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Logic FA2017 > Terms - Exam #1 > Flashcards

Terms - Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the thirteen good reasons why someone should study logic?

A

1) Order - Logic Builds the Mental Habit of Thinking in an Orderly Way.
2) Power - Logic has the Power of Proof and This Persuasion.
3) Reading - Logic will Help You to Read any book more clearly and effectively.
4) Writing - Logic Will Help You to Write More Clearly and Effectively.
5) Happiness - Logic can Help You Attain Happiness Cause it Helps You Think More Clearly About What you Desire.
6) Religious Faith - Logic can Aid Faith by clarifying, discerning consequences of, and giving firmer reasons for belief.
7) Wisdom - Logic is the main instrument of philosophy and therefore useful for acquiring wisdom.
8) Democracy - Helpful for making rational policy decisions.
9) Logical Limits - Logic is Helpful to Define the Limits of Logic.
10) Testing Authority - Logic is Helpful in Testing Our Authorities.
11) Recognizing Contradictions - Logic Teaches Us Which Ideas Contradict Each Other.
12) Certainty - Logic Has no Inner Limits So Its Always True.
13) Truth - Logic Helps us to Find Truth.

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2
Q

What are the three types of sciences according to Aristotle?

A

1) Productive Sciences
2) Practical Sciences
3) Theoretical Sciences

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the Productive Sciences?

A
  • Knowledge of the world for the sake of improving it, changing it, and making things out of it. “Technology”
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the Practical Sciences?

A
  • Knowledge About Ourselves so we can change and improve our own lives, behaviors, and activities.
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the Theoretical Sciences?

A
  • Knowledge for the sake of knowledge and to expand our consciousness.
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6
Q

What are the two types of logic?

A

1) Mathematical/Symbolic Logic

2) Aristotelian Logic

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7
Q

What is the Paradox of Material Implication?

A
  • When the conclusion is true in a symbolic logic proof, the premise, even if false, proves the truth of the conclusion.
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8
Q

What are the three check points of a deductive argument?

A

1) All terms must be clear.
2) All the Premises Must Be True
3) The Argument Must Be Logically Valid

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9
Q

Define the term “term”.

A

The subject or the predicate of a proposition. Terms are either clear or unclear.

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10
Q

Define the term “proposition”.

A

Declarative sentences are either true or false. There is no infallible way of telling whether any proposition is true or false.

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11
Q

Define the term “argument”.

A

A collection of two or more premises that lead to a conclusion. Arguments are either valid or invalid.

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12
Q

In order to disagree with any conclusion what must be shown?

A

Either

1) There is an Ambiguous Term
2) There is a False Premise
3) There is a Logical Fallacy

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13
Q

What are the three acts of the mind?

A

1) Simple Apprehension
2) Judging
3) Reasoning

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14
Q

What are the mental products of the three acts of the mind?

A

1) Concepts (The Products of Conceiving)
2) Judgements (The Products of Judging)
3) Arguments (The Products of Reasoning or Arguing)

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15
Q

What are the three mental products of the three acts of the mind are expressed in logic as?

A

1) Terms
2) Propositions
3) Arguments (Usually in the form of a syllogism)

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16
Q

What are the the three expressions in logic expressed as in language?

A

1) Words
2) Declarative Sentences
3) Paragraphs

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17
Q

What are the structural parts of a term?

A

There are none. Tricked ya ;)

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18
Q

What are the structural parts of a proposition?

A

1) The Subject Term - What you’re talking about it.

2) The Predicate Term - What you’re saying about the subject.

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19
Q

What are the two structural parts of an argument?

A

1) The Premises - Assumed Proposition

2) The Conclusions - The Proposition that is attempting to be proved.

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20
Q

What question does each of the three expressions in logic answer?

A

1) Term - What it is.
2) Proposition - Whether it is.
3) Argument - Why it is.

21
Q

What different aspects of reality are revealed by each roof the three expressions in logic?

A

1) Term - Essences
2) Propositions - Existence
3) Arguments - Causes

22
Q

Under what conditions and only what conditions is a conclusion true?

A

1) If the Terms Are Clear
2) If the Premises are True
3) If the Logic is Valid.

23
Q

What are the three most basic questions to all humanity?

A

1) What?
2) Whether?
3) Why?

24
Q

What are the five characteristics concepts possess that material things do not?

A

1) Concepts are spiritual (immaterial.)
2) Concepts are abstract. (The essential from the accidental.)
3) Concepts are Universal. (Can be relatively or absolutely universal.)
4) Relations Between Concepts are Necessary and We can Be Certain of them.
5) Concepts are Unchanging.

25
Q

What is the difference between a concept and a term?

A

A concept exists privately and a term exists in a public domain.

26
Q

What is the extension of a term?

A
  • All the real things the term refers to. The population of the term so to speak.
27
Q

What is the comprehension/intension of a term?

