Terms and Points

Question 1

Helot

Answer 1

• enslaved by Lakaedaemonians nations, inhabiting the area of Peloponnese even prior to Doric invasion.
• the name comes from the village Helos or Elos.
• Number of times they rose in a revolt, but were submitted.
• They bore a status some sort of public slaves with the assigned places for living and particular duties to perform.
• Helots = Messenians + Lakonians.

Question 2

Perioiki

Answer 2

• free subjests of Sparta, thus, not Spartans.
• together with Spartans consituted a free population of Lakonya, i.e. Lacedaemonians

Question 3

RHETA

Answer 3

• an unwritten covenant btw the lawgiver and his people, upon which Lykonian systems was resting.
• a great rheta was found in Plutarch.
• the text of this document unveils a complex system of Spartan society.
• Great rheta ourlines the relationship btw different organs of governamnet and monarchs.

Question 4

Acropolis

Answer 4

• The word polis originally denoted a citadel, reflecting the early Greek’s practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.
• Later, they refered to this citadel as acropolis, or high town.
• Then they strengthened it with stone walls; constructed houses for gods.
• Prominent ones - for the local patron deity >> acopolis became the religious center of hte polis.

Question 5

“AMPHICTYONIES”

Answer 5

federation of city states united for religious purposes (for one god, for administration/protection of one god’s shrine/sanctuary).

Question 6

Archon

Answer 6

• in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling magistrates, namely, the civil leader;
• elected for 1 year.

“archon” - “leader”;

“anarchy” - “without archon”.

Eventually, they would start a new chronology with “archons” (it was during the rulership of this and that). After being one of the magistrates, one becomes in the council for life. Usually each polis had all three of those (depends a bit on the development of each city, but eventually).

Question 7

Areopagus

Answer 7

• the name for the council of nobles, in Tuskan Athens (to differentiate it from newer Boule, created by Solon with 400 members – 100 from each tribe).).
• name was derived from the meeting place - on the Hill of Ares, northwest of Acropolis.
• Under Solon :
• guarding the nomoi
• they had special responsibility for the punishment of wrongdoers
• also judged upon those who had conspired to subvent of the demos

Question 8

Astu

Answer 8

• urban nucleus of polis

Question 9

Baselita

Answer 9

• one of the names the nobles called themselves, suggesting that they come from the king (who is no longer in power)

Question 10

Boule

Answer 10

In Athens, the council or standing committee of the citizen assembly. Members - the bouleutai. Meeting place - the bouleuterion.

– in aristocratic society, an aristocrat would maintained the power by the virtue of being a member of the council for life. Archons – only for a year; after - into the concil.

>> before Kleisthenes, aristocrats could plan an agenda for a very long period (assembly just voted Y/N)

*With Kleithenes, the council was divided into 10 and only 1/10 met at once – prytanies. *

– the partnership btw the new boule and the ekklesia in the 5th and 4th c. - at the center of teh evolution of radical Athenian democracy.

Question 11

Chora

Answer 11

territory of the polis

Question 12

Demes

Answer 12

– country district or village, as distinct from a polis, or city-state.

– natural village units of Attica

– The demes of Attica were local corporations with police powers and their own property, cults, and officials.

– now the life of citizens was recorded in demes; before, everything was registered in phratrias.

NON-ARISTOCRATIC BODY :

Kleithenes was weakening aristocracy.

Demes became the basis for a new citizen-body structure created by Kleithenes.

Question 13

Dēmos

Answer 13

• a collective term for “the people” of a palce;
• sometimes, in a restricted (and derogatory) sense,

“the common people”;

• sometimes, in a technical sense (especially in inscriptions),

“the people constituted as a citizen assembly (ekklēsia)”.

• dēmos (-oi) as a local subdivision, natural or artificially created, of a polis; this we always give in English (deme, demes)

Question 14

Ekklesia

Answer 14

The assembly of adult male citizens in Athens and elsewhere.

