terms Flashcards
Politics of Pan-Islam
trying to win the allegiance of Muslim living under European colonial rule in attempt to forge a lever against imperial pressures against the Ottoman Empire
ex; The construction of the “Hijaz railroad” from Damascus to Medina (1903-08) financed exclusively through fund-raising among the international Muslim community.
Battle of Algiers
Sept. 1956 - Sept. 1957
FLN
Front de la Libération Nationale
1945-1948 The “Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberty” (MTLD) led by Messalij Hadj tries to move towards independence through electoral politics.
1954 A faction of the MTLD breaks away and forms the FLN
Tariqa
Sufi order
Baraka
(literally: “blessing”) spiritual power associated with prominent Sufi masters; saintliness
- kind of continuity of spiritual presence and revelation that begins with God and flows through that and those closest to God.
Baraka can be found within physical objects, places, and people, as chosen by God. This force begins by flowing directly from God into creation that is worthy of baraka.These creations endowed with baraka can then transmit the flow of baraka to the other creations of God through physical proximity or through the adherence to the spiritual practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Baraka is a prominent concept in Islamic mysticism, particularly Sufism. It pervades Sufi texts, beliefs, practices, and spirituality. Sufism emphasizes the importance of esoteric knowledge and the spiritual union with God through the heart. Baraka symbolizes this connection between the divine and the worldly through God’s direct and intentional blessing of those that are most reflective of Him and his teachings.
Shaykh
Sufi master, leader of a Sufi order or of one of its branches
Ernest Renan
while the “West” is viewed as characterized by liberty, democracy, philosophy, science, and rationalism, scholars like Ernest Renan (1823-1892) portray Islam as inherently and eternally antirational and antiscientific
Scholarly Orientalism
19th-Century: expansion of scholarly Orientalism
-Mainly in France and Germany
- Particularly influential: Jean François Champollion (1790-1832), Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838)
- Creation of institutions such as the School of Living Oriental Languages (established in Paris in 1795), the Société Asiatique (1821) or the American Oriental Society (1840s)
- Emphasis on “civilization” as the central category of historical analysis; crucial: bringing out the “essence” of a “civilization” through the study of its texts (→ philology)
Homo Islamicus
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Abu ‘l-Huda al-Sayyadi
Rifa’iyya brotherhood shaykh
(1850-1909), one of Abdülhamid II’s main advisors.
Salafiyya
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
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Muhammad Abduh
(1849-1905) • Idea of the return to an ideal, early Islam leads to the glorification of the Arabs
Wafd
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1919 Revolution
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Sa’d Zaghlul
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Abd al-Rahman Al-Kawakibi
(turn of the 20th century):
• Adding political content to the idea of an Arab revival.
Mustafa Kamil
Nationalist Party; leader (1874-1908)
with newspaper al-Liwa — campaigning for immediate British withdrawal, viewing Egypt as a distinct territorial entity
Arabism
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Nahda
Nahda (“revival”, “awakening”): a cultural awareness movement mainly among Christian and Muslim Arab intellectuals based in Ottoman Syria.
Osman Hamdi Bey
- Subverting European Orientalist visions: Osman Hamdi Bey, the painter
- Establishing control over one’s “own past”: the 1884 antiquities law → Osman Hamdi Bey (1842-1910), the archaeologist
Gordon College
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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
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Zionism
modern political Zionism (= Jewish nationalism focusing on Palestine
• The background: earlier, religious Zionism as an important part of Jewish thought in the Diaspora
Colonial Urbanism
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Theodor Herzl
early leader of zionist movement
David Ben Gurion
(1886-1973) - most important leader of Mapai Party
Mapai
1930: two labor groups merge to form the Mapai Party that would crucially shape political life of the Yishuv (= the Zionist community in Palestine before the proclamation of the state of Israel) and the State of Israel until 1977
- focus on socialist egalitarian ideals (important element: the creation of kibbutzim).
- most important leader: David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973).
Histadrut
-1920: Histadrut (Federation of Jewish Labor) founded → extensive activities from shipping and construction companies to banking and insurance businesses: crucial to creating the infrastructure for a future Jewish polity
Balfour Declaration
-Major contradiction: Britain commits itself to the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine and to upholding the rights of the indigenous Arab population
Haganah
-1920: Haganah (Jewish defense force established)
Yishuv
-the Zionist community in Palestine before the proclamation of the state of Israel
Jewish Agency
•1921: Palestine Zionist Executive established (from 1929: the Jewish Agency)
Supreme Muslim Council
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Hajj Amin al-Husayni
- British-appointed mufti of Jerusalem and president of the Supreme Muslim Council succeeds in building up a powerful patronage network that in fact becomes the most “extensive Arab political organization in Palestine.”
- His policy: through partly cooperation with the British securing a negotiated solution to Jewish immigration.
Great Revolt of 1937-39
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Irgun
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Culture of Nationalism
In the context of “defensive developmentalism” Ottoman reformers from the mid-19th century create a “culture of nationalism” (Gelvin) whose principles communities in various parts of the Ottoman lands would later apply to the contexts of nation building that were created in the aftermath of World War I.
Sephardim
“Oriental” Jews
Ashkenazim
“European” Jews
Dr. Emile Mauchamp
On 19 March 1907, a doctor of the French government, Emile Mauchamp, was beaten to death by a Moroccan mob outside his clinic in the city of Marrakech.’ The French colonial lobby used this brutal murder to justify invading the Moroccan city of Oujda in 1907 and, eventually, to add Morocco to the colonial empire as a French protectorate in 1912.
-Mauchamp’s murder was a political event, an act of popular Moroccan defiance against Sultan ‘Abd
al-‘Aziz and anger at his impotence before the European powers
- rumors accusing him of poisoning Moroccans,
Juan Cole
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