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Prehistoric - Hellenistic > Archaic period > Flashcards

Archaic period Flashcards

1
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - Trading - IONIA

A

textile

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1
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - Trading - CHALCIS

A
  • bronze work
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1
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - issues with unity

A

They were united but not a complete unity << no common citizenship.

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2
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - Laws

A

Before: citizens didn’t know their rights (nobles composed laws as they went along) >> as they rise, they demand the laws to be legitimized.

Now (~7th c.) the writing of the laws started to occur:

there was a movement to reduce all customary laws – to have them written and organized in the order.

By the 7th c. BC, there were special legislators – “NOMOTHETAI” – “law givers”: they published the law of the community or the polis, sometimes made public proclamations – on tablets of wood, bronze or stone and placed them either in the walls of the temples or somewhere enclosed >> everybody could consult them.

They were, probably, appointed by the council. Nobles would try sometimes to get laws written for their interest, e.g.: on marital rights so that the wealth of the family stays within the family; on slave treatment (more and more slavery at the time), etc.

1st law-giver (mythical?) – Zaleucus – not even on the Mainland, but in the colony in the town of Locri in South Italy in 678 BC.

Now, when serving in the army and being in the cavalry, one could apply for any office. If one was a hoplite, one could apply for any minor post.

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3
Q

EMPORIUM

A
  • trading post, market;
  • one was established by the city of Phocaea in Spain
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4
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

MILETUS - how did they create purple and yellow color for their textiles?

A
  • purple: from murex, shellfish, by boiling it;
  • yellow: from the stiles of saffron crocus.
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4
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Colonies of Phocaea (Ionia, Asia Minor)

A

Phoenicians were a large Empire. They imported Spanish tin and they had **places near Massilia **(modern - Marseilles).

But Ionian city of Phocaea decided to implant a colony in Massilia, where they introduced to the French grape and olive oil and traded goods.

THEN Massilia itself established an EMPORIUM in Spain – a trading port, a market. With Spain – tin and silver was traded. And this was what Phonations were after.

In Marcel - they loaded amber, fur and slaves; iron.

Ionia was eventually invaded by Persians and colonization of Phocaea stopped.

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4
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - SICILY

A
  • grain
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4
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - ITALY

A
  • iron
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4
Q

Polis

A
  • unification of the villages into a small autonomous state which would be walled, normally.
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5
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

What farmers turned to when they were forced to abandon their land?

A
  • some turned to the piracy;
  • some became mercenaries;
  • some – beggars;
  • some – hired laborers.
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5
Q

PENTECONTER

A
  • Greek warship, long and slender craft with 25 banks of oars on each side (50 in total >> penteconter).
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7
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

Why did farmers had huge depts?

A

Huge debts to the nobles who acquired more land through marriages, gained land after mediations – every time they mediated in a favor of someone, they got a piece - and, when one could not pay the debt back to them, they got their land [previous owner was sold to slavery – in Bronze Age, there were female slaves already – we know it from Linear B]).

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7
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

How did manufacture come into play?

A

All rich land owners start having money and they wanted manufacture goods of higher quality

>> the urban poor started to manufacture on a small scale to earn money: if getting popular, they set up shops, hired assistants

>> Others became traders. Traders and merchants would eventually rival the nobles for the political power.

The riches created the demand >> they created traders and artisans.

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7
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - Trading - ATTICA

A
  • pottery;
  • oil, vine.
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7
Q

ARCHAIC GREEKE - POLITICS:

Why were the nobles mostly in magitrates?

A

Mostly, nobles were in the magistracy because magistrates didn’t get paid – so one had to be independently wealthy to be able to talk politics all day.

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7
Q

- a formation in which hoplites would fight formed by long battle lines with 8 soldiers deep.

A

Phalanx

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9
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Naucratis

A

Egypt, 7th c. BC: the king of Egypt was using a lot of Greeks mercenaries and was satisfied with them

>> he permitted to establish a trading place in Naucratis, near the Nile delta. It was not a colony but just a trading post. It was a little bit like a corporation;

**+ **The king of Egypt allowed them to have their laws and religion.

There were Greeks from several other cities – anybody could go there, e.g. Ionians; people from Miletus; Samos; Aegina; Corinth; Athens; Roads.