Question 15

Eupatrid

Answer 15

• man of good birth

Question 16

geroucia

Answer 16

• name used for “council” in Sparta, comes from”gerontes”, “elders”

Question 17

Gerousia

Answer 17

The council of 28 elders (gerontes) in Sparta

Question 18

Hektemoroi

Answer 18

[a full significance of this term (along with pelatai) is in some doubt]

• lit. means “sixth-parters”;
• thus, the suggestion is that, being in debt, in addition to any other obligation the poor presumably had to surrender this proportion of the produce of the land they worker.

​We meet this in relation to the crisis met by Solon.

Question 19

Heliaea

Answer 19

• court of appeal created by Solon which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
• it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. lower people in legal capacity.

Question 20

Hippeis

Answer 20

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself has been used prior to Solon’s arhonship for the identification of aristocratic horsemen.
    
    • Mid. 7th c. BC - hippeis becoming the mainstay of warfare :
    • Common landowners who had the mains to euip themselves with amrs are becoming hippeis.

​”… a crucial aspect of warfare was cavalry fighting, since the hoplite is useless without being in formation and there was no knowledge of such things or hoplite drill originally, so that the strength of an army lay in the cavalry… [A]s poleis grew in size and the numbers in them capable of bearing arms increased, a larger number of people shared in the governamnet. …” Aristotle, *Politics *(IV) [p.68]

• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 300 medimnoi could belong to this class.
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from pentakosiomedimnoi and *zeugitai) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

​

Question 21

Kolakretai

Answer 21

• a board of officials with important financial duties in the early period [ca. Solon’s times, i.e. early 6th c.]

Question 22

Kyrbeis

Answer 22

• wooden tablets upon which the nomoi were written during the time of Solon.

Question 23

LEAGUES

Answer 23

the federation of city states usually in a political system – for military purposes (and there were cities that were stronger and kind of bullied other into being underneath).

Question 24

Naukraries

Answer 24

• primitive local subdivision of Attika with some sort of responsibility for the provision of ships.
• naukraroi** **- their officials : they were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes.

Question 25

Nomos (-oi)

Answer 25

Either a law or a conventional practice.

Question 26

Oikos (-koi)

Answer 26

A household or family in its broadest sense, personal and material.

Question 27

Ostrakismos

Answer 27

OSTRAKISMOS :

• a procedure whereby a vote of the ekklesia (by writing one’s name on *ostraka *) could send a leading public figure into temporary exile.
  
  • they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property

Question 28

Pelatai

Answer 28

[a full significance is in some doubt]

• later came to be a Greek tanslation and equivalent of the Latin clienetes;
• or, more generally, the people who were in a dependent state of some sort.

Question 29

Pentakosiomedimnoi

Answer 29

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 500 medimnoi could belong to this class (hence, the name).
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from hippeis and *zeugitai) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

Question 30

Phylobasilei

Answer 30

• kings of four pre-Kleithenic tribes

Question 31

Polemarch

Answer 31

• in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling elected magistrates, namely, military leader of hte polis;
• elected for 1 year.

“polemos” - “war”

Question 32

Polis

Answer 32

• a unification of smaller village into a small autonomous state which would be walled.

Normally:

• the city was - the center,
• some villages and​ farms all around,
• all the fields on the back

>> very good defense: the enemy could be seens.

One of the characteristic features of Greek history is the city state – Polis.

PHYSICAL characteristics of polis :

1 – wall (Sparta didn’t have walls) and the surrounding areas;

2 – agora – market place; they meet there if necessary because this was where they shopped and eat and gossiped (in Hellenistic Era, they met in stova – shopping place too).

3 – temple.

The word polis originally denoted a citadel, reflecting the early Greek’s practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.

Later, they refered to this citadel as acropolis, or high town.

