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PBIO 1140 > PBIO EXAM 1 > Flashcards

PBIO EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Life Process”?

A

Molecules, Cells, Embryo, Individual, Adaptation

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2
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms that are forced together through sharing electrons.

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3
Q

What is a covalent chemical bond?

A

The forces of sharing electrons

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4
Q

Since breaking chemical bonds requires energy, a _____ represents
the smallest unit with the composition and properties of a substance.

A

Molecule

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5
Q

Which molecules make up the most dry weight?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

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6
Q

What are the 6 major elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and sulfur

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7
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, Glyceraldehyde, Ribose, Glucose

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8
Q

What is the biological function of carbohydrates?

A

The most abundant organic molecule in nature and the primary energy-store molecules for life.

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9
Q

What is the biological functions of lipids?

A

Store energy, Cell membranes, stabilize membranes hormones, and protection

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10
Q

Other features of lipids

A

are non-polar molecules that will not dissolve in polar solvents such as water thus lipids are the ideal molecule for long term energy storage. they can be “put aside” in a cell and will not dissolve in the watery environment or “leak out” into the rest of the cell

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11
Q

Types of lipids

A

Phospholipids, steroids, cutin, suberin, wax

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12
Q

Types of Polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, Fructan, (energy) cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin (structure)

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13
Q

All carbonhydrates are composed of a monomer form, called ____ or sugar

A

saccharide

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14
Q

Function of Monosaccharides

A

ready energy source

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15
Q

Function of disaccharides

A

Two monosaccarides and transport form in plants

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16
Q

Polysaccarides

A

many monosaccharides, energy storage in plants

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17
Q

Starch

A

major energy storage in plants

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18
Q

Glycogen

A

major energy storage in prokaryotes, fungi, and animals

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

component of plant cell walls

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20
Q

Chitin

A

Component of fungal cell walls

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21
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol, energy storage

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22
Q

Oils

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol, major energy storage in seeds and fruits

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23
Q

Fats

A

major energy storage in animals

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24
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + 1 phosphate group. Major component of all cell membranes

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25
Q

Cutin, suberin, and waxes

A

vary complex lipid structures, protection

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26
Q

Steroids

A

Four linked hydrocarbon rings, components of cell membranes and hormones

27
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids, numerous functions, including structural and catalytic (enzymes)

28
Q

DNA

A

Nucleotides, carrier of genetic information

29
Q

RNA

A

Nucleotides involved in protein synthesis

30
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Coined the name of “cell”

31
Q

Anton Van leeuwenhoek

A

The father of microbiology

32
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells
The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism, and this information is passed form parent cell to daughter cell
Cells arise from pre-existing cells (first proposed by Rudolf Virchow

33
Q

Protista

A

One chamber, single cell organisms

34
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Fungi, plantae, and animalia

35
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Single membrane surrounding the cell
Thick cell walls, No nucleus, No membrane organelles, No cytoskeleton, and DNA is a single, twist circular chromosome

36
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eurkaryotic cell

A

major cellular features
o Major cellular features , A membrane bound nucleus, Internal organization, (organelles, cytoskeleton)

37
Q

2 types of Science

A

descriptive (describe reality)
Experimental hypothesis testing,
the process of science is the formulation and testing of hypothesis.

38
Q

Five steps of scientific approach

A

observation, question, hypothesis, test/experiment, conclusion

39
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable, falsifiable, simple,

40
Q

Experiments must be

A

testable, repeatable, falsifiable

41
Q

How does science advance?

A

New instruments and methods, influence of social understanding of values, social needs, pure genius

42
Q

Paradigms and scientific revolution

A

Paradigm: a model of concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking
Revolution: a paradigm shift that makes the new paradigm superior to the old one explains wider range of phenomena, explains new findings better,
Genetic engineering revolutionized biology

43
Q

H20 functions

A

Repulsion
Attraction
Hydrogen
Hydrophobic
Attraction that brings oils back together in water
Polar or nonpolar
Charged or non-charged

44
Q

Biological function of proteins

A

structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers

45
Q

Protein structure

A

hemoglobin and protein are the work horses

46
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Cell wall - structure
bread / rice - energy

47
Q

Lipids

A

store energy, cell membranes, stabilize membranes / hormones, protection

48
Q

Proteins

A

structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers

49
Q

Leaf

A

a dorsiventrally flattened organ of a vascular plant

50
Q

petiole

A

a stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem

51
Q

stem

A

the above ground vegetative organ that supports leaves and flowers

52
Q

Root

A

a plant organ that typically grows underground to absorb water and mineral nutrient and stabilize the plant

53
Q

Taproot

A

a large central and dominant part of the root system. it is also known as the primary root

54
Q

Lateral roots

A

those root branches that emerge from the pericycle of the primary root. their horizontal growth dramatically expands the area of the root system

55
Q

Xylem

A

one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form woods element in the stem

56
Q

Phloem

A

one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

57
Q

Meristem

A

one type of plant tissues that consists of stem cells, which are undifferentiated and capable of cell division.

58
Q

Terminal bud

A

the primary growing point at the top of a plant stem

59
Q

axillary bud

A

an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf

60
Q

Phytomere

A

a repetitive functional unit of a plant that is continually produced from root and shoot meristems. A typical phytomere consists of a node to which a leaf is attached, a subtending internode, and an axillary bud at the base of the leaf.

61
Q

Node

A

a point of attachment of a leaf of twig on the stem in seed plants. a node is a very small growth zone

62
Q

Internode

A

a portion of a plant stem between nodes

63
Q

inflorescence

A

a cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or complicated arrangement of branches

64
Q

Pod

A

a type of plant fruit that holds seeds. it is composed of two valves that are derived from carpels and a central septum that bears seeds

PBIO 1140 (6 decks)

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