They would export their Greek goods and bring back Egyptian goods, e.g. papyrus, precious metals, linen, grain (Egypt was very for grains).

  • Greek artisans would go there and work with/learned from the Egyptian ones >> by the end of 7th c. we start seeing early stone sculptures & constructions in stone.

​

  • People who traveled, rich aristocrats, went there and bring back the knowledge of medicine, math, astronomy, even philosophy little bit as other sciences kind of stimulated philosophy.

>>, the contact with Naucratis really benefited Greece.

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10
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - Trading - MILETUS

A
  • textile (purple, magenta, saffron);
  • bed frames.
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11
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - main points

A

– accelerated artistic, intellectual and political flourishing.

  1. expansion of the Greek world:
    a. rise of the polis;
    b. colonization;
  2. reappearance of the writing - alphabet borrowed from Phoenicians;
  3. growth of manufacture and trading;
  4. from basileus to oligarchy to timochracy
  5. federations - leagues and amphictyonies
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12
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

POLITICS - beginning of Archaic Period.

A

By the mid 8th c. - the Greeks had a duality in society:

wealthy next to the extreme poverty – nobles and slaves; farmers and beggars;

and a new merchant class in the middle (trading was below nobles).

The tension was created by the nobles who denied political rights to the poor >> this is probably why the colonization starts.

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12
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Effect of colonization

A

1 - results in Timochracy;

2 - some of the colonies became wealthier than mother-cities (especially in Magna Grecia). Some even patronized artists; had a knowledge of philosophy >> better culture.

3 - they were trading all the time, they also improved sailing crafts:

WARSHIPS.

They used to have long and slender crafts – PENTECONTER (25 banks of oars on either side = 50) – standard warship; they had a bronze beak that could spur a ship (after being spurred, a ship would sink down very quickly); a sail.

They were extremely fast and good at war. There was no tonnage for trading.

TRADING.

Also built cargo vessels of 100 tons to increase the bulk trade.

4 - Colonies also benefited the mother cities: the towns at the time were overpopulated, so with colonies – less populated. A colony was an outlet for the manufacture in mother-cities.

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13
Q

Greece - fighting-wise

A

People of Greece shared a culture and they could cooperate against an outside invader. But, when there was no common enemy, they fought against each other. This is why they never dominated the world & geography prevented unity.

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15
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - BALTIC

A
  • amber
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16
Q

NOMOTHETAI

A

- special legislators, law givers, appointed in Archaic Greece under timochracy to register and publish laws for the citizens to learn their rights.

The first one was Zaleucus, city of Locri, Southern Italy.

Book:

“Apparently the earliest lawgivers - themselves aristorcrates - simply published the customary laws to restrict license and to safeguard their own interests…. [E]arly legislation not only prevented the alienation of family land by sale or bequest but also required an heiress to marry her nearest male relative, both provisions designed to prevent property from passing from the control of the family. … _With their loss of exclusive knowledge of the laws, the aristocrates experiences a severe blow to their old monopoly of political powe_r.”

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18
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - BLACK SEA

A
  • grain
  • salted fish
  • slaves
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19
Q

HESIAD

A
  • ~700 BC
  • first known by name farmer
  • earliest known Greek poet
  • “Work and Days” :

2 parts; for farmers - i.e. ordinary people;

1 - distribution of land and how one could get tricked (and Perses story - accepting bribe was against the law),

2 - how-to-farm guide;

  • first how-to-do guide
  • myth about Pandora
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20
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - CORINTH, trading- and colonization-wise

A
  1. Major trade-spot:

two harbours and the land bridge (carry boats on the land) << people came there to exchange their goods with other comers.

  • a land bridge - charged money at the passage.
    2. _Great city-colonize_r: geographically strategic placement: - on the one side – Gulf of Corinth >> passage to the Ionian Sea; - then one could go up the coast to the island of Corfu (or Corcyra); - then they are very close to Italy >> Corfu is like a stepping stone. On Corcyra there already were Eretrians who were kicked out by Corinthians in 735 BC.
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21
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION:

Colony in Libya

A

Cyrene: abortificant/contraceptive Silphium and grain, fruits, sheep, horses.

Colony of the island THERA.

Cyrene - the first Greek settlement in North Africa;

by the island of Thera

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22
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE: CORINTH - colonies.