Question 33

Politeia

Answer 33

Ancient constitution

Question 34

PRYTANEIA

Answer 34

One-tenth of the Athenian administrative year, during which the 50 representatives of a tribe, the prytaneis, convened and presided over the boule and ekklesia (Kleisthenes’s Council of 500)

Question 35

Seisachtheia

Answer 35

shaking off burdens

Question 36

Statis

Answer 36

Inter-factional strife or civil disturbance, sometimes running to civil war.

Question 37

Stele (-ai)

Answer 37

A block or slab of stone, usually marble , cut with a view to its bearing an inscription.

Question 38

Strategos (-oi)

Answer 38

A general, usually a member of a board of generals. Introduced by Kleisthenes.

Question 39

Synoikismos

Answer 39

• an act of “settling together”; - an event when a number of villages merge into a single polis

Question 40

The Eleven

Answer 40

• board of officials in charge of prison and the punishment of offenders

Question 41

Thesmia

Answer 41

Statutes (rule, law)

Question 42

Thesmothetai

Answer 42

Before Draco (whose legislation was published around 621 BC - thus, in the 7th c.) In Athenian executive board of annually elected members concisted of nine rulling offices ( there were three main executive offices (the Archon Besileus, the Polemarch, the Archon) and six junior archons, who dealt with miscellaneous judicial problems :

• recorded legal decisions [statutes - thesmia]
• served as judges.
• acc to Aristotle, this archonship was never held longer than a year.

Question 43

Thetes

Answer 43

• One of the four classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon’s times for the identification of poor hired laborers and artisans;
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of **less than **200 medimnoi belonged to this low class : too poor to provide their own arms and amor.
• The “associates” of this class could only participate in ekklesia and dikasteria ; the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai]were filled by pentakosiomedimnoi, zeugitai and hippeis.

Question 44

Tritty

Answer 44

In Kleithenes’s tribal system, each of 10 tribes included 1/10 part of each of the three areas of Attica (Island, City and Coeat). This 1/10 “segment” is called tritty. Made up utterly to construct tribes.

Question 45

Tyrants

Answer 45

• TYRANT - new kind of king. They seize the power and not inherit.
• TYRANTS & DEMOS. Tyranos were champions of people and they gave people rights against the aristocracy.

Originally, they were very much popular. In the end, tyrant becomes associated with cruelty. They lasted till the Hellenistic period.

• TYRANTS & LAWGIVERS. Problems of the period weren’t solved only by tyrants but also by lawgivers.

Tyrant

• seizes power,
• maintains power,
• gives it to children.
• doesnt legislate - above the constitution.

Lawgiver

• is appointed to his position;
• gives power via written laws;
• leaves when he is done.
• THE TERM might not be Greek but these were the Lydians who started using it.
• REASONS. In Athens : powerty, debts

Question 46

Zeugitai

Answer 46

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon’s times for the identification of the hoplites, the ordinary farmers making up the phalanx;
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 200 medimnoi could belong to this class.
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from pentakosiomedimnoi and *hippeis) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

Question 47

Draco

Answer 47

• One of the eary lawgivers (nomothetai) in Athens.
• His work was published around 621 BC
• We dont know much about him : from his name comes “dracon” as his laws are believed to be harsh.
• Only his laws on homocide remained only.
• ​introduced the concept of intention >> different procedures for each kind of homicide.

Question 48

Kleithenes

Answer 48

KLEITHENES - from Alkmanionid clan

508 - 501 BC

• scholars do not know what position Kleithenes officially held - once everything was doen, he kind of dissapeared.
• the main thing : reorganization of citizen-body.

HIS MEASURES :

• PHYLAI :
  
  • 4 ⇒ 10 (named after heroes; naturally, also 10 phylarhoi);
  • each phyle :
    
    • included 1/10 (a.k.a. *tritty *) of each of the three factions (Island/Uphill , City/Plain , Shore/Coast) >> each tribe = three trittyes (assigned by lot)
    • could contain up to 8 or 9 small demes or only 1 or 2 large ones (to balande out the uneven entities of village and suburb areas)

>> tribes = mixture of areas.

