terms

Question 1

Politics of Pan-Islam

Answer 1

trying to win the allegiance of Muslim living under European colonial rule in attempt to forge a lever against imperial pressures against the Ottoman Empire

ex; The construction of the “Hijaz railroad” from Damascus to Medina (1903-08) financed exclusively through fund-raising among the international Muslim community.

Question 2

Battle of Algiers

Answer 2

Sept. 1956 - Sept. 1957

Question 3

FLN

Answer 3

Front de la Libération Nationale
1945-1948 The “Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberty” (MTLD) led by Messalij Hadj tries to move towards independence through electoral politics.

1954 A faction of the MTLD breaks away and forms the FLN

Question 4

Tariqa

Answer 4

Sufi order

Question 5

Baraka

Answer 5

(literally: “blessing”) spiritual power associated with prominent Sufi masters; saintliness
- kind of continuity of spiritual presence and revelation that begins with God and flows through that and those closest to God.

Baraka can be found within physical objects, places, and people, as chosen by God. This force begins by flowing directly from God into creation that is worthy of baraka.These creations endowed with baraka can then transmit the flow of baraka to the other creations of God through physical proximity or through the adherence to the spiritual practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Baraka is a prominent concept in Islamic mysticism, particularly Sufism. It pervades Sufi texts, beliefs, practices, and spirituality. Sufism emphasizes the importance of esoteric knowledge and the spiritual union with God through the heart. Baraka symbolizes this connection between the divine and the worldly through God’s direct and intentional blessing of those that are most reflective of Him and his teachings.

Question 6

Shaykh

Answer 6

Sufi master, leader of a Sufi order or of one of its branches

Question 7

Ernest Renan

Answer 7

while the “West” is viewed as characterized by liberty, democracy, philosophy, science, and rationalism, scholars like Ernest Renan (1823-1892) portray Islam as inherently and eternally antirational and antiscientific

Question 8

Scholarly Orientalism

Answer 8

19th-Century: expansion of scholarly Orientalism
-Mainly in France and Germany

• Particularly influential: Jean François Champollion (1790-1832), Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838)
• Creation of institutions such as the School of Living Oriental Languages (established in Paris in 1795), the Société Asiatique (1821) or the American Oriental Society (1840s)
• Emphasis on “civilization” as the central category of historical analysis; crucial: bringing out the “essence” of a “civilization” through the study of its texts (→ philology)

Question 9

Homo Islamicus

Answer 9

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Question 10

Abu ‘l-Huda al-Sayyadi

Answer 10

Rifa’iyya brotherhood shaykh

(1850-1909), one of Abdülhamid II’s main advisors.

Question 11

Salafiyya

Answer 11

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Question 12

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

Answer 12

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Question 13

Muhammad Abduh

Answer 13

(1849-1905) • Idea of the return to an ideal, early Islam leads to the glorification of the Arabs

Question 14

Wafd

Answer 14

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Question 15

1919 Revolution

Answer 15

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Question 16

Sa’d Zaghlul

Answer 16

.

Question 17

Abd al-Rahman Al-Kawakibi

Answer 17

(turn of the 20th century):

• Adding political content to the idea of an Arab revival.

Question 18

Mustafa Kamil

Answer 18

Nationalist Party; leader (1874-1908)

with newspaper al-Liwa — campaigning for immediate British withdrawal, viewing Egypt as a distinct territorial entity

Question 19

Arabism

Answer 19

z

Question 20

Nahda

Answer 20

Nahda (“revival”, “awakening”): a cultural awareness movement mainly among Christian and Muslim Arab intellectuals based in Ottoman Syria.

Question 21

Osman Hamdi Bey

Answer 21

• Subverting European Orientalist visions: Osman Hamdi Bey, the painter
• Establishing control over one’s “own past”: the 1884 antiquities law → Osman Hamdi Bey (1842-1910), the archaeologist

Question 22

Gordon College

Answer 22

z

Question 23

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Answer 23

z

Question 24

Zionism

Answer 24

modern political Zionism (= Jewish nationalism focusing on Palestine
• The background: earlier, religious Zionism as an important part of Jewish thought in the Diaspora

Question 25

Colonial Urbanism

Answer 25

z

Question 26

Theodor Herzl

Answer 26

early leader of zionist movement

Question 27

David Ben Gurion

Answer 27

(1886-1973) - most important leader of Mapai Party

Question 28

Mapai

Answer 28

1930: two labor groups merge to form the Mapai Party that would crucially shape political life of the Yishuv (= the Zionist community in Palestine before the proclamation of the state of Israel) and the State of Israel until 1977 - focus on socialist egalitarian ideals (important element: the creation of kibbutzim). - most important leader: David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973).

Question 29

Histadrut

Answer 29

-1920: Histadrut (Federation of Jewish Labor) founded → extensive activities from shipping and construction companies to banking and insurance businesses: crucial to creating the infrastructure for a future Jewish polity

Question 30

Balfour Declaration

Answer 30

-Major contradiction: Britain commits itself to the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine and to upholding the rights of the indigenous Arab population

Question 31

Haganah

Answer 31

-1920: Haganah (Jewish defense force established)

Question 32

Yishuv

Answer 32

-the Zionist community in Palestine before the proclamation of the state of Israel

Question 33

Jewish Agency

Answer 33

•1921: Palestine Zionist Executive established (from 1929: the Jewish Agency)

Question 34

Supreme Muslim Council

Answer 34

z

Question 35

Hajj Amin al-Husayni

Answer 35

- British-appointed mufti of Jerusalem and president of the Supreme Muslim Council succeeds in building up a powerful patronage network that in fact becomes the most “extensive Arab political organization in Palestine.” - His policy: through partly cooperation with the British securing a negotiated solution to Jewish immigration.

Question 36

Great Revolt of 1937-39

Answer 36

z

Question 37

Irgun

Answer 37

z

Question 38

Culture of Nationalism

Answer 38

In the context of “defensive developmentalism” Ottoman reformers from the mid-19th century create a “culture of nationalism” (Gelvin) whose principles communities in various parts of the Ottoman lands would later apply to the contexts of nation building that were created in the aftermath of World War I.

Question 39

Sephardim

Answer 39

“Oriental” Jews

Question 40

Ashkenazim

Answer 40

“European” Jews

Question 41

Dr. Emile Mauchamp

Answer 41

On 19 March 1907, a doctor of the French government, Emile Mauchamp, was beaten to death by a Moroccan mob outside his clinic in the city of Marrakech.' The French colonial lobby used this brutal murder to justify invading the Moroccan city of Oujda in 1907 and, eventually, to add Morocco to the colonial empire as a French protectorate in 1912. -Mauchamp's murder was a political event, an act of popular Moroccan defiance against Sultan 'Abd al-'Aziz and anger at his impotence before the European powers - rumors accusing him of poisoning Moroccans,

Question 42

Juan Cole

Answer 42

z