A

They went to mainland Italy, then – to East Sicily, and established in Syracuse (became t_he richest Greek colony in Western Mediterranean_) and pushed and established themselves in the Mainland >> they were very aggressive colonizers.

If there were natives, they would overrule them - simply to fight and dominate or trade.

They also had conflicts with Carthaginians – the latter weren’t happy about Corinthians and they started to plug the Greeks; they had posts in France and Sicily.

_Corinth was rich and they often exchange their pottery for grains of Sicily. _

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24
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - SPAIN

A
  • tin
  • copper
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25
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION:

Where did they have posts, not colonies?

A
  • Naucratis, Egypt;
  • in Africa.
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26
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS:

Olygarchy - aristochracy.

A

Nobles gained control by developing the city state and they kept it in the 8th c.; kept the power for several generations.

They kept the high office magistracies for their own land owning class. Governments was restricted to the noble families, who often said that they were the descendants from gods and heroes >> they were called – arisoi (“the best” >> “aristocracy” – “the rule of the best”).

They controlled “royal body council”. This council was the most important ruling body based on the laws, which weren’t yet written – so they made them up as they went along.

27
Q

federation of city states united for religious purposes (for one god, for administration/protection of one god’s shrine/sanctuary).

A

“AMPHICTYONIES”

29
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - MONEY

A

There also were precious metals exchanged: gold and silver ingots, iron spits.

The problem -

it wasn’t easy to carry: very heavy; metal required testing for purity; metals needed to be weight.

In 625 BC - suddenly the appearance of the true coinage >>

elimination of the need to carry these lambs of metals: coins could be quickly counted and transported.

By then the region of Ionian was economically linked to the region of Lidia which had mines. Lidia started minting coins to facilitate the trade with Ionia. They first started minting the coins of ELECTRUIM which was a naturally occurring alloy of golden and silver - occurred in Lidia. So they were molted, cast and stamped with royal seal as a guaranty of value and weight. Ionian started minting their own coins >> minting of coins spread throughout the region.

                     \>\> **coins started with Ionia and Lidia.**

First, colonies had the same coins as mother cities, then, probably, they started minting their own.

MATERIAL:

Gold was rare for the Greeks so they decided to coin the coins with silver (some milted in Attica, Corinth, Thasos, Siphons). Greece remained the silver standard.

In the late 5th c. – started minting token coins in base metals >> lower value.

IMAGERY:

At first the image was only on one side. The other one – blank. Lidia – lion’s head on the coins. Athens – owl – managed to have the purest and the best coins which was accepted everywhere. Coins of some cities weren’t accepted everywhere.

Coinage facilitated the international trade and the operation of the government, like a payment of public works.

For the local comers – they still carried on the bartering: the price of the coinage was very high >> coins used for the big exchanges.

30
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - Trading - CORINTH

A
  • pottery;
  • grapes;
  • honey.
30
Q

artistocracy

A

“aristos” - “the best”

>> “rulership of the best”

31
Q

ELECTRUIM

A
  • a naturally occurring alloy of golden and silver
32
Q

PANDORA

A
  • all gifted
  • first woman
  • mother of the disastrous order of women
  • created from water and clay
  • jar - evils of the world
34
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Byzantium

A

7th c. settlement from Megara (below Corinth) moved to Byzantium – on the European side of Bosphorus: they made money by migrating tuna – fishing and exporting it (to Miletus). Those who wanted to cross the Bosphorus to go into a Black Sea had to stop in the harbor of Bizantium - they started charging ships that had to pass through.

>> became very prosperous.

35
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - Basileus and Nobles: How it started and what changed?

A

DARK AGE :

The king was the leader but there was a council of nobles with him. If he was weak, they could take over and rule in his state. If there was a war upcoming, King announce to the council - then to the common man (to see how mass would response).

In 8th c. – the shift:

  • nobles supersede the king – oligarchy (except in Sparta where the diarchy was) – by force; r
  • educed the title of basileus as simple a title of in charge of either religion or justice. And his state became associated with religion and judicial functions (including the sacrificial ceremonies).

Now – basileus was elected for only 1 year (Athens would elect a basileus annually).

Eventually, he was going to be only for religious purposes (they kept the word “basileus” though – as the person who serves the gods – gods would prefer to be served by the king).

