Terms Flashcards
Beginning in 1600 there was a wave of new English colonies formed mainly out of territory taken from rival European nations
Restoration Colonies
A protest against the government of Virginia for not allowing a full-fledged war on the Native Americans
Bacon’s Rebellion
He denounced the self-destructive economic jealousy that bred class hatred and was the governor of Massachusetts.
John Winthrop
New York uprising in 1689
Leisler’s Rebellion
They barred colonial merchants from exporting goods anywhere except to England
Navigation Acts
Name of short-lived union of English colonies to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies against the French and hostile Native Americans
The Dominion of New England
Leaders of this movement led the world toward progress and out of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny
The Enlightenment
Group saw a decline in influence following the Great Awakening
Quakers
Name of governing body that John Winthrop brought Anne Hutchinson in front of for heresy
General Court
A compromise to allow second-generation New England Puritans to join the church without the conversion-relation experience
The Half-Way Covenant
Parliament’s taxes on glass, lead, paper and tea in 1767 were collectively known as the…
Townshend Acts
Document by Thomas Paine that is credited with driving the colonists towards separation from England
Common Sense
A meeting of representatives of seven of the colonies to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French
Albany Congress
The East India Tea Company was allowed to sell directly to the colonies under this act
Tea Act
Used by British to enforce the collection of duties imposed by the Townshend Acts
Writs of assistance
Meeting of the colonies where they resolved that Britain had declared war on them, extended an olive branch petition, and organized the Continental Army
The Second Continental Congress
The Sons of Liberty formed after the institution of this act
Stamp Act
Name of the first, but ultimately failed, constitution of the United States
Articles of Confederation
A plot led by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris to oust Congress and replace it with a military dictatorship, in an effort to put in place a tax to help pay soldiers’ wages
Newburgh Conspiracy
Massachusetts uprising of 1786 over the foreclosure of farms, stemming partly from the government’s inability to pay veterans’ salaries.
Shay’s Rebellion
Landmark statute adopted by Congress which ruled that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in a single Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish
Judiciary Act of 1789
Act signed by Great Britain which recognized American independence and sovereignty
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Authored partly by James Madison and distributed throughout the states to help encourage ratification of the US Constitution
Federalist Papers
Name of the meeting where 55 delegates met in Philadelphia in 1786 for the original sole purpose “to revise and repair the Articles of Confederation.”
Constitutional Convention
Name of opponents to the ratification of the US Constitution
Anti-Federalists
James Madison was ordered by Thomas Jefferson not to deliver a judicial confirmation put in place by John Adam’s “lame duck” attempt to appoint Federalist judges to the courts
Marbury v. Madison
Diplomatic scandal involving French agents who demanded money and an apology from President Adams
XYZ Affair
Legislation passed under President Adams supposedly to “protect” America from undesirable immigrants, but really more of an effort by the Federalists to stop the power and growth of the Democratic Republicans
Alien and Sedition Acts
Collaboration by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison which stated that the U.S. Constitution only established an agreement between the central government and the states, and that the government had no rights to excercise powers not specifically delegated to it
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Advocated by the Anti-Federalists as a neccessary addition to the U.S. Consitution if it were to be ratified
Bill of Rights
One of the lasting achievements under the Articles of Confederation
Northwest Ordinance
Colonial spiritual movement of the 1730s-1740s
Great Awakening
The meeting of the delegates to “repair and revise the Articles of Confederation”
Constiutional Convention
Insurrection in western Pennsylvania in 1794 that saw the new federal government exert strong military authority over the nation’s citizens
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
This act established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain, defined the boundaries of the U.S. with the Spanish colonies, and guaranteed U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River
Pinckney Treaty
Also known as the Religious Society of Friends
Quakers
Provided a partial church membership for the chldren and grandchildren of church members
Half-Way Covenant
Parliament’s duties on imports of tea, glass, and paper. The law also provided for the searches of private homes for smuggled goods and suspended New York’s assembly for their defiant stand on the Quartering Act
Townshend Acts
This act settled a border dispute between the U.S. and Spain, with Spain ceding Florida to the U.S. In exchange for the U.S. agreeing to pay claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million.