Kleithenes also divided astu on village and suburb lines.

• DEMES - basis of the new system :
  
  • natural village units/councils in Attiks;
  • created *demarchoi** - *officials of demes (same duties as naukraroi had) :
    
    • *naukraries *were primitive local subdivision of Attika with some sort of responsibility for the provision of ships. *Naukraroi - *their officials. They were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes.
  • now this is the place where the_ life affairs of citizens were registered _(before - phratrias) :
    
    • polites , henceforth, was to be a man properl registered in the ledges of his deme.
• BOULE OF 500 :
  
  • each plyle contributed 50 members to the council >> 50*10 = 500.
    
    • from the demes of each phyle
  • its main work - probouleusis : prior delibaration in advance of a meeting and a decision of the ekklesia.
    
    • before
      
      • member were in power for life;
    • now
      
      • they were there for a year;
      • divided into 10 **prytanies **: not all members met at the same time, but by portions of 10% - only 10th part is in session for a month.
      • they could not be there more than twice.

>> power of boule is weakened. Decision making is tranferred to ekklesia :

• the latter meets 40 times per year;
• strategoi works in assembly as well.

In partnership with the ekklesia it was to prove one of the cardinal features fo Athenian radical democracy in the 5th and 4th c.

! Areopagus is still there. Not sure of their role tho.

• OSTRAKISMOS :
  
  • a procedure whereby a vote of the ekklesia (by writing one’s name on *ostraka *) could send a leading public figure into temporary exile.
    
    • they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property

>> demes were afraid of tyrants.

WHY just exile? Because there were no opposition party which this person could join.

• GENE & PHRATRIAS. Left Athenians free to belong to them as they did before.​

EFFECT :

an unprecedent fragmentation which facilitated an unprecedented unification.

Question 49

Kylon

Answer 49

By late 7th c. Bc, the tyrany was established in several poleis (including Megara).

• ex-Olympic victor;
• attempted to establish tyranny ca. 632 BC :

​

• Being backed up by the oracle at Delphi (Oracle told him to seize power during the festival of Zeus) and his father-in-law (Theagenes,_ tyrant of Megara, Athens’ neighbour and enemy_), seized the Acropolis.

​

• They were besieged and his followers (though being promised to be left unharmed) were persecuted by Alcmaeonid clan (who were cursed by the Delphi for such brutality); Kylon and his brother managed to escape.

Question 50

Peisistratos

Answer 50

– leader of the Uphill faction during the rivalry after Solon’s period;

– represented the poor :weakened aristochracy.

– the rule of Peisistratos and his sons lasted for 36 years in all.

– initially managed to establish himself only on the third attempt :

Attempt #1 [ca. 561-560 BC]

• Injured himself and his mules.
• Came to agora and claimed that he was attacked in a murder-attempt.
• Asked for, and was granted (as his reputation was already fine due to his commands against Megarians), a bodyguard.
• With the support of bodyguards he seized the Acropolis and power.
• did not disturb existing ofices - did not overthrew the constitution;
• governed peacefully, fairly.

​Expulsion #1.

• soon supporters of Megakles (Shore) and Lykourgos (Plain) drove him out :
  
  • his position was not yet that firm as he only was in power for a year

Attempt #2.

• after the expulsion, the rivalry btw Shore and Plain took place;
• Megakles appeared to be loosing >> called for Peisistrates :
  
  • P. would be reistablished if married M.’s daughter.
  • P. agreed.
  • made a scheme to fool others than Athena herself called P. back;
• P. - reistablished and married M.’s daughter.

“Explusion” #2.

• P. already had grown-up sons and M. was from the cursed clan.

>> P. didnt consumate the marriage which greatly offended M.

• M. made up with his rivals to punish P.
• P. left to Eretria - around ca. 556 BC

Attempt #3.