Nobles gained control by developing the city state and they kept it in the 8th c.; kept the power for several generations.

They kept the high office magistracies for their own land owning class. Governments was restricted to the noble families, who often said that they were the descendants from gods and heroes >> they were called – arisoi (“the best” >> “aristocracy” – “the rule of the best”).

They controlled “royal body council”. This council was the most important ruling body based on the laws, which weren’t yet written – so they made them up as they went along.

Two main ruling elected (for 1 year) magistrates who served for one year (basically, new heads of the council):

ARCHON

– civil minister (“leader”; “anarchy” – “without the archon”);

POLEMARCH

– military leader of the polis (probably comes from “polemos” – “war”).

Eventually, they would start a new chronology with “archons” (it was during the rulership of this and that). After being one of the magistrates, one becomes in the council for life. Usually each polis had all three of those (depends a bit on the development of each city, but eventually).

36
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

What would happen with independent farmers eventually?

A

independent farmers would eventually disappear → the farming communities would appear.

37
Q
  • in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling magistrates, namely, the civil leader;
  • elected for 1 year.
A

Archon

39
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - warfare

A

Native warfare changed with the polis:

Homer – heroes going side by side going to war, fighting to death.

NOW:

1 - They formed the military regiments of foot soldiers – “HOPLITES” – who fought in a rectangular formation – “phalanx” (long battle lines with 8 soldiers deep) - move to the enemy in a very close contact and charge them with the spears – and everybody would push against the enemy at first).

Their equipment (weight about 75 pounds):

  • spears; shorter swards; large shield – “hoplon” – carried on the left side to cover the body of the neighboring warrior >> one cant break the formation of the army (Spartan mothers: “come back with your shield or upon your shield”);
  • helmet; breast plate; sheen-guards (for the knees).

2 - The nobles - in cavalry (took money to feed the horse): at the time, used only one regiment of cavalry >> it was on the weak side of the soldiers. Cavalry equipment (probably, just a spear – shield would be really heavy) - at their expense.

3 - Later, Merchants, traders and farmers would also equip themselves to serve the city state (probably, with hoplite; on their own expenses).

Poor – throwing stones from behind.

Battles never lasted more than an hour. According to sources, the winners would have lose about 5%; loser – 10-15%. Often, if a line is broken, usually they wouldn’t go further, just let them go – they didn’t chase the losing side.

40
Q
  • in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling elected magistrates, namely, military leader of hte polis;
  • elected for 1 year.
A

Polemarch

42
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Black Sea Region (“Euxine”)

A
  1. The colonies at the Black Sea controlled the entrance into the sea;
  2. Black Sea also had a very rich soil, so in Olbia and Ukraine people traded grain. People of Olbia were Scythians – came back through Ionia.
  3. 7th c. settlement from Megara (below Corinth) moved to Byzantium – on the European side of Bosphorus: they made money by migrating tuna – fishing and exporting it (to Miletus). Those who wanted to cross the Bosphorus to go into a Black Sea had to stop in the harbor of Bizantium - they started charging ships that had to pass through.

Along the Black Sea there were coastal lands, doted with colonies which shipped weed and barley to the Mainland, which, in turn, sent original goods.

Three connecting body of water there:

  • the Hellenspont (now - Dardanelles)
  • the Propontis (now - the Sea of Marmara)
  • the Bosporus
43
Q

“GRAIOI”

A

The nick-name Boeotians had in Italy. We believe the term “Greek” came from this word [Greeks called themselves “Hella” – and “hella”-derived].

44
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - The Rise of the Polis - Polis itself

A

During Dark Age -

small villages beginning to unite against a king, basileus

>> the polis started slowly like that.

Polis (city state)

  • a unification of smaller village into a small autonomous state which would be walled.

Very often and for a long time, the city was

  • the center,
  • some villages and farms all around,
  • all the fields on the back

>> very good defense: the enemy could be seens.

Eventually, Greece was divided into these t_iny political units_.