Pinckney Treaty
Acts passed in response to the Alien-Sedition Acts, declaring that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it in the constitution.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
This gave the United States access to the port New Orleans, despite some concerns that it was possibly an unconstitutional act since the Constitution did not specify whether the U.S. could acquire territory
Louisiana Purchase
Due to unpopularity of Jefferson’s anti-foreign trade policies, Massachusetts met in secret to discuss the secession of New England
Hartford Convention
Shawnee warrior who tried to put together a vast Indian confederacy to oppose the white settlement in the western frontier
Tecumseh
President Jefferson’s response to Great Britain’s harassment of American ships on the open seas - this act prohibited all exports of U.S. Cargo to foreign ports
Embargo of 1807
This marked the end of of the War of 1812 and saw the Americans agree to abandon their goal of expanding into Canada
Treaty of Ghent
A corrupt land deal that gave the Quids another reason to be upset with Jefferson
Yazoo (Land) Claims
This was Henry Clay’s Whig party platform supporting a national bank, federal funding for internal improvements, and a protective tariff.
The “American System”
Farmer’s revolt over a tax on wheat. Led to an uprising put down only after President George Washington led troops in a display of force.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Acts passed to enforce the economic theory of mercantilism under which wealth was to be increased by restricting trade to colonies rather than with free trade.
Navigation Acts
This Supreme Court case established that the Constitution defines federal power to regulate commerce and that no part of such power can be exercised by a state.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Political party platform emphasizing support for a national bank, federal funding for internal improvements, and a protective tariff.
“American System”
this agreement between the United States and Spain settled a border dispute in Florida.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Supreme Court decision ruling that New Hampshire legislature had unconstitutionally interfered in changing a provision of a charter. Chief Justice Marshall stated that the charter was a valid contract.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Including Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, this group served as advisors to President Andrew Jackson.
Kitchen Cabinet
This project was vetoed by President Jackson largely because he argued that using federal subsidies for individual state projects was unfair.
Maysville Road
In this case, the Supreme Court held that Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from state actions.
Worcester v. Georgia
Factory labor system that relied exclusively on young women residing in a dormitory setting with clean working conditions.
Lowell System
A response to South Carolina’s effort to nullify tarriffs.
Force Bill
A protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that outraged Southern politicians due to its harmful effects on the Southern economy.
Tariff of Abominations
Charles Pickney referred to this war in the Mediterranean Sea as costing “millions for defense, not a penny for tribute.”
Barbary Wars
The president of the Second National Bank who found himself at war with President Andrew Jackson over the renewal of the bank’s charter.
Nicholas Biddle
Chief Justice Marshall stated that the state’s effort to tax the national bank was in conflict with federal law and unconstitutional. Significantly, this court decision established the supremacy of the federal law.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
The “Father of the Industrial Revolution”
Samuel Slater
The union was decreed by James II as a measure to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies.
Dominion of New England
Statement in a speech written by Secretary of State John Adams stating the the western hemisphere was the American hemisphere and that European nations should stay out of its affairs.
Monroe Doctrine
Provided the first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship.
Federal Naturalization Law of 1790
Plan to address the revolutionary ward debt, proposal to charter a bank, reccomendation for government to promote industry.
Hamilton’s Report
Was made up by John Jay.
Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794)
Democratic Republican candidates Jefferson and Burr tie with 73 electoral votes each (Federalist candidate Adams gets 65); tie goes to House of Representatives; Hamilton hated Burr more, went to House and got more votes for Jefferson; Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel. The tie led to the 12th Amendment.
Election of 1800
1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained
Rush-Bagot Treaty
After a period of economic boom after the War of 1812, where the prices of farm goods and land increased rapidly, and the wildcat and state banks gave easy credit to settlers and speculators, the National Bank finally decided to tighten credit, call in loans, and foreclose on mortgages. In effect, there was a series of failures by state banks, and the result was a financial panic and depression.
Panic of 1819
The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states than free states.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
The South practically based everything (politics, economics, social structure etc) around the growing and selling cotton en masse. This would lead to idealistic conflicts between the North and South.
The Cotton Culture
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism.
