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Bio Exams > Terms E-2 > Flashcards

Terms E-2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy an object has due to its motion

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4
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

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6
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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7
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP is converted to ADP & phosphate energized myosin heads (removal of phosphate) need energy

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8
Q

coupled reactions

A

pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound

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9
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

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10
Q

entropy

A

a measure of the disorder of a system

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11
Q

low entropy

A

well organized system such as a crystalline structure

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12
Q

high entropy

A

highly disordered system, the absence of a regular, repeating pattern

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13
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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14
Q

solution

A

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

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15
Q

solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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16
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance

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17
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

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18
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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19
Q

isotonic

A

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

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20
Q

hypotonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

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21
Q

hypertonic

A

(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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22
Q

active transport

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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23
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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24
Q

photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy

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25
Q

waves

A

emitted energy from the sun

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26
Q

photons

A

packets of solar energy

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27
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

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28
Q

chlorophyll a

A

main photosynthetic pigment in plants

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29
Q

thylakoids

A

stacks of membrane in chloroplast

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30
Q

stroma

A

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

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31
Q

outer membrane

A

forms a boundary between mitochondrion and cytoplasm; helps define the inner membrane space

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32
Q

inner membrane

A

The membrane of the mitochondria that is the site of electron transport and chemiosmosis.

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33
Q

light reaction

A

light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy; begin photosynthesis

34
Q

carbon reaction

A

energy is used to produce sugar

35
Q

NADPH

A

electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis

36
Q

Redox reactions

A

a series of chemical reactions in photosynthesis

37
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons from a substance
(usually removal of hydrogen atom with an
electron & addition of oxygen atoms)

38
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons from a substance
(usually addition of hydrogen atom with an
electron & removal of oxygen atoms)

39
Q

electron transport train

A

a series of membrane proteins participating in sequential, linked oxidation-reduction reactions.

40
Q

photosystem

A

a large protein structure in the thylakoid membrane that contains pigments like chloroplast.

41
Q

proton (H+) gradient

A

The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.

42
Q

ATP synthase

A

H + from the electron transport chain pass through an enzyme

43
Q

NADP+

A

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

44
Q

mesophyll cells

A

cells that contain many chloroplasts and host the majority of photosynthesis

45
Q

stomata

A

Gas exchange occurs at leaf pores

46
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that acts as a catalyst. It speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed

47
Q

substrate

A

What the enzyme acts on

48
Q

product

A

Molecules present at the end of the reaction

49
Q

active site

A

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

50
Q

Calvin cycle

A

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

51
Q

rubisco

A

first reaction in the cycle is catalyzed by an enzyme

52
Q

carbon fixation

A

Carbon is removed from molecules of CO2

53
Q

RuBP

A

ribulose biphosphate; a five-carbon carbohydrate that combines with CO2 to form two molecules of PGA in the first step of the Calvin Cylce

54
Q

PGAL synthesis

A

-ATP and NADPH from light reactions are cashed in

-PGA is converted to PGAL

55
Q

PGAL

A

glyceraldehyde phosphate; a three-carbon molecule formed in the second step of the Calvin cycle that can leave the cycle and be used to make other organic compounds

56
Q

regeneration of RuBP

A

10 G3P converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP

57
Q

cellular respiration

A

process that makes ATP

58
Q

electron carriers

A

NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2

59
Q

NAD+

A

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

60
Q

NADH

A

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

61
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose is split in half into 2 pyruvate

62
Q

Krebs cycle

A

pyruvate is produced then oxidized into CO2

63
Q

electron transport chain

A

energy from reduced electron carriers (NADH FADH2) is used to form ATP

64
Q

electron acceptor

A

oxygen

65
Q

aerobic

A

oxygen-rich

66
Q

anaerobic

A

oxygen-free

67
Q

pyruvate

A

3-carbon molecule split from glucose

68
Q

energy investment

A

oxidation of glucose into fructose 1,6 - biphosphate

69
Q

energy harvest

A

reduction of 2 PGAL molecules into 2 pyruvate molecules

70
Q

fermentation

A

allows glycolysis to continue even in low oxygen environments

71
Q

anaerobic cellular resperation

A

produces ATP without oxygen

72
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

73
Q

ethonal

A

poison produced from pyruvate

74
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

converts pyruvate into lactic acid

75
Q

lactic acid

A

product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells

76
Q

mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

77
Q

intermembrane compartment

A

the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion

78
Q

matrix

A

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

79
Q

transition step

A

series of reactions in which pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO2; occurs in mitochondrial matrix; produces NADH

80
Q

acetyl CoA

A

An important metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis and beta-oxidation to the citric acid cycle; can also be converted into ketone bodies

Bio Exams (3 decks)

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