep red, purple and blue pigments found in plants. They’re part of a larger category of plant-based chemicals called flavonoids. Flavonoids are abundant in all parts of plants: fruits, seeds, shoots, flowers and leaves
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
The father of microbiology
Apical Meristem
the meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant
Axillary bud
Describing bus or branches arising in the axil of a leaf
Bacteria
The phylogentic domain consisting of all prokaryotes that are not member of the domain Archaea.
Carbohydrate
An organic compound consist of a chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached in a 2:1 ratio
Castor Bean
2 Cotyledons, nutrient source is endosperm, Epigeous, hypocotyl
Catalyst
a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction; enzymes are catalysts
Cell
The structural unit of organisms; in plants, cells consists of the cell wall and the protoplast
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells
The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism and this
information is passed form parent cell to daughter cell
Cells arise from preexisting cells (first proposed by Matthias
Schleiden)
Cellulose
a carbohydrate that is the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protists; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed on microfibrils
Chemical Evolution
Primitive atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life
Chitin
a tough, resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide forming the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of arthropods, and the epidermal cuticle of other surfaces structures of certain protists and animals
Chloroplast
a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments
Coleoptile
The sheath enclosing the apical meristem and leaf primordia of the grass embryo; often interpreted as the first leaf.
Corn
1 cotyledon, nutrient comes from the endosperm, hypogeous, coleoptile
Cotyledons
Seed leaf; generally absorbs food in monocotyledons and stores food in other angiosperms
Cuticle
Waxy or fatty layer on the outer wall of epidermal cells formed cutin and wax
Cutin
Fatty substances deposited in many plant cell walls and on the outer surface of epidermal cell walls, where if forms a later known as the cuticle
dehydration
The synthesis of a compound or molecule involving the removal of water. Also, called a condensation reaction and creates disaccharides
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Carrier of genetic information in cells; composed of chains of phosphate, sugar molecules, and purines
Deoxyribose
A five ribbon carbon sugar with one fewer atom of oxygen than ribose; a component of deoxyribonucleic acid
Descriptive science
Describes reality
Dicotyledon
obsolete term used to refer to all angiosperms other than monocoytledons; characterized by having two cotyledons
Disaccharide
a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugars molecules linked by a covalent bond, sucrose is an example
Element
A substance composed of only one kind of atom; one of more than 100 distinct natural or synthetic types of matter that singly or in combination compose virtually all materials of the universe.
Embryo
in plants, a young sporophyte before the start of a period of rapid growth (germination in seed plants)
endosperm
a tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the union of a male nucleus and the polar nuclei of the central cell; it is digested by the growing sporophyte before of after maturation of the seed; found only in angiosperms.
Endosymbiosis Theory
A symbiotic relation in which one or more orgainsms live within the cells or body of a host without doing harm
Enzyme
a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy but itself unaltered un the process a biological catalyst
Epicotyl
The upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the point of insertion of the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf or leaves.
Epidermis
The outermost layer of cells of the leaf and young stems and roots primary in origin
Epigeous
a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are carried above ground level
Eukaryotic cell
Tissues
dermal, ground, vasculature
Dermal
Skin layer of the plant, epidermis, guard cells and gas exchange
Vasculature
Vascular tissues, Xylem Phloem
Ground Tissues
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma
Xylem
Water exchange
Phloem
mineral exchange
stomata
gas exchange on the shoot and leaves usually with guard cells
Spongy Parenchyma
Used for gas exchange on a leaf along with photosynthesis
Secondary Metabolites
Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Phenolics
primary metabolites
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
palisade parenchyma
Photosynthesis and light capture
Guard Cells
Gas exchange
Fibrous root system
Monocots, no primary root just multiple roots coming from the shoot system
Mesophyll
the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.
