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Physiology > Terms and definitions > Flashcards

Terms and definitions Flashcards

1
Q

what is external environment?

A

outside the body, we have very little control over this

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2
Q

what is internal environment?

A

inside the body, outside the cells, ECF

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3
Q

what is intracellular environment?

A

inside the cells, ICF

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4
Q

what is dynamic constancy

A

the levels may change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over periods of time

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5
Q

what are paracrines and autocrines? how are they different?

A

Chemical Substances. Paracrine: cell targets nearby cell. Autocrine: cell targets itself.

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6
Q

What is the reflex receptor?

A

It can detect changes in [substance]ECF in systemic homeostatic processes

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7
Q

What is the threshold stimulus of reflex receptor?

A

what determines sensitivity of reflect receptors, determines the normal range

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8
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

It carries information from reflex receptor to integrating center

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9
Q

What is the integrating center?

A

It receives a stimulus, analyzes the information and generates an appropriate response

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10
Q

What is the mechanistic explanation

A

describes how something happens

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11
Q

What is the teleological explanation

A

describes why something happens

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12
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

dual solubility (ex: phospholipids)

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13
Q

What is an exogenous ligand?

A

a chemical substance that is a competitive inhibitor, will block endogenous ligand and bind to its active site

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14
Q

What is an endogenous ligand?

A

a naturally occurring ligand within the body

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15
Q

What are leak currents?

A

a charge is flowing across the membrane, even at rest there is a measure change.

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16
Q

What are the two types of channels?

A

open and gated

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17
Q

What the three types of gated channels?

A

chemically gated, mechanically gated, and voltage gated

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18
Q

What are the four ion channel gating mechanisms?

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. phosphorylation-gated
  3. voltage-gated
  4. stretch or pressure-gated
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19
Q

How is covalent modulation done through?

A

Kinase or phosphatase

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20
Q

What are the three properties of carriers?

A

specificity, saturation and competition

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21
Q

What are the three properties of active transporters?

A

specificity, saturation and competition

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22
Q

Structural proteins include what three cell-to-cell juntions:

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
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23
Q

Function of tight junctions:

A

prevents intercellular movement of fluids and dissolved substances

24
Q

Function of desmosomes:

A

structural support

25
Q

Function of gap junctions:

A

cell to cell communications via ions

26
Q

Can cells have more than one cell-to-cell junction?

A

Yes, it just depends on the function of the cell

27
Q

What are the three properties of enzymes?

A

specificity, saturation and competition

28
Q

How long does it take for a protein to synthesize?

A

2 hours

29
Q

How does the cell keep enough proteins?

A

It synthesized in advance in the inactive form and activate it when needed

30
Q

What is the Mass Action Model?

A

A+B C + D, where k1=k2 at equilibrium

31
Q

Membrane Structure Summary:

A
  • selective permeable barrier
  • mosaic
  • dynamic
  • fluid
32
Q

what are the two mechanisms of membrane transport?

A

passive transport and active transport

33
Q

Passive transport characteristics:

A
  • no energy required
  • it goes down the gradient
  • diffusion, osmosis and bulk flow
34
Q

Active transport characteristics:

A
  • needs energy
  • up gradients
  • active transporters
35
Q

Passive transport rate of movement is directly proportional and inversely proportional to what

A

direct: TEMPERATURE
indirect: MASS OF MOLECULE

36
Q

Passive transport is always moving towards what

A

Moves towards equilibrium

37
Q

What is the driving force of the mass and heat flow model?

A

the [ ] gradient

38
Q

What can alter the driving force?

A

Any resistance can alter it

39
Q

Simple diffusion includes what type of substances?

A

hydroPHOBIC/ lipoPHILIC substances

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion includes what type of substances?

A

hydroPHILIC/lipoPHOBIC substances

41
Q

Simple diffusion through a membrane:

A
  • slow
  • unregulated
  • moves directly through
  • doesn’t require a plasma membrane
42
Q

Facilitated diffusion through a membrane:

A
  • fast
  • regulated
  • needs channels or carriers
  • requires a plasma membrane
43
Q

SDR equation

A

(deltaG)(T)(A)/(R)(D)

G=gradient, T=temp, A=SA, R=resistance, D=diffusion distance

44
Q

FDR equation

A

(deltaG)(T)(A)(#channels)(P)

G=gradient, T=temp, A=SA, P=probability

45
Q

What is random thermal motion?

A

molecules in a fluid are continuously and randomly bouncing around

46
Q

osmosis:

A

the movement of H2O across a plasma membrane down a [free H2O] gradient

47
Q

osmolarity:

A

the total (free) solute concentration of a solution of permeable AND impermeable solutes

48
Q

isosmotic

A

bathing solution Osm = cytosolic Osm

49
Q

hyposmotic

A

bathing solution Osm < cytosolic Osm

50
Q

hyperosmotic

A

bathing solution Osm > cytosolic Osm

51
Q

tonicity:

A

impermeable substances ONLY, determines the direction of water via osmosis

52
Q

isotonic

A

concentration of impermeable solute = cell solute

53
Q

hypotonic

A

concentration of impermeable solute < cell solute

54
Q

hypertonic

A

concentration of impermeable solute > cell solute

55
Q

what does it mean to be electrogenic:

A

establishes negative membrane potential

Physiology (6 decks)

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