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1
Q

A cappella

A
  • Latin for “in the chapel”
  • vocal music without instrumental accompaniment
  • characteristic feature of Middle Ages/Renaissance music

Eg. Haec dies(anonymous chant)

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2
Q

The “Affections”

A
  • Baroque philosophy inspired by Greek/Roman writers/orators
  • a single “affect” visually projected through entire composition
  • vocal music depicted emotions of text/dramatic situations

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

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3
Q

Baroque

A
  • from Portuguese “barroco” : irregularly shaped

- first used as derogatory term, now applied to 17-early 18th century art, architecture, music

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4
Q

Bas

A
  • French for “low”
  • low level of volume, designation for indoor instruments

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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5
Q

Basso continuo

A
  • two performers: one playing notated bass line, one realizing indicated harmonies by figured bass
  • provides harmonic framework

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

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6
Q

Binary form

A
  • two part form (AB)
  • section A usually ending with an open cadence
  • frequently used in Baroque dances and keyboard pieces
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7
Q

Cadenza

A
  • solo passage found in concertos and arias
  • 18th century, generally improvised by soloist to display virtuosity

Eg. Piano Concerto in G major, K453

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8
Q

Canon

A
  • from Greek word “law”

- strict type of polyphonic composition: each voice enters in succession with same melody

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9
Q

Cantata

A
  • multi movement chorale work
  • sacred or secular
  • for soloists, chorus, orchestra

Eg. Cantata No. 80, “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”

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10
Q

Cantus firmus

A
  • Latin for “fixed song”
  • borrowed material, often from Gregorian chant
  • serves as structural skeleton for a new polyphonic composition

Eg. Haec dies (organum)

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11
Q

Chamber music

A
  • music for small ensemble (2-10 players)
  • one player per part
  • usually performed without conductor

Eg. Piano Quintet in A major, D667 (“Trout”)

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12
Q

Castrato

A
  • male soprano or alto voice
  • surgical procedure before reaching puberty to prevent voice from changing
  • 17-18th century, generally used in heroic roles

Eg. The Marriage of Figaro

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13
Q

Chorale

A
  • hymn tune
  • intended for congregational singing
  • used as a basis for many genres
  • harmonized for four voices
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14
Q

Chromaticism

A
  • from Greek word “chroma” (colour)
  • melodies/harmonies including all notes available within the octave

Eg. Ave maria… Virgo Serena

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15
Q

Clavichord

A
  • small rectangular keyboard instrument

Eg. Sonata in D Major, L463/K430

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16
Q

Clavier

A
  • German for any keyboard instrument other than the organ
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17
Q

Coda

A
  • Latin for “tail”
  • concluding section reaffirming tonic key

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major (“London”)

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18
Q

Concertino

A
  • small group of solo instruments featured in a concerto gross

Eg. Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major, BWV 1047

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19
Q

Concerto grosso

A
  • baroque orchestral work
  • usually in 3 movements (fast-slow-fast)
  • group of solo instruments showcased

Eg. Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major, BWV 1047

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20
Q

Consort of instruments

A
  • Renaissance term for instrumental ensemble
  • “whole consort”: all instruments from one family
  • “broken consort”: mixed combination of instruments

Eg. Pavane “Mille regretz”

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21
Q

Continuous imitation

A
  • type of polyphony associated with Renaissance style
  • motive or theme passed from one voice to another
  • series of entries referred to as “points of imitation”

Eg. Ave Maria… Virgo Serena

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22
Q

Counter tenor

A
  • high male voice with a strong, pure tone
  • often heard in performances of early music
  • falsetto singing (out of male range)

Eg. O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

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23
Q

Cornetto

A
  • ancestor of trumpet
  • developed from cow horn, later made of wood
  • outdoor instrument

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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24
Q

Crumhorn

A
  • double reed instrument, outdoor
  • usually J shaped

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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25
Q

Development

A
  • second main section in sonata form
  • themes from exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestration
  • modulations and increased harmonic tension
  • new themes may also be introduced

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major “London”

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26
Q

Double exposition

A
  • used in first mvmt of Classical concerto
  • orchestral exposition introduces principal themes and tonic keys
  • solo exposition follows, restates first theme and initiates modulation away from tonic key