46
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - colonies

A
  • lower part of ITALY - MAGNA GRECIA
  • NORTH of AEGEAN – the triple peninsula Chalcidice (after the city of Chalcis of Euboea)
  • near BLACK SEA: several islands with similar to Greece climate - from GIBRALTAR to BLACK SEA
  • easter SICILY
  • ** post** in AFRICA
47
Q
  • in Archaic army, a foot soldier, presumably, named after his big shield - “hoplon” that he had to carry on a side to protect his neighbor; armed with a speak and a sward; protected by helmet, chest plate, shin-guards.
A

Hoplite

48
Q

BASILEUS

A
49
Q

Euxine

A
  • name of Black Sea, meaning “friendly to strangers”
50
Q

ARCHAIS GREECE - POLITICS - Federations

A

“AMPHICTYONIES” -

federation of city states united for religious purposes (for one god, for administration/protection of one god’s shrine/sanctuary).

Each representative of each city state that were included in this federation would sit there and administrate the treasures and lands of the gods (often, cult paraphernalia – in the back of the temple in a form of a statue to the god adorned with the treasures of the god).

Amphictyonies were much less likely to succeed.

Book:

“Once of the most important was a twelve-state amphictyony located in central Greece, originally organized around the temple of the agricultural goddess Demeter near Thermopylae, later the temple of Apollo at Delphi.”

LEAGUES -

the federation of city states usually in a political system – for military purposes (and there were cities that were stronger and kind of bullied other into being underneath).

51
Q

the federation of city states usually in a political system – for military purposes (and there were cities that were stronger and kind of bullied other into being underneath).

A

LEAGUES

52
Q

Phalanx

A
    • a formation in which hoplites would fight formed by long battle lines with 8 ranks deep and which, due to the position of the hoplons, appeared to be a wall of overlapping shields. *
  • Cavalry of nobles would have accompany the phalanx, protecting its unprotected side (right).*
53
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - EGYPT

A
  • ivory
  • papyrus
  • linen
  • grain
  • glass
54
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

Reasons for colonization

A
  1. SOCIAL. The tension was created by the nobles who denied political rights to the poor.
  2. ECONOMICAL - POLITICAL. in the 8th c. there was not enough land to grow food to support people >> by 750 BC there was a virtual starvation on the West coast.
55
Q

What were the signs of the closing of the DARK AGE?

A
  • Renewal of trading btw the Greek mainland and the Near East.
  • Return of the writing.
  • Colonization
57
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Italy

A

Also, colonies were founded in Italy and Sicily. By 750 BC, Greeks from Kalsis (Kalkis; Chalkis) and **Eretria **(cities of Euboa) were joined and had colonies near Naples (“New City”).

They traded textiles and wines with Etruscans for copper and iron.

___________________________________________________

TARENTUM –

the only Spartan colony (either in Italy or everywhere), in 706 BC - in the step of the Italian boot.

Sources tell us that women used to remain in Sparta while men went to war, so women decided to repopulate Sparta – and it is believed that they had children with the children (probably, not their own, but exchange). So when men returned, all illegitimate children were sent away to found a colony at Tarentum.

The sources regarding Sparta are very scares - the only source from Sparta is the poet Tarteous.

59
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - MONEY:

Where had the minting of coins started at the time?

A

>> coins started with Ionia and Lidia.

60
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - process

A

1 – settlement is established first to establish trade with locals – grow enough to feed the population.

2 – then mother city decides to establish an official colony there.

There was a procedure to establish colonies:

1 – they went to the temple of Apollo at Delphi and question the oracle (*a deity’s utterance issued through a human intermediary in response to an inquiry) *whether they should even go there (according to some writing, the question was asked on the table, the person carried the tablet to the oracle (female) who would then put it on her forehead and she would speak in a code or foreign language (as if god spoke through her) which was translated by the interpreter).

2 – official leader found – Oikistes: sometimes, a very ambitious noble, who led the expedition.

First, he would bring the fire from the altars of the home-land and some of its soil. He would have an assigned land.

Then he would establish the law and religious cult of the mother city. And he would set the political missionary in motion: politically the colony remained always depended on the mother city >> linked via commercial and cultural types. However, some colonies became richer than mother cities, which created frictions.

Oikistes was also responsible for the distribution of land.

We don’t know if they sent any women there.

61
Q

Polemarch

A
  • in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling elected magistrates, namely, military leader of hte polis;
  • elected for 1 year.