A
  • The terms inner meaning. The meaning the term includes within itself (Ex. man as a rational animal)
28
Q

What is the denotation of a term?

A
  • The real beings the term refers to.
29
Q

What is the connotation of a term?

A
  • All the attributes or qualities meant by the term.
30
Q

What is the relationship between extension and comprehension?

A

An inverse variance. As comprehension increases extension decreases and vice versa.

31
Q

What are the twelve pairs of opposites terms can be?

A

1) Ambiguous or Unambiguous.
2) Clear or Unclear
3) Exact or Vague
4) Univocal, Analgoical, or Equivocal.
5) Literal or Metaphorical
6) Positive or Negative
7) Simple or Complex
8) Categoregmatic or Syncategoregmatic
9) Universal, Particular, or Singular
10) Collective or Divisive
11) Concrete or Abstract
12) Absolute or Relative

32
Q

Define the difference between ambiguous and unambiguous terms.

A
  • An ambiguous term has two or more potential meanings in context whereas an unambiguous term does not.
33
Q

Define the difference between clear and unclear terms.

A
  • Clear terms have a discernible meaning. Unclear terms are not understood.
34
Q

Define the difference between Exact and Vague terms.

A
  • Vague term (“tall”)

- Exact term (“six feet tall”)

35
Q

Define the difference between univocal, equivocal, or analogical terms.

A
  • Univocal terms has one and only one meaning.
  • Equivocal terms have two or more quire different and unrelated meanings
  • Analogical terms have two or more meanings that are partly the same and partly different.
36
Q

Define literal and metaphorical terms.

A
  • Metaphorical terms use a term to denote to another term that is not the original term but is instead a substitute. (Jesus is a shepherd.)
  • Literal terms are exactly what they mean.
37
Q

Define positive and negative terms.

A
  • Negative terms usually begin with the prefix un/non or refer to the absence of something
  • Positive terms refer to the presence of something.
38
Q

Define simple and complex terms.

A
  • Simple terms are a single object. (Apple, Orange etc.)

- Complex terms are two or more objects that could be together or apart.

39
Q

Define categoregmatic and syncategoregmatic terms.

A
  • Catagoregmatic terms can stand by itself as a unit of meaning.
  • Syncatagoregmatic terms need another term to stand as a unit of meaning. (Conjunctions and articles are suncatagoregmatic.)
40
Q

Define Universal, Particular, and Singular Terms.

A
  • Universal terms designate all members of a class of things.
  • Particular terms designate some members of a class of things.
  • A Singular Term designates only one member.
41
Q

Define collective and divisive terms.

A
  • Collective terms refer to the group as a whole.

- Divisive terms refer to each individual member of the group.

42
Q

Define concrete and abstract terms.

A
  • Concrete terms are real physical things.

- Abstract terms are the expression of the mental act of abstracting. (“redness” and “spirituality” for example.)

43
Q

Define absolute and relative terms.

A
  • Absolute terms need no other relationship to cube thought of.
  • Relative terms cannot be thought of without relation or reference to someone or something else.
44
Q

What are the ten Aristotelian Categories?

A

1) Substance
2) Quantity
3) Quality
4) Relation
5) Place
6) Time
7) Posture
8) Possession
9) Action
10) Passion

45
Q

Define Each of the ten Categories.

A

1) Substance - An Individual thing or entity.
2) Quantity - How Much of A Thing (Three Units etc.)
3) Quality - Of What Kind is the Things (White, Grammatical, Beautiful etc.)
4) Relation - Being Related to Something (Double, Half, Greater)
5) Place - Where (At a Grove or Market)
6) Time - When (As in Yesterday or Tomorrow.)
7) Posture - The internal order of a things parts. (As in One is reclining or standing)
8) Possession - To be Equipped (As one is armed or shod)
9) Action - To Act (Cutting or Burning)
10) Passion - The Thing Being Acted Upon/Receiving Action (To Be Cut or Burned)

46
Q

Name the five predicables.

A

1) Genus
2) Specific Difference
3) Species
4) Property
5) Accident

47
Q

Define each of the five predicables.

A

1) Species - the whole essence of the subject. (Man as a rational animal)
2) Genus - the common aspect of the essence of the subject. (Animal as the genus of man)
3) Specific difference - The differentiating aspect of the essence of the subject. (In this case, rational.)
4) Property - Any characteristic that is not the essence itself but flows from the essence.
5) Accident - Any characteristic of the subject that is not essential and can come and go.

48
Q

What is the tree of Porphyry?

A
  • The arrangement of the basic genera and species into a kind of upside-down tree.
49
Q

List the rules of division.

A

1) The division must be exclusive - No Overlap.
2) The division must be exhaustive - Always Should add Up to the Whole.
3) The Division Should Use Only One Standard - Not two Standards at Once

Logic FA2017 (7 decks)

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