Eg. Piano Concerto in G Major, K453

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27
Q

Drone

A
  • sustained pitch or long held notes
  • provides harmonic support
  • common in folk music

Eg. Ce fut en mai

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28
Q

Dulcimer

A
  • popular Medieval string instrument: wooden sound box and gut strings struck with small hammers
  • indoor instrument

Eg. Ce fut en mai

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29
Q

Estampie

A
  • one of the oldest medieval dances
  • stately character
  • elaborate body movements, danced by couples

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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30
Q

Exposition

A
  • first main section in sonata form
  • two contrasting themes stated
  • first theme = tonic key, second theme = dominant/relative major key

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major, “London”

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31
Q

Figured bass

A
  • type of musical shorthand developed in Baroque era
  • numbers placed below bass line to show harmonic progression
  • performed by basso continuo
  • provides structure for guided improvisation
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32
Q

Fugal texture

A
  • contrapuntal composition based on imitation
  • a theme pervades entire work, entering in one voice and then another

Eg. Cantata No. 80

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33
Q

Gradual

A
  • fourth section of the Mass Proper
  • texts derive primarily from Psalms
  • chants were generally melismatic and responsorial style

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

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34
Q

Gravicembalo

A
  • Italian term for harpsichord

Eg. Sonata in D Major, L463/K430

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35
Q

Gregorian chant

A
  • form of plainchant: sacred, liturgical music of Catholic Church
  • modal, monophonic melodies, unmeasured rhythms and Latin texts
  • named after Pope Gregory the Great

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

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36
Q

Ground bass

A
  • baroque compositional device
  • consists of continuous repetition of a short melody over which free variations occur
  • provided basic structure of Baroque era

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

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37
Q

Guitarra moresca

A
  • guitar of mourish (North African) origins

- strummed

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38
Q

Harpsichord

A
  • keyboard instrument
  • often had two sets of keys

Eg. Sonata in D Major, L463/K430

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39
Q

Haut

A
  • French for “high”, high level of volume
  • outdoor instrument

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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40
Q

Heterophonic texture

A
  • simultaneous variation
  • two or more voices, one playing original, others playing embellished version (often improvised)

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

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41
Q

Homorhythmic texture

A
  • in multi voiced composition, all voices sing in same rhythm
  • chordal texture results
  • coupled with syllabic text setting, delivers text clearly

Eg. Ave Maria… Virgo Serena

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42
Q

Hornpipe

A
  • lively dance in triple meter
  • English origin, originally associated with sailors

Eg. Water Suite Music in D Major, HWV 349

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43
Q

Lute

A
  • ancestor of guitar
  • middle eastern origin
  • frequently used to accompany singers
  • plucked, fretted string instrument

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

44
Q

Mass

A
  • most important service in liturgy of RCC
  • includes prayers, readings from Bible, reenactment of Last Supper, referred to as Holy Communion

Eg. Missa Papae Marcelli

45
Q

Mass Ordinary

A
  • unchanging prayers of the Mass

- components: Kyrie, Gloria, Crede, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei

46
Q

Mass proper

A
  • changing, variable prayers of Mass
  • linked to Church Calender
  • sections: Gradual, Introit, Communion, Alleluia
47
Q

Medieval pipe

A
  • ancestor of flute
  • wind instrument with three holes, blown through mouth piece

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

48
Q

Melismatic text setting

A
  • many notes for each syllable of text
  • the most elaborate and florid form of text setting

Eg. Haec dies anonymous chant

49
Q

Modal counterpoint

A
  • polyphonic texture based on modes

Eg. Ave Maria… Virgo Serena

50
Q

Modes

A
  • scale patterns distinguished by their own unique order of tones and semitones
  • source of melodies in Middle Ages and Renaissance
  • Ancient Greece music: referred to by original names
51
Q

Modified sonata form

A
  • abbreviated sonata form
  • contains Exposition, Recapitulation but no development
  • developed by 18th century composers

Eg. The Marriage of Figaro

52
Q

Monody

A
  • literally “one song”
  • new style developed in late 16th century
  • single vocal melody with simple instrumental accompaniment

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

53
Q

Monophonic chanson

A
  • chanson is French for “song”
  • grew from troubadour/trouvere tradition, 12-13th centuries
  • sometimes performed with improvised accompaniment