• Together with his sons, decided to regain tyranny (Hippias’s idea):
  
  • began to collect gifts and contributions from poleis (as people favored their cause)
• Returned 10 years later - in ca. 546 BC.
• measures:

– hired more mercenaries and raised revenues;

– “took hostages the sons of those Athenians who had remained in Attika and not immediately fled, and sent them to Naxos”

– purified the island of Delos.

HIS RULERSHIP:

– did not overthrew the constitution (tyrants tended not to overthrow constitution but to sit on top of it).

– long lasting archievements in the areas:

• – public works;
• – encouragement of cults and festivals.

– his rulership is frequently refered to as “golden age” :

• – loaned money to the poor to further their work:
  
  • – redistributed land - wanted ppl for have jobs to be farmers

—– to have them spread around the chora; to have them comfortably occupied with their own concerns - for them to have no time for public affairs.

• – appointed judges to tour the demos (for the same reason - to keep demos from astu)

– in general, DID NOT impose heavy burden on Athenians, maintained PEACE.

Question 51

Solon

Answer 51

• Athenian lawgiver, elected in 594 BC.
• Greek history starts with him.
• the earliest Greek political leader whose own words are known to us through his poetry:

BUT the sources on Solon are not his contemporaries; his laws were on wooden plaques (kyrbeis).

>> we never know if any material on him is truthful

After a long period of statis, two sides came together and agreed on Solon as a mediator and lawgiver [S. was archon in 594/3 BC] to solve the tough situation created by the debts and slavery. Before - politeia was entirely oligarchic and many low-class citizens were turned into “hetktemoroi”.

SOLON’S MEASURES:

1. cancelled [*seisachtheia *- shaking off burdens]** : **

• cancelled the debts [both private and public]** : **
  
  • removed the “horoi“ [markers that were fixed everywhere on the land signifying the land in debt, a.k.a. “boundary stones”] ;
• **cancelled slavery **:
  
  • ​forbade loans on the security of the borrower’s person.

**2. ​created / altered **:

• **​division into 4 classes based on the wealth **(as they were established before : it is generally felt that Solon was the creator of these quentitatively calibrated census-classes, even if the three lower ones were given names already in use) :
  
  • ​pentakosiomedimnoi : owners of property with an annual yield of 500 medimnoi [>> purely numerical name];
  • hippeis : owners of property with an annual yield of 300 medimnoi (some say - the class of men who was able to keep horses)
  • zeugitai : 200 medimnoi;
  • thetes : everyone else (meaning below 200 medimnoi).

​**Pentakosiomedimnoi, *hippeis, *and zeugitai could fill the positions of/in the higher offices in accordance with the size of their census:

• 9 archontes,
• the treasures,
• the poletai,
• the Eleven (board of officials in charge of prison and the punishment of offenders),
• the kolakretai (*a board of officials with important financial duties in the early period *[ca. Solon’s times, i.e. early 6th c.])

​Thētes - only a memberhsip of the *ekklēsia *and dikasteria ( -ion; a jury-court in classical Athens, manned by large panels of the annual pool of 6000 dikastai).

>> redifying power in terms of money** >> **redifying aristocracy.

• “Boulē of 400”
• 100 members from each tribe [Plutarch and Aristotle state so but scholars are uncertain how it functioned].
• “Council of the Areiopagos” :
• to them he assigned the task of guarding the nomoi
• they had special responsibility for the punishment of wrongdoers
• also judged upon those who had conspired to subvent of the demos
• ekklesia floourished under Solon :

Being not permited to elect legislation, it did elect all magistrate.

Had to meet 40 times a year.

• created “heliaea” :
  
  • court of appeal which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
  • it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. lower people in legal capacity.

>> beginning of Athenian democracy

• offered Athenian citizenship to foreign artisans :

A number of Corinthian potteres responded to the invitation and by 550 BC Athens had overtaken formely dominant Corinth in the Mediterranean pottery trade.