Second Great Awakening
in the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
corrupt bargain
some wanted to halt land sales, but Benton, the Jacksonian in the senate, argued that that favored economy in the Northeast at the expense of the west. ______ said South and west were victims of Northeast tyranny and supported Calhoun’s theory of nullification. _______ attacked him, and through him Calhoun, and spoke about issues of states’ rights vs. national powers.
The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836
Specie Circular
published in 1835
Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison.
The Liberator
Reformer who led a crusade to improve public education in America
Horace Mann
One of the first known textbooks
McGuffey Readers
Concept of U.S. territorial expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean that saw the occupation of the rest of the continent as a divine right of the American people.
Manifest Destiny
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory.
Wilmot Proviso
Series of legislation addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War.
Compromise of 1850
Political party organized by northerners taking the approach that slavery should not be extended into the land of the Mexican Cession.
Free Soil Party
The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Brought many steam ships with him to show America’s strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese.
Commodore Matthew Perry
Emerson’s lecture at Harvard
The American Scholar
A statement of women’s rights deliberately modeled after the Declaration of Independence
Seneca Falls Declaration
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.
Hudson River School
Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music
Minstrel shows
Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about a slave who’s ordered to be beaten to death by two other slaves.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.
Bleeding Kansas
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn’t sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Dred-Scott Decision
family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
Yeoman farmers
Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery.
Hinton R. Helper
He envisioned a “City Upon a Hill.”
John Winthrop
Armed uprising by Western Massachusetts farmers racked by land seizures and bankruptcies.
Shay’s Rebellion
Secretary of State John Adams’ most significant foreign policy contribution to the Monroe administration.
Monroe Doctrine
Seen as the “bloodless revolution” in which political power was seamlessly transitioned from one political party to the other.
Election of 1800
Supreme Court decision ruling that the state of Georgia had no power to force American Indians off of their native lands.
Worcester v. Georgia
Religious revival of the 19th century which resulted in a renewed sense of social reform throughout the United States.
Second Great Awakening
Considered “The Father of the Common School Movement.”
Horace Mann
President Jackson’s executive act requiring that all payment for land be in hard currency (gold/silver) in order to prevent land speculation.
Specie Circular
William Lloyd Garrison’s vehicle for spreading his opinions on abolition.
The Liberator
Attempt to ban slavery in any territories acquired from the Mexican War. It never passed even though it was attached to different bills from 1846-1848.
Wilmot Proviso
Political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
Free Soil Party
Belief that Americans had a God-given right to “overspread the continent” during the 1800s.
Manifest Destiny
Widely-used school textbooks in American schools during the mid-1800s.
McGuffey Readers
This bill resulted in the passing of a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, California’s admission as a free state, and the banning of the slave trade in Washington D.C. In addition, it also prevented the adoption of the Wilmot Proviso which would have outlawed slavery in new territories.
Compromise of 1850
Executive order by Andrew Jackson to reduce out-of-control land speculation caused by the dominance of “soft money.”
Specie Circular
The best-selling novel of the 19th century dramatizing the harsh reality of slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1854 Congressional decision allowing for “popular sovereignty” to determine whether or not territories would be “free” of “slave.”
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Author of “The Impending Crisis of the South”
Hinton R. Helper
19th century group of American landscape painters who took a romantic approach to their artwork; portraying the American landscape as a pastoral setting where human beings and nature coexist peacefully.
Hudson River School
Title of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s speech urging for a new American identity.
The American Scholar
Agreement between the United States and Great Britain, hoping to clear up some of the lingering problems remaining from the American Revolution. This treaty gave Britain “most favored nation” trading status with the U.S. Many Americans were extremely upset with this treaty.
Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794)
He pushed for the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States in 1819 and later became the president of the Bank during the time that Andrew Jackson waged his “war” on the bank.
Nicholas Biddle
Supreme Court decision ruling that Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become U.S. citizens and that they also had no legal right to sue in courts.
Dred-Scott decision
Internal Improvements project vetoed by Andrew Jackson because he did not feel that federal funds should be used to construct something that would only benefit one state.
Maysville Road
Nickname given to Kansas during the 1850s.
Bleeding Kansas
Third party active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections. Party was formed to oppose slavery in the new territories.
