Terms and Rules Flashcards
Sig fig rule for multiplication and division
The answer cannot be more precise than the measurement with the fewest significant figures.
Sig fig rule for adding and subtracting
The answer must have the same decimal places as the least precise measurement or the least amount of decimal places.
Quadratic Equation
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
Linear Equation
y = mx + b
y, x = variables
m = slope
b = y-intercept
Quadratic Formula
x = [-b +/- sqrt((b^2)-4ac)]/2a
Logarithm (Base-10)
Base-10 Logarithm of a number z is the power (x) to which 10 must be raised to equal z
b^x = a <-> logba
Antilog
Used to find the # corresponding to a certain logarithm
To calculate, raise the power of x to the base
Natural Logarithm
When the base of the logarithm is e and abbreviated as ln
e^lnx = x <-> ln e^x = x
Note: The inverse of the exponential function
Exponential Function
f(x) = e^x
Product Rule for Natural Logarithms
ln(xy) = ln(x) + ln(y)
Quotient Rule for Natural Logarithms
ln(x/y) = ln(x) - ln(y)
Power Rule for Natural Logarithms
ln(x^a) = aln(x)
Relationship between log and ln?
ln(x)
= ln(10^log(x))
= log(x)ln(10)
= 2.303log(x)
Hydrated Salts
When salts are formed from solution, water gets caught in their newly formed lattice structure creating hydrated salts
How to name hydrated salts
Add the prefix for number of water molecules to “hydrate”
Ex. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.
Naming Polyatomic Compounds and Ions
Parent ion - Suffix “-ate”
Add O - Add prefix “per-“
Remove one O - Suffix changes to “-ite”
Remove two O - Add prefix “hypo-“
Naming Transition Metal Ionic Compounds (Group 3-12)
Add “-ide” suffix to non-metal
Use roman numerals to specify the charge of the metal
Old Rules:
Lowest charge metal suffix “-ous”
Highest charge metal suffix “-ic”
Oxidation States
The hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. The charge may be positive, negative or zero.
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds (Salts)
Name the metal first
Name the non-metal and add the suffix “-ide”
Prefix for 1 Atom (Molecular/Inorg)
Mono-
Note: Not used on the first element in a compound
Prefix for 2 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Di-
Prefix for 3 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Tri-
Prefix for 4 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Tetra-
Prefix for 5 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Penta-
Prefix for 6 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Hexa-
Prefix for 7 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Hepta-
Prefix for 8 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Octa-
Prefix for 9 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Nona-
Prefix for 10 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)
Deca-
Prefix for Naming Diatomic Molecules
“Di-“
Ionic Compound
Metal cation (+)
+ Non-metal Anion(-)
Electrostatic interaction (attraction or repulsion between objects with opposite or identical charges) cause the charges to balance
Molecular Compound
Two or more non-metal elements bonded together
Does group 16 or gain e-? Overall charge?
Gain 2e-
Overall charge 2-
Does group 17 or gain e-? Overall charge?
Gain 1e-
Overall charge 1-
Which group doesn’t usually gain or lose e-?
Group 18
Noble Gases
Does group 13 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?
Lose 3e-
Overall charge 3+
Does group 2 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?
Alkaline Earth Metals
Lose 2e-
Overall charge 2+
What is the overall charge of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus?
Gain 3e-
Form nitrides and phosphides
Over -3 charge
Note: Group 14 and 15 may lose or gain e-
Does group 1 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?
Alkali Metals
Lose 1e-
1+ charge
Anions
Gain e-
Become negatively charged
Cations
Lose e-
Become positively charged
Halogens (Group 17)
F - Fluorine
Cl - Chlorine
Br - Bromine
I - Iodine
At - Astatine
Noble Gases (Group 18)
Ne - Neon
Ar - Argon
Kr - Krypton
Xe - Xenon
Rn - Radon
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
Be - Beryllium
Mg - Magnesium
Ca - Calcium
Sr - Strontium
Ba - Barium
Ra - Radium
Alkali Metals (Group 1)
Li - Lithium
Na - Sodium
K - Potassium
Rb - Rubidium
Cs - Cesium
Fr - Francium
RSD
Relative Standard Deviation
The deviation of a set of numbers disseminated around the mean
Relative Standard Deviation
RSD = s/x = stardard deviation/mean
Note: Expressed as a percent or parts per thousand (ppt)
Formula for Standard Deviation
s = sqrt[(1/N-1)((x1-x)^2+(x2-x)^2+…+(xN-X_^2)]
x = average
xN = measurement in a set
N = # of measurements in a set
Standard Deviation
The measure of the amount of variation of a random variable expected about its mean.
Formula for Average or Mean
x = 1/N (x1 + x2+…+xN)
Precision
This is how close a collection of measurements are to each other.
Accuracy
This is how close a measurement is to the actual value.
Real Numbers
A number that can be used to measure a one-dimensional quantity. They include rational and irrational numbers.
Irrational Numbers
A real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers
Ex. Pi, sqrt(2), e
Rational Numbers
A number that can be expressed as a fraction where the numerator and denominator are integers and the denominator cannot be zero.
Integer
A whole number that is positive, negative, or zero.
Naming Rules for Inorganic Aqueous Acids
Anion ends in “-ate”, the acid is named “-ic acid” as the suffix
Anion end in “-ite”, the acid is named “-ous acid” as the suffix
Anion ends in “-ide”, the acid is named “hydro-…-ic acid”
*HClO3 > ClO3^- chlorate ion > chloric acid
HClO2 > ClO2^- chlorite ion > chlorous acid
HF > hydrogen fluoride > hydrofluoric acid*
Isomers
They are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.