3. ​kept :

• ​Draco’s nomoi on homicide;

4. did not :

• did not restibute the land

TO SUM UP Solon :

​>> BENEFITS to the demos:

– prohibition of loans on secutiry of debtour’s person;

– ability to seek _legal redress _on behalf of the wronged;

– the right to appeal to dikasterion.

>> trying to please everybody, not everybody was indeed happy :

– poor : wished a complete redistribution of property;

– nobles : wished back their traditional positions.

>> not a democracy yet :

– more flexible system (ppl could vote and prosecute)

– but council is still in control

• Was Solon’s deal the complete solution to the problem? No :

Poor still are poor : if they cant borrow anymore, what would they do?

>>_ tyrany did come eventually_.

• How could they get rid of the debters?

Send them to the colonies – ca. 750s BC. This was a temporary solution [Another reasons for colonization : goods-trading]

Question 52

Three factions after Solon

Answer 52

– The crisis not btw economic classes but btw noble factions supported by strong client interests.

– These factions were led by aristocrates.

– Three factions (named after regions of Attika in which it farmed):

• The Shore.
  
  • led by Megakles from Alkmaions (the cursed family).
  • aimed on middle-of-the-road politeia:
    
    • included bulk of artisans and merchants;
    • ​supporters of Solonian reforms.
• The Plain.
  
  • led by Lykourgos.
  • wanted olygarchy.
    
    • _​_this group was dominated by old noble families ;
    • wanted to challenge Solonian reforms.
• The Uplands.
  
  • led by Peisistratos.
  • most inclined towards demos:
    
    • ​included certain discontented elements (mb, landless agricultural workers employed on large estates).

Question 53

How did aristocrats maintain power at first (ca. 800 BC)?

Answer 53

1) by prestige:
- by having a reputation of good people (not oligarchs): by attributing themselves to the divisions (Phylia, Genos, Phratria, etc.) – the myths glorified aristocrats as descendants of the great heroes

>> they had importance >> infringing their power into social structure.

2) through landowning – wealth:

by running economics of society (as they owned lots of money) – establishing colonies (for trading and getting rid of the troublesome individuals).

3) by expanding the law as they were legistrators:

>> office of justice was in the hands of aristocrats;

• “government”:
• executive officer – Archon – carries out the instructions;
• COUNCIL – for a limited group, controlling the state – they were in power for life

>> they could direct policy: by banning the agenda (telling assembly to vote yes/no);

• assembly – often for worriers, for a larger group.

Question 54

What do we learn from Iliad and Odessy mainly?

Answer 54

That the kingsship was in decline (ca.800-600 BC).

Question 55

Physical characteristics of polis

Answer 55

PHYSICAL characteristics of polis :

1 – wall (Sparta didn’t have walls) and the surrounding areas;

2 – agora – market place; they meet there if necessary because this was where they shopped and eat and gossiped (in Hellenistic Era, they met in stova – shopping place too).

3 – temple.

Question 56

Tyrant vs. Lawgiver

Answer 56

Power:

Tyrant

• seizes power,
• maintains power,
• gives it to children.
• doesnt legislate - above the constitution.

Lawgiver

• is appointed to his position;
• gives power via written laws;
• leaves when he is done.

Question 57

• the name for the council of nobles, in Tuskan Athens (to differentiate it from newer Boule).
• name was derived from the meeting place - on the Hill of Ares, northwest of Acropolis.

Answer 57

Areopagus

Question 58

• one of the names the nobles called themselves, suggesting that they come from the king (who is no longer in power)

Answer 58

Baselita

Question 59

In Athens, the council or standing committee of the citizen assembly. Members - the bouleutai. Meeting place - the bouleuterion.

Answer 59

Boule

Question 60

• a collective term for “the people” of a palce;
• sometimes, in a restricted (and derogatory) sense,

“the common people”;

• sometimes, in a technical sense (especially in inscriptions),

“the people constituted as a citizen assembly (ekklēsia)”.

Answer 60

Dēmos

Question 61

The assembly of adult male citizens in Athens and elsewhere.