Eg. Ce fut en mai

54
Q

Monophonic texture

A
  • music consisting of a single line of melody
  • no harmony or accompaniment

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

55
Q

Monothematic exposition

A
  • in sonata form: theme 2 = transposed version of theme 1
  • frequently employed by Haydn

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major “London”

56
Q

Motet

A
  • vocal composition with or without instrumental accompaniment
  • can be sacred or secular
  • usually anonymous and often polytextual

Eg. O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

57
Q

Musica ficta

A
  • Latin for “false music” = modern day accidentals
  • performance practice in modal music of LMA and Renaissance

Eg. Puis qu’en oubli

58
Q

Nakers

A
  • medieval percussion instruments, middle eastern origin
  • played in pairs, resemble small kettledrums

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

59
Q

Neumatic text setting

A
  • several notes (2-4) for each syllable of text

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

60
Q

Neumes

A
  • small notation symbols indicating direction of melodic line
  • earliest form of notation in western art music

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

61
Q

Opera

A
  • Italian for “work”, created in Italy around 1600
  • combines vocal and instrumental music with drama, visual arts, often dance
  • includes recitative, aria, ensemble, choruses

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

62
Q

Opera buffa

A
  • Italian comic opera
  • sung throughout with no spoken dialogue
  • down to earth characters, fast paced plots, farce, sexual innuendo

Eg. The Marriage of Figaro

63
Q

Opera seria

A
  • Italian for “serious opera”
  • sung throughout
  • generally based on historical or mythological subjects

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

64
Q

Oratorio

A
  • large scale choral work generally based on sacred subjects
  • PF include: vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra
  • performed in concert setting without scenery, costumes, acting

Eg. The Creation

65
Q

Organum

A
  • general term for polyphony based on plainchant
  • early styles maintained primary intervals between voices
  • later styles featured greater variety of intervals

Eg. Haec dies (organum)

66
Q

Ostinato

A
  • Italian for “obstinate” or “persistent”
  • rhythmic melodic pattern repeated for an extended period

Eg. O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

67
Q

Piano quintet

A
  • chamber ensemble consisting of piano and four other instruments
  • most common grouping is piano with string quartet
  • also refers to a composition written for 5 instruments

Eg. Piano Quintet in A major, D667 “Trout”

68
Q

Plainchant

A
  • sometimes called plain song
  • roots in Judaic tradition, monophonic texture, modal melodies, narrow melodic range, unmeasured prose rhythm

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

69
Q

Polyphonic texture

A
  • two or more independent melodic lines heard simultaneously
  • referred to as contrapuntal texture

Eg. O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

70
Q

Polytextual motet

A
  • two or more texts heard simultaneously

Eg. O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

71
Q

Portative organ

A
  • medieval portable keyboard instrument

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

72
Q

Positive organ

A
  • slightly larger than portative organ
  • one keyboard, no pedals, small pipes
  • 14th century, popular through Renaissance

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

73
Q

Psaltery

A
  • popular medieval string instrument
  • trapezoidal sound box with gut strings
  • indoor instrument

Eg. Ce fut en mai

74
Q

Rebec

A
  • medieval indoor instrument
  • pear shaped with three strings
  • played on arm or under chin

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

75
Q

Recitativo accompagnato

A
  • Italian for “accompanied recitative”
  • speech like, declamatory style of singing
  • supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

76
Q

Recitative secco

A
  • Italian for “dry recitative”
  • speech like, declamatory style of singing
  • supported only by continuo

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

77
Q

Recorder

A
  • medieval indoor instrument
  • end blown wind instrument with finger holes
  • remained popular in baroque period

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

78
Q

Regal

A
  • 14th century portable organ
  • small key word and reeds
  • ancestor of modern harmonium

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

79
Q

Responsorial singing

A
  • method of performance where solo voice alternates with chorus
  • solo passage = verse, choral passage = chorus

Eg. Haec dies (anonymous chant)

80
Q

Ripieno AKA tutti

A
  • Italian for “full” or “complete”
  • term used to denote full orchestra in baroque concerto

Eg. Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major

81
Q

Ritornello

A
  • recurring theme functioning as a refrain in baroque compositions
  • can serve as introduction and and postlude in arias and choruses

