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Classics 10B > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The Roman Monarchy

A

first government phase of Rome; the King held military, judicial, and religious authority

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2
Q

Society under the Kings

A

families were organized into clans
elite became “patricians” who had special privileges and access to priesthoods
kings were elected, not hereditary

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3
Q

The Early Republic

A

(c. 500-275) second phase of Roman government

began after coup ejected last king, Tarquin the Proud

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4
Q

Magistracies under the Republic

A

Consuls - 2 elected per year, served a one-year term, had lictors carrying fasces
Praetors - developed from consulship, military and judicial duties
Aediles - public works and the provision of grain
Censors - supposed to be appointed every 4 years, lists of citizens and property for tax purposes, effective ability to purge members from the Senate

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5
Q

The Senate

A

“bunch of old guys”, under Republic comes to consist of former holders of magistracies
membership of life
very great informal influence

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6
Q

The Centuriate Assembly

A

citizen body categorized by ability to supply military equipment
arranged in such a way as to give greatest weight to the old and the wealthy (population divided into 5 classes)
elected magistrates, declared war and peace

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7
Q

The 2 Tribal Assemblies

A

both organized by “tribe”, originally a matter of residence

each tribe had one vote

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8
Q

The Plebeian Tribal Assembly

A

every citizen not a patrician could vote
passed resolutions that in 3rd century attained force of law
voted for tribunes and aediles

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9
Q

Tribal Assembly

A

all citizens could vote

voted for quaestors, among others

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10
Q

The Struggle of the Orders

A

early Republic characterized by some kind of struggle between patricians and plebeians
patrician lock on consulship
poor suffering from debt and land hunger

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11
Q

Plebeians

A

originally a term to describe the poor, eventually came to mean everyone who wasn’t a patrician

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12
Q

The Latin League

A

during the fifth century, Rome leads a league of other Latin-speaking peoples in Latium
is often at war with surrounding tribes of Volsci and Aequi

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13
Q

The Pyrrhic Wars

A

280-275
King Pyrrhus of Epirus called in to respond to Roman expansion
several victories over Rome until Romans capture Tarentum in 272
after 272, Rome in control of most of Italian peninsula and established as a Mediterranean power

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14
Q

Titus Livius (Livy)

A

from Padua in N Italy

1st five works published shortly after end of Republic and establishment of the Principate

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15
Q

Romulus and Numa

A

Romulus was martial, while Numa was religious
Numa was a Sabine, demonstrative of Rome’s inclusivity
established the difference between Rome at war and Rome at peace

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16
Q

Tullus Hostilius

A

Tullus is initially “more Romulus than Romulus”
ends up as warmonger and exhausts Rome
later - Tullus/Rome swing back towards religion (swing too far and Tullus dies)

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17
Q

Ancus Marcius

A

envisioned as a new Numa, actually becomes a composite of Romulus and Numa
integrates warfare and religion through the fetial rite, which is a religious sanction for war

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18
Q

Ancus’ Fetial Rite

A

represents:
a “domesticated” Roman military, governed by religious propriety and justified before the gods
a “militarized” religious culture, mobilization of the authority of the gods for military purposes

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19
Q

The Last Kings

A

Tarquin I, Servius Tullius, Tarquin “the Proud”
significantly diverse figures from 1st four
each a usurper, in different ways
also, likelier to be historical figures

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20
Q

Tarquin “the Proud”

A
  • exemplifies what Romans find problematic about monarchical government
  • resembles various brutal revolutionaries in Livy’s time
  • essentially asserted his power over all of Rome as though it was his household
  • metaphorical enslavement of Romans
  • uncontrolled women as a means of imagining royal trasngression (Tanaquil and Tullia)
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21
Q

Rape of Lucretia

A

Lucretia: chaste woman kept from the public eye signifies the health of an (internally) egalitarian aristocracy

  • Lucretia is inside, attending to the well-being of the household, not engaging outside the house
  • Sextus Tarquinius is attracted by this chastity, threatens her house with the stain of slavery
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22
Q

Lucretia’s Suicide

A
  • Lucretia herself is conscious of her lack of guilt, and males reassure her of her innocence; her concern is with perception and how this will reflect on her household
  • concerned lest she become a threat to other Roman households by being an excuse for adultery
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23
Q

The Struggle of the Orders cont.

