Terms - Exam #2

Question 1

What are the three acts of the mind? (review)

Answer 1

1) Simple Apprehension
2) Judgement
3) Reasoning

Question 2

Syllogism

Answer 2

the fundamental building block of categorical logic

Question 3

Enthymeme

Answer 3

A syllogism with an omitted premise or conclusion

Question 4

Validity

Answer 4

A valid argument is such that a true conclusion NECESSARILY follows from true premises.

Question 5

Law of Non-Contradiction

Answer 5

A proposition and its negation cannot both be true. (Ex. “All cats are dogs” and “no cats are dogs”)

Question 6

The Law of Identity

Answer 6

Everything in the universe is the same thing as itself. (Ex. x=x).

Question 7

Law of Excluded Middle

Answer 7

There is no middle ground between truth and falsity; something is either true or false.

Question 8

Consistency

Answer 8

If propositions are consistent, they can both be true at the same time.

Question 9

Implication

Answer 9

When one statement implies another. If A is true, then B must be true.

Question 10

Mood

Answer 10

The the arrangement of the claims in a standard form of syllogism (Ex. AAA, EAE, AII, EIO)

Question 11

Major term

Answer 11

The predicate of the conclusion

Question 12

Minor term

Answer 12

Subject of the conclusion

Question 13

Middle term

Answer 13

The term that only appears in the premises

Question 14

Major premise

Answer 14

Whichever premise the major term is in (the first premise in standard form).

Question 15

Minor premise

Answer 15

Whichever premise the minor term is in (the second premise in standard form).

Question 16

Figure 1 Syllogism

Answer 16

MP
SM
∴ SP

Question 17

Figure 2 Syllogism

Answer 17

PM
SM
∴ SP

Question 18

Figure 3 Syllogism

Answer 18

MP
MS
∴SP

Question 19

Figure 4 Syllogism

Answer 19

MP
SM
∴SP

Question 20

Figure of a Syllogism

Answer 20

Categorization of a syllogism based on the arrangement of the middle terms. Has impact on validity.

Question 21

Distribution

Answer 21

Whether the term includes all which may be categorized under that term. (For example, “All [cats] are [mammals}” does not mean “All [mammals] are [cats]” because the term [mammals] is undistributed. It does not include all mammals.

Question 22

Distribution of an A Claim

Answer 22

Subject distributed, predicate undistributed

Question 23

Distribution of an E Claim

Answer 23

Subject distributed, predicate distributed

Question 24

Distribution of an I Claim

Answer 24

Subject undistributed, predicate undistributed

Question 25

Distribution of an O Claim

Answer 25

Subject undistriubted , predicate distributed

Question 26

Rules of the Syllogism per Aristotle (assuming a standard form categorical syllogism)

Answer 26

1) Only three terms (Fallacy of Four Terms)
2) Only three propositions
3) Middle term must be distributed at least once (Fallacy of Undistributed Middle)
4) Any claim distributed in the premises must be distributed in the conclusion (Fallacy of Illicit Major/Minor)
5) No syllogism may have two negative premises (Fallacy of Two Negative Terms)
6) If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative; if the conclusion is negative, one premise must be negative (the number of negative conclusions must equal the number of negative premises).

Question 27

Particular Corollaries to the Rules of Syllogisms

Answer 27

1) No syllogism may have two particular premises

2) If a syllogism has a particular premise, it must have a particular conclusion

Question 28

EIO (Old Macdonald) Syllogism

Answer 28

Valid in all four figures.

Question 29

Demonstrative Syllogism

Answer 29

A syllogism that proves the essence of something

Question 30

How to construct a demonstrative syllogism

Answer 30

1) Work in reverse, starting with the conclusion
2) Seek the minor premise first - discover what the best possible middle term could be as relating to the minor term.
3) Always use a AAA Fig. 1 (Barbara) syllogism if possible.

Question 31

Sorites

Answer 31

A chain of syllogisms stacked on top of each other

Question 32

Epichirema

Answer 32

A sorites made up of enthymemes