Eg. Cantata No. 80

82
Q

Ritornello form

A
  • structure employed in 1st and 3rd movements of baroque concerto
  • opening passage restated throughout movement

Eg. Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major

83
Q

Rondeau

A
  • popular fixed poetic form used in chansons of Ars Nova
  • four verses with a refrain: AB aA ab AB

Eg. Puis qu’en oubli

84
Q

Rondo form

A
  • ABACA or ABACABA
  • section must be heard at least three times in tonic key
  • sections B and C offer contrast in keys and thematic material

Eg. Piano Sonata in C minor, op. 13

85
Q

Rounded binary

A
  • two part musical form ABA

- material from A returns with B

86
Q

Sackbut

A
  • ancestor of trombone
  • from old French “pull-push”
  • outdoor instrument

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

87
Q

Shawm

A
  • ancestor of oboe
  • middle eastern origin
  • double reed instrument producing shrill nasal tone

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

88
Q

Sonata cycle

A
  • multi movement structure
  • emerged in classical era
  • occurs in symphony, sonata, concerto

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major

89
Q

Sonata form

A
  • formal structure used in 1st movement of sonata cycle
  • consists of Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation

Eg. Symphony No. 104 in D Major

90
Q

Stile concitato

A
  • Italian for “agitated style”
  • term used by Monteverdi to express “hidden tremors of the soul” through tremolo and pizzicato, ornamentation and rapid repeated notes

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

91
Q

Stile rappresentativo

A
  • Italian for “representational style”
  • term used by Florentine Camerata musicians to describe monody style
  • recitative like melody moving freely over foundation of simple chords

Eg. The Coronation of Poppea

92
Q

String quartet

A
  • the most popular chamber ensemble of Classical era
  • two violins, viola, cello
  • four movements: fast-slow-medium-fast

Eg. Piano Quintet in A Major

93
Q

Strophic form

A
  • structure where same music is performed for each verse of the poem
  • little connection between words and music

Eg. Ce fut en mai

94
Q

Tabor

A
  • medieval percussion instrument
  • large and cylindrical drum

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

95
Q

Tambourine

A
  • percussion instrument
  • wooden frame with small metal disks inserted, with or without drum skin
  • played by striking or shaking

Eg. Royal Estampie No. 4

96
Q

Tenor

A
  • from Latin terere “to hold”

- in polyphonic composition, refers to voice containing cantus furmus

97
Q

Terzetto

A
  • Italian term for “trio”
  • musical number for 3 voices

Eg. The Marriage of Figaro

98
Q

Theme and variations

A
  • a work featuring a theme followed by a series of variations
  • often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
  • changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm or orchestration

Eg. Piano Quintet in A major

99
Q

Tremolo

A
  • rapid alternation between the notes or notes of a chord

Eg. Piano Sonata in C minor, op. 13

100
Q

Troubadour

A
  • aristocratic poet musicians of Southern France

- composed and performed original poems and songs

101
Q

Trouser role

A
  • male character performed by soprano
  • roles originally created for male castratti frequently turned into trouser roles in modern performances

Eg. The Marriage of Figaro

102
Q

Trouvere

A
  • French for “finder” or “inventor”
  • aristocratic poet musicians of Northern France
  • composed and performed original songs and poems
103
Q

Vielle

A
  • medieval ancestor of violin
  • figure 8 shape played with bow
  • indoor instrument

Eg. Ce fut en mai

104
Q

Viol

A
  • Renaissance family of bowed string instruments
  • varied in size

Eg. Pavane “Mille regretz”

105
Q

Viola da gamba

A
  • instrument of viol family
  • 6 strings, fretted like guitar
  • held like modern cello

Eg. Pavane “Mille regretz”

106
Q

Virginal

A
  • generic term in England for all plucked keyboard instruments
  • small and lighter than harpsichord, less expensive, simpler construction
  • played on table top or held in lap

Eg. Pavane “Mille regretz”

107
Q

Word painting

A
  • musical pictorialization
  • in vocal works, music reflects meaning of text
  • employed in madrigals, operas, oratorios

Eg. Ave Maria… Virgo Serena

History 2 (2 decks)

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