A
  • plebeians create “tribune of the plebs” to serve their own interests, have sacrosanctity and power to veto
  • gradual attainment of rights for plebs (access to consulship, other offices open over time, debt bondage abolished)
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24
Q

Origin of the Decemvirate

A

plebeian demands for a fixed, written set of laws
for this reason:
-no consuls are elected by the people
-no tribunes are elected by the plebeians
-Board of Ten Men appointed to draft law code, granted absolute power without appeal

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25
Q

Appius Claudius

A

one of the 1st decemvirs, long a defender of the rights of patrician, poses as advocate for plebs

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26
Q

The 1st Decemvirate

A

despite being above the law, is marvelously just and harmonious
one decemvir decides to defer power in a court case even though he is not required to

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27
Q

The 2nd Decemvirate

A

Appius goes behind the other decemvirs’ back and gets himself and 9 other decemvirs elected
represents a return to tyranny

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28
Q

Tyranny of 2nd Decemvirate

A

Appius and the other decemvirs are aristocrats oppressing plebeians, as opposed to Tarquin and co oppressing the aristocrats
moral of the decemvir story: role of the law in ensuring the rights of all citizens against the oppression of the most powerful

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29
Q

Story of Verginia

A

Appius, since he is above the law, pronounces Verginia a slave
implications of turning Roman citizens into slaves
Verginius kills his own daughter as a way of regaining autonomy, which sparks outrage and the people drive out the decemvirs

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30
Q

First Punic War: Beginning

A

both Rome and Carthage were called in as respective allies in a dispute in Sicily
local dispute becomes a direct conflict between Rome and Carthage

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31
Q

First Punic War: Course

A

Romans are very successful on land in Sicily
Carthage has a powerful navy, Rome builds up its own navy
242 - Rome destroys a Carthaginian fleet
241 - Carthage is exhausted, signs a peace treaty

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32
Q

First Punic War: Outcome

A

crippling indemnity
Roman control of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia
Carthage turns ambitions to Spain and silver with power significantly reduced

33
Q

Second Punic War: Origins

A

Romans and Carthaginians had agreed on spheres of influence (Ebro river)
Saguntum, S of Ebro, in a defensive alliance with Rome; captured by Carthaginian general Hannibal
Saguntum asks Rome for help, Hannibal takes this as the beginning of war with Rome

34
Q

Second Punic War: Hannibal’s Plan

A

instead of fighting Roman forces in Spain, will leave a few forces in Spain and direct main force to Italy
Purpose: not just drive Romans out of Spain, but peel off Italian allies and break Roman power altogether

35
Q

Second Punic War: Hannibal’s March

A

in 218, Hannibal came to the Alps with 40K men plus elephants
by the end, due to deaths and defections only 26K men remained

36
Q

Quintus Fabius Maximus

A

“The Delayer”, appointed dictator during the second Punic War, tactic was to just follow Hannibal around tiring him out waiting for him to make a mistake

37
Q

Second Punic War: Endgame

A

207 - Hannibal’s brother Hasdrubal came to reinforce him but is defeated at the Battle of Metaurus
206 - Romans eject Carthaginians from Spain and prepare an assault against Carthage
Hannibal leaves Italy to protect Carthage
202 - Romans and Numidians defeat Carthage at Zama

38
Q

Second Punic War: Outcome

A

Carthage loses all territory except for city, again suffers massive indemnity
Carthaginian power completely and permanently broken
Rome is the sole remaining power in the West

39
Q

Rome’s Conquest of the Greek East

A

by 146 Rome becomes hegemon of in the East and controls Macedon and Greece
Common pattern:
Rome accepts a smaller state under its protection
Smaller state is harassed by (or provokes) a larger state
Rome sends out an army, defeats larger state, plunders it and takes over

40
Q

The Slave Supply

A 
Major ways to bring slaves into Rome:
capture in war
kidnapping and piracy
trade
reproduction by existing slaves
41
Q

Place of Slavery in Roman Society

A

Rome was a “slave society” - pervades economic and social life
integral to Roman conception of themselves; what it means to be a citizen is defined against a condition of servitude

42
Q

Manumission

A

practiced in both Roman and Greek society
although lots of freed slaves (“freedmen”), small percentage of slaves were ever freed
in Rome, usually admitted to citizenship

43
Q

Reasons for Manumission

A

affection, demonstration of magnanimity and resources, incentive for good behavior, incentive to make money (peculium)

