PBIO EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is the “Life Process”?
Molecules, Cells, Embryo, Individual, Adaptation
What is a molecule?
A molecule is composed of two or more atoms that are forced together through sharing electrons.
What is a covalent chemical bond?
The forces of sharing electrons
Since breaking chemical bonds requires energy, a _____ represents
the smallest unit with the composition and properties of a substance.
Molecule
Which molecules make up the most dry weight?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids
What are the 6 major elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and sulfur
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, Glyceraldehyde, Ribose, Glucose
What is the biological function of carbohydrates?
The most abundant organic molecule in nature and the primary energy-store molecules for life.
What is the biological functions of lipids?
Store energy, Cell membranes, stabilize membranes hormones, and protection
Other features of lipids
are non-polar molecules that will not dissolve in polar solvents such as water thus lipids are the ideal molecule for long term energy storage. they can be “put aside” in a cell and will not dissolve in the watery environment or “leak out” into the rest of the cell
Types of lipids
Phospholipids, steroids, cutin, suberin, wax
Types of Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, Fructan, (energy) cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin (structure)
All carbonhydrates are composed of a monomer form, called ____ or sugar
saccharide
Function of Monosaccharides
ready energy source
Function of disaccharides
Two monosaccarides and transport form in plants
Polysaccarides
many monosaccharides, energy storage in plants
Starch
major energy storage in plants
Glycogen
major energy storage in prokaryotes, fungi, and animals
Cellulose
component of plant cell walls
Chitin
Component of fungal cell walls
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids + glycerol, energy storage
Oils
3 fatty acids + glycerol, major energy storage in seeds and fruits
Fats
major energy storage in animals
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids + glycerol + 1 phosphate group. Major component of all cell membranes
Cutin, suberin, and waxes
vary complex lipid structures, protection
Steroids
Four linked hydrocarbon rings, components of cell membranes and hormones
Proteins
amino acids, numerous functions, including structural and catalytic (enzymes)
DNA
Nucleotides, carrier of genetic information
RNA
Nucleotides involved in protein synthesis
Robert Hooke
Coined the name of “cell”
Anton Van leeuwenhoek
The father of microbiology
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells
The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism, and this information is passed form parent cell to daughter cell
Cells arise from pre-existing cells (first proposed by Rudolf Virchow
Protista
One chamber, single cell organisms
Multicellular organisms
Fungi, plantae, and animalia
Prokaryotic cell
Single membrane surrounding the cell
Thick cell walls, No nucleus, No membrane organelles, No cytoskeleton, and DNA is a single, twist circular chromosome
Prokaryotic vs Eurkaryotic cell
major cellular features
o Major cellular features , A membrane bound nucleus, Internal organization, (organelles, cytoskeleton)
2 types of Science
descriptive (describe reality)
Experimental hypothesis testing,
the process of science is the formulation and testing of hypothesis.
Five steps of scientific approach
observation, question, hypothesis, test/experiment, conclusion
Hypothesis
testable, falsifiable, simple,
Experiments must be
testable, repeatable, falsifiable
How does science advance?
New instruments and methods, influence of social understanding of values, social needs, pure genius
Paradigms and scientific revolution
Paradigm: a model of concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking
Revolution: a paradigm shift that makes the new paradigm superior to the old one explains wider range of phenomena, explains new findings better,
Genetic engineering revolutionized biology
H20 functions
Repulsion
Attraction
Hydrogen
Hydrophobic
Attraction that brings oils back together in water
Polar or nonpolar
Charged or non-charged
Biological function of proteins
structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers
Protein structure
hemoglobin and protein are the work horses
Carbohydrates
Cell wall - structure
bread / rice - energy
Lipids
store energy, cell membranes, stabilize membranes / hormones, protection
Proteins
structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers
Leaf
a dorsiventrally flattened organ of a vascular plant
petiole
a stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem
stem
the above ground vegetative organ that supports leaves and flowers
Root
a plant organ that typically grows underground to absorb water and mineral nutrient and stabilize the plant
Taproot
a large central and dominant part of the root system. it is also known as the primary root
Lateral roots
those root branches that emerge from the pericycle of the primary root. their horizontal growth dramatically expands the area of the root system
Xylem
one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form woods element in the stem
Phloem
one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.
Meristem
one type of plant tissues that consists of stem cells, which are undifferentiated and capable of cell division.
Terminal bud
the primary growing point at the top of a plant stem
axillary bud
an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf
Phytomere
a repetitive functional unit of a plant that is continually produced from root and shoot meristems. A typical phytomere consists of a node to which a leaf is attached, a subtending internode, and an axillary bud at the base of the leaf.
Node
a point of attachment of a leaf of twig on the stem in seed plants. a node is a very small growth zone
Internode
a portion of a plant stem between nodes
inflorescence
a cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or complicated arrangement of branches
Pod
a type of plant fruit that holds seeds. it is composed of two valves that are derived from carpels and a central septum that bears seeds