Free Soil Party
Supreme Court decision ruling that New Hampshire legislature had unconstitutionally interfered in changing a provision of a charter. Chief Justice Marshall stated that the charter was a valid contract.
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Document from which the quotation “. . . tis time to part” comes from.
Common Sense
This marked the end of the War of 1812 and saw the Americans agree to abandon their goal of expanding into Canada.
Treaty of Ghent
Jefferson’s ill-fated attempt to diplomatically deal with France and Britain in which U.S. ports were closed to foreign trade.
Embargo of 1807
Secret document describing a plan by U.S. diplomats to acquire Cuba from Spain, arguing that “Cuba is as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present members. . . . “
Ostend Manifesto
This document was Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s written response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Militant abolitionist who led a raid on the U.S. military arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA in hopes of triggering a massive slave revolt.
John Brown
Bill that would have allowed seceded states to re-enter the Union if 50% of the state’s voters took a loyalty pledge to the U.S.
Wade-Davis Bill
A famous debate over protectionist tariffs that touched upon the growing tensions between states’ rights/secession and the constitutionality of the Union.
Webster-Hayne debate
This gave 160 acres of land in the west to any head of a household who promised to live on it for five years, or buy the land for $1.25 per acre after six months.
Homestead Act (1862)
A nativist political group of the 1850s formed in response to the growing number of immigrants (notably Irish-Catholics) arriving in the United States.
Know Nothing Party
this idea stated that slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of a people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
Freeport Doctine
3-minute speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War
Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1963
Gettysburg Address
3-minute speech at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the battle of ______.
Gettysburg Address
the capturing and the taking to Boston of two confederacy lobbyists, by the Union. British were angry and Lincoln demanded their release.
Trent Affair (1861)
divided the South into 5 military districts commanded by Union generals
Military Reconstruction Act
passed in 1867, ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of martial law
Military Reconstruction Act
1865-Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.
Freedmen’s Bureau
limited the president’s power by prohibiting the president from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent
Tenure of Office Act
1867 Act created with the goal of barring President Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton
Tenure of Office Act
ammendment declaring that all persons born naturalized in the US were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels
14th Amendment
1873 demonstration of the weakening of Northern support for Reconstruction (especially in the Supreme Court)
Slaughterhouse Decisions
nickname for the supreme court’s decision that the 14th Am. protected national citizenship rights, not state
Slaughterhouse Decisions
made it so that blacks were no longer protected against Southern states’ laws
Slaughterhouse Decisions
Ended Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
Republicans promise to 1) remove mil. from S., 2) appt. Dem. to cabinet, 3) Fed. $ for R.R. construction and levees on the Mississippi river
Compromise of 1877
political organization within the democratic party in NYC seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Tammany Hall
political org. within the dem. party in NYC during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
Tammany Hall
scandal in the 1870s when a RR construction company’s stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific RR for RR construction for their own personal use.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
In this scandal, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the VP, to avoid being convicted
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party)
Liberal Republicans
Party which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside
Liberal Republicans
newly formed party that significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts
Liberal Republicans
A faction of the Republican Party in the ends of the 1800s that supported the political machine and patronage
Stalwarts
Conservatives who hated civil service reform
Stalwarts
Law requiring people to take a civil service exam for certain gov’t. jobs
Pendelton Civil Service Act
The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or (predominately) upon the raising of cotton
The New South
The rise of a S. after the Civil War which was also industrialized and part of a mod. national econ.
The New South
the application of ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies
Social Darwinism
used (in particular) to justify (human societies’) imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition
Horizontal Integration
type of monopolization used by Rockefeller
Horizontal Integration
US author of inspirational adventure stories for boys
Horatio Alger
an idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Cult of Domesticity
Considered America’s greatest architect.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs
Frank Lloyd Wright
one of the most important American Labor organizations of the 19th Cen.
Knights of Labor
demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories
Knights of Labor
Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House
Jane Addams
Founder of Settlement House mov’t.