44
Q

Peculium

A

slaves did not have rights and therefore could not own property
slaves could unofficially amass cash in the form of wealth, commodities (including slaves), property
enabled slaves to act as master’s financial agents
depending on discretion of master, could use peculium to buy freedom

45
Q

Fabulae Palliatae

A 
adaptations of Greek New Comedy
Greek characters in Greek setting
dialogue with verse, in songs
fun, scene-based material and heavy reliance on certain character tropes
Plautus' Comedies are examples of this
46
Q

Roman Names

A

tria nomina: praenomen nomen cognomen (agnomen)
praenomen - picked from short list of names, eg Quintus Gaius Publius Titus
nomen - indicated a clan
cognomen - indicated a family within a clan
agnomen - earned nickname
Women: feminine form of father’s cognomen

47
Q

Patria Potestas

A

“a father’s power” - power of an ascendant (eg father or grandfather) over all descendants
any male who leaves patria potestas becomes paterfamilias
power over property, life/death, culpability for any lawbreaking, permission required for marriage and could require divorce

48
Q

Marriage with Manus

A

if a woman marries with manus, she leaves the patria potestas of her own family for her husband’s
in the case of divorce, legal transfer required

49
Q

Roman Marriage

A

express purpose was “procreation of legitimate children”
no formal ceremony requirement - just agreement of cohabitation with the intent to stick around, and permission of patresfamilias is required

50
Q

Province

A

originally just described the task of a magistrate

comes to describe formal administration of geographical areas subject to the Senate and People of Rome

51
Q

ager publicus

A

“public land”
during conquest, Roman state confiscated land of the conquered
landed leased, or use was given to, individuals
restrictions were imposed on how much this could be done, but restrictions were often ignored

52
Q

Result of the Agrarian Problem

A

expanding wealth and power of patricio-plebeian elite
displacement of peasants -
exacerbated by absence of campaign
loss of income-generating farms made them ineligible for military service
social tension and general crankiness

53
Q

The Gracchi

A

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus
careers a response to land question and societal problems
both made use of the office of “tribune of the plebs”

54
Q

Tiberius Gracchus

A

proposed legislation to enforce the iugera limit and distribute the recovered ager publicus to the poor
commission established and starts assessing
conservative senators (the optimates) do not approve, they try to get a tribune to agree to veto everything
Gracchus illegally has the tribune removed
he is murdered on election day by a group of senators

55
Q

Optimates and Populares

A

not necessarily “the aristocracy” vs “the people”
optimates - committed to senatorial privilege and monopoly on power
populares - elites who drew power from a popular agenda and comitia tributa

56
Q

Gaius Gracchus

A

elected tribune and gained support of equites (high ranking but did not pursue political career)
wanted to distribute cheap grain to urban populations
proposed to send citizens as colonists to Italy and elsewhere
plan to confer citizenship on all Italians
became tribune 2nd time, failed 3rd time amid rioting
Senate declared martial law; Gaius and some supporters were killed
most of Gaius’ reforms repealed after death

57
Q

Marius (and the rise of the populares)

A

Italian from Arpinum
military man, elected consul to finish war with Jugurtha (helped by quaestor Sulla)
gained an unprecedented 5 consulships
fends off the Gauls in 102-101
military success enabled relaxation of land ownership requirement for military service
soldiers more motivated, veterans expect more land, more loyalty to general than to state

58
Q

The Social War

A

91 BCE - measure passes to give all Italian allies Roman citizenship, but Italian allies revolt
90 BCE - Romans gave citizenship to all loyal allies
impotrtant step in the political unification of Italy

59
Q

L Cornelius Sulla

A

80s BCE - Sulla appointed consul to go get Mithridates of Pontus, who was aiming for hegemony in Asia Minor
plebeian assembly overturns this in favor of Marius
Sulla gets mad, marches on Rome, ejects Marius, and kills tribune who engineered overturning
then goes out after Mithridates while at home Marius retake city and slaughter Sulla supporters
comes home in 83 BCE and a civil war between Sulla and Marians begins

60
Q

Sulla as dictator

A

becomes dictator in 81 BCE
reforms to place Senate back in control -
limits on the tribunes (cannot join Senate, cannot introduce legislation)
300 new senators added
age minimum imposed for office
reforms would mostly be undone by 70 BCE

61
Q

Cn. Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

A

106-48 BCE
noted for repeated military successes (under Sulla)
71 BCE - height of popularity