Answer 61

Ekklesia

Question 62

• name used for “council” in Sparta, comes from”gerontes”, “elders”

Answer 62

geroucia

Question 63

The council of 28 elders (gerontes) in Sparta

Answer 63

Gerousia

Question 64

[a full significance of this term (along with pelatai) is in some doubt]

• lit. means “sixth-parters”;
• thus, the suggestion is that, being in debt, in addition to any other obligation the poor presumably had to surrender this proportion of the produce of the land they worker.

​We meet this in relation to the crisis met by Solon.

Answer 64

Hektemoroi

Question 65

• court of appeal created by Solon which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
• it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. lower people in legal capacity.

Answer 65

Heliaea

Question 66

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself has been used prior to Solon’s arhonship for the identification of aristocratic horsemen.
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 300 medimnoi could belong to this class.
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from pentakosiomedimnoi and *zeugitai) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

Answer 66

Hippeis

Question 67

• a board of officials with important financial duties in the early period [ca. Solon’s times, i.e. early 6th c.]

Answer 67

Kolakretai

Question 68

• wooden tablets upon which the nomoi were written during the time of Solon.

Answer 68

Kyrbeis

Question 69

• primitive local subdivision of Attika with some sort of responsibility for the provision of ships.
• naukraroi** **- their officials : they were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes.

Answer 69

Naukraries

Question 70

Either a law or a conventional practice.

Answer 70

Nomos (-oi)

Question 71

A household or family in its broadest sense, personal and material.

Answer 71

Oikos (-koi)

Question 72

• a procedure whereby a vote of the ekklesia (by writing one’s name on *ostraka *) could send a leading public figure into temporary exile.
  
  • they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property

Answer 72

Ostrakismos

Question 73

[a full significance is in some doubt]

• later came to be a Greek tanslation and equivalent of the Latin clienetes;
• or, more generally, the people who were in a dependent state of some sort.

Answer 73

Pelatai

Question 74

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 500 medimnoi could belong to this class (hence, the name).
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from hippeis and *zeugitai) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

Answer 74

Pentakosiomedimnoi

Question 75

• a unification of smaller village into a small autonomous state which would be walled.

Normally:

• the city was - the center,
• some villages and​ farms all around,
• all the fields on the back

>> very good defense: the enemy could be seens.

The word polis originally denoted a citadel, reflecting the early Greek’s practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.

Later, they refered to this citadel as acropolis, or high town.

Answer 75

Polis

Question 76

One-tenth of the Athenian administrative year, during which the 50 representatives of a tribe, the prytaneis, convened and presided over the boule and ekklesia (Kleisthenes’s Council of 500)

Answer 76

PRYTANEIA

Question 77

Inter-factional strife or civil disturbance, sometimes running to civil war.

Answer 77

Statis

Question 78

A block or slab of stone, usually marble , cut with a view to its bearing an inscription.

Answer 78

Stele (-ai)

Question 79

A general, usually a member of a board of generals. Introduced by Kleisthenes.

Answer 79

Strategos (-oi)

Question 80

• an act of “settling together”; - an event when a number of villages merge into a single polis

Answer 80

Synoikismos

Question 81

• board of officials in charge of prison and the punishment of offenders

Answer 81

The Eleven

Question 82

Statutes (rule, law)

Answer 82

Thesmia

Question 83

• One of the four classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon’s times for the identification of poor hired laborers and artisans;
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of **less than **200 medimnoi belonged to this low class.
• The “associates” of this class could only participate in ekklesia and dikasteria ; the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai]were filled by pentakosiomedimnoi, zeugitai and hippeis.

Answer 83

Thetes

Question 84

• One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
  
  • However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon’s times for the identification of the hoplites, the ordinary farmers making up the phalanx;
• Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 200 medimnoi could belong to this class.
• The “associates” of this class (along with those from pentakosiomedimnoi and *hippeis) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].

Answer 84

Zeugitai

Question 85

Apellai

Answer 85

• ekklesia in Doric language