Jane Addams
First Am. woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
Jane Addams
head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
Booker T. Washington
wrote “Up from Slavery”
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American (born into slavery) who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society
Booker T. Washington
Cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight
Ghost Dance
crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux
Ghost Dance
led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Ghost Dance
act that tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into “white” citizens. (did little good)
Dawes (Severalty) Act (of 1887)
attempt to assimilate the Indian pop. into that of the Am. by breaking up tribes and giving individuals 160 acres of land
Dawes (Severalty) Act (of 1887)
approved on February 4, 1887
Interstate Commerce Act
created an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the conduct of the RR industry
Interstate Commerce Act
with this, the RRs became the 1st industry subject to Fed. regulation
Interstate Commerce Act
founded by Samuel Gompers
American Federation of Labor
union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way
American Federation of Labor
provided skilled laborers w/ a union that was unified, large, and strong
American Federation of Labor
1st Fed. action against monopolies
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Rosevelt for trust-busting
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
initially misused against labor unions
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 tariff
McKinley Tariff, 1890
raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them highest tariffs on imports in the US history
McKinley Tariff, 1890
founded by James B. Weaver in 1892
Populist Party
Pol. Party that felt that the problem was overproduction
Populist Party
a nonviolent strike which brought about a shutdown of W. RRs
Pullman Strike
took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894 (because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers)
Pullman Strike
ended by President Cleveland due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions
Pullman Strike
led to Hawaii being claimed as Am. territory in 1898
Hawaiian Revolution
Hawaiian planters deposed Queen Lilioukalani in Jan 1893, proclaimed the the independent Republic of Hawaii, and requested US annexation
Hawaiian Revolution
Hawaii’s wholesale sugar prices plummeting as a result of the elimination of the duty-free status enjoyed by Hawaiian sugar led to…
Hawaiian Revolution
One of the causes of the Spanish-Am. War (1898)
Yellow Journalism
when newspaper publishers (like Hearst and Pulitzer) sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger Am. public (towards Sp.)
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Yellow Journalism
US fearing in 1899 that countries w/ “spheres of influence” in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas led to…
Open Door Notes
John Hay sending notes to ea. country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low
Open Door Notes
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba’s sovereignty
Platt Amendment
gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Platt Amendment
Prohibited free passes
Hepburn Act (1906)
Gave ICC enough power to regulate the econ.
Hepburn Act (1906)
allowed ICC to set freight rates
Hepburn Act (1906)
required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies
Hepburn Act (1906)
forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adultered food or drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
gave the gov’t. broad pwrs to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
created in an effort to abolish the “patent” drug trade
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Became FDA
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social probs. of the era of big biz.
Muckrakers
term first coined by Theodore Roosevelt
Muckrakers
group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big biz. and the corruption of human politics
Muckrakers
included Frank Norris, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair
Muckrakers
Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
stated that the US had the right to protect its econ. interests in S. and Cen. Am. by using mil. force
Roosevelt Corollary
informal agreement btwn US and Jap. Empire whereby the US would not impose restriction on Jap. immigration or students and segregate them, and Jap. would not allow further emigration to the US
Gentleman’s Agreement
study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (esp. as applied to human mating)
Eugenics
The Constitutional Amendment adopted in 1913
Sixteenth Amendment
explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax
Sixteenth Amendment
Woodrow Wilson’s program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that emphasized biz. comp. and small gov’t.
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that sought to reign in fed. authority, release individual energy, and restore comp.
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free econ. rather than a planned one
“New Freedom”
founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
group that believed that there would eventually be a struggle btwn the rich and the poor, and that, in order to stop this, they needed to destroy wages and essentially take over the world
I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) or Wobblies
term for the efforts of the US to further its foreign pwr by guarenteeing loans to foreign countries
“Dollar Diplomacy”
Reduced tariffs to abt 29% (from 37-40% previously)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
included a graduated income tax ranging from 1-7% on higher class Americans to make up for (the) tariff reduction
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
created a central banking system (consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Fed. Reserve Board)
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Board it created still plays a vital role in the American econ. today
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act’s list of practices that were objectable
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
exempted labor unions from being called trusts
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
the passenger ship, the Arabic, being torpedoed led to…
“Arabic Pledge”
the Germans promised to give passengers at least a 30 min. warning before sinking non-military ships
“Arabic Pledge”
He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery.
Hinton R. Helper
Showed northerners the horrors of slavery while southerners attack it as an exaggeration, it was also a cause of the