62
Q

M. Licinius Crassus

A

former Sullan, richer than God

suppressed revolt of Spartacus

63
Q

The Primacy of Pompey

A

70 BCE consulship and conflict between Pompey and Crassus left Senate diminished
pirates were interfering with commerce
Pompey is given military command by tribunal assembly, defeats Mithridates

64
Q

Pompey’s Return

A

splendid triumph, assumed he could hook soldiers up with land
this is prevented by optimates L Licinius Lucullus and M Porcius Cato
caused Pompey to seek other avenues of satisfying his claims

65
Q

First Triumvirate

A

informal alliance between Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
Pompey contributes military fame
Crassus contributes wealth
Caesar contributes political skill
59 BCE - Caesar made consul, secures land for Pompey’s veterans, Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter Julia, Caesar gains command and power and conquers Gaul

66
Q

Rome in the 50s

A

thanks to First Triumvirate, Senate had become very ineffectual
competing street gangs have brought violence to Rome with no means of suppression
Caesar envisions this working to the advantage of the optimates and calls conference in Luca to prevent it

67
Q

Conference in Luca

A

56 BCE: called by Caesar in response to Roman gang violence
Pompey and Crassus are to be made consuls for 55 and suppress violence
after that, each will spend 5 years abroad (Pompey in Spain, Crassus in Syria, Caesar in Gaul)

68
Q

Breakdown of the First Triumvirate

A

Caesar ringing up victories in Gaul, getting legions of loyal troops within the vicinity of Italy
54 BCE Julia dies
53 BCE Crassus dies fighting Parthians
buffer between Pompey and Caesar gone

69
Q

After First Tri Breakdown: Spiral to War

A

senate decides to throw support with Pompey to get rid of Caesar, who they see as larger threat
Pompey is made sole consul; Caesar prepares to run for consul but Pompey and Senate pass a law preventing candidacy in absentia
Senate attempted to force Caesar to give up command
49 BCE - Caesar crosses the Rubicon and invades Italy

70
Q

The Civil War (49 BCE)

A

little fighting in Italy; Pompey received incompetent support and left
Caesar secured Italy and crucial grain producers, defeats Pompey’s forces in Spain
Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed by Ptolemy XIII
Caesar returns to Italy and is named dictator

71
Q

Dictatorship of Julius Caesar

A

45 BCE - named dictator for 10 years (!)
44 BCE - named dictator for life (!!)
goal seems to have been to preserve the order of Roman society with himself grafted on as de facto monarch

72
Q

The Ides of March

A

Caesar prepares to go East to invade Parthia; he is jumped by a group of senators in Pompey’s theater - M Junius Brutus and C Cassius and killed

73
Q

M Tullius Cicero

A

key figure in important political developments from the 60s to the 40s; chief source of information on the late Republic
only Republican writer from whom we have whole speeches
born in Arpinum to a Roman “equestrian”

74
Q

Novus Homo

A

“new man” - term had several meanings, but most common was to refer to a man whose family had never been a senator but who himself reached the consulship

typical of novus homo not to push for political openings but to close gates behind him, so Cicero is reliable proponent of senatorial causes against popular interests

75
Q

L. Sergius Catilina

A

patrician background, failed to win consulship for 63 (lost to Cicero)
began championing cancellation of debts, but lost again in 62
initiated conspiracy with other frustrated aristocrats to put themselves in power

76
Q

Cicero and Catiline

A

Cicero hears about the plot, but does not have proof so intimidates Catiline into leaving Rome
Cic is slipped corresponded with Allobroges about Roman conspirators and has them all killed without trial
proudest achievement though it leaves him vulnerable

77
Q

Exile of Cicero

A

58 - P Clodius from the Bona Dea affair hates Cicero and reinstates law that banishes those who have executed Roman citizens without trial (and makes it retroactive!)
before trial, Cicero runs away to Macedonia but Clodius passes another law exiling him anyway
Cicero’s house on Palatine destroyed and made a shrine to Libertus

78
Q

Recall of Cicero

A

57 - Pompey helps secure recall of Cicero to Rome
Cicero starts suing for property damage and helping those who supported him
hopes to peel Pompey off of Caesar, but is disappointed by conference of Luca

79
Q

Cicero After Luca (56)

A

basically told to shut up and fall in line
only takes cases at the behest of Pompey and Caesar
forces to write recantations of his attacks on Caesar and the legitimacy of Caesar’s consulship
leaves Italy for military service and returns in 50 at the eve of war

Classics 10B (4 decks)

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