“polemos” - “war”

62
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE:

Farming - PROBLEMS

A

The father oversees the land and splits between the sons.

They resplit, until a very small land >> a problem for big families >> many were driven away from the farms; Some had to leave coz of huge depts.

64
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - Timochracy

A
  • colonization, manufacture, trading coupled with the unpopularity of the nobles led to timochracy:

“Because ancient Greece lacked natural resources, the importation of raw materials and foodstuffs was essential to support its growing population. Enterprising Greeks developed products for export to pay for the numerous imports. The gret expension of trade provided Greek manufacturers with growing markets and led to a rapid development of industry.”

- mild oligarchy; rulership of wealthy non-aristocrats, namely, merchants, traders, manufacturers. >> Qualifications for political office are no longer diced as one’s birth right but by the wealth.

There will be a gradual change from aristocracy to timochracy (mild oligarchy). The old aristocrats would still would survive because of their land and they have some influences though.

· Oligarchy – families on top, “the rule of the few”;

· Timochracy – the families don’t need to be aristocrats, they could change.

65
Q
  • a naturally occurring alloy of golden and silver
A

ELECTRUIM

66
Q

    • special legislators, law givers, appointed in Archaic Greece under timochracy to register and publish laws for the citizens to learn their rights.*
  • The first one was Zaleucus.*
A

NOMOTHETAI

67
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - CYRENE

A
  • contraceptive/abortificant drugs
  • horses
68
Q

Hoplite

A
  • in Archaic army, a foot soldier, presumably, named after his big shield - “hoplon” that he had to carry on a left side to protect his neighbor; armed with a speak and a sward; protected by helmet, chest plate, shin-guards.
69
Q

Phoenicians

A
  • great seafarers inhabiting coasts of what is Syria and Lebanon
70
Q

Amphora

A

- a large jug, usually rather tall, which was used to carry wine, olive oil and garram (fish sauce).

Amphora has a pointed end – in the ship they put sand on the bottom and a greed into which amphora were put so their toes are in the sand >> when the ship moves, amphora slowly slightly moves & doesn’t break.

Tar was used to seal the amphorae.

71
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - PHOENICIA

A
  • glass
72
Q

Archon

A
  • in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling magistrates, namely, the civil leader;
  • elected for 1 year.

“archon” - “leader”;

“anarchy” - “without archon”.

Eventually, they would start a new chronology with “archons” (it was during the rulership of this and that). After being one of the magistrates, one becomes in the council for life. Usually each polis had all three of those (depends a bit on the development of each city, but eventually).

73
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - Persians-wise

A

Eventually Asia Minor, with all the Ionian colonies, was, at the onset of Persian wars, absorbed by Persians.

So the colonization was stopped but most of the Greek cities, absorbed by Persians, liked it – there was a protected road to easily trade with Persians – they didn’t want to go back to Greece.

74
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - SOCIETY - classes

A
  1. rich elite landowners
  2. traders
  3. manufacturers
  4. farmers
75
Q

oracle

A

- a deity’s utterance issued through a human intermediary in response to an inquiry

76
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - COLONIZATION - TARENTUM

A

the only Spartan colony (either in Italy or everywhere), in 706 BC - in the step of the Italian boot.

Sources tell us that women used to remain in Sparta while men went to war, so women decided to repopulate Sparta – and it is believed that they had children with the children (probably, not their own, but exchange). So when men returned, all illegitimate children were sent away to found a colony at Tarentum.

The sources regarding Sparta are very scares - the only source from Sparta is the poet Tarteous.

77
Q

- a deity’s utterance issued through a human intermediary in response to an inquiry

A

oracle

78
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - POLITICS - Rise of the Polis - citizens

A

Usually a citizen is a free adult male. They were the only ones considered citizens, they were the ones who could make the decisions. Citizens who were not from the polis were admitted at a much smaller place.

Women - took part in religious life but they were band form politics.

79
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - MAGNA GRECIA

A
  • hides
80
Q

ARCHAIC GREECE - import - THRACE & MACEDONIA

A
  • timber
  • tar
  • gold
  • silver

Thrace - mines

81
Q

LEAGUES

A

the federation of city states usually in a political system – for military purposes (and there were cities that were stronger and kind of bullied other into being underneath).

Prehistoric - Hellenistic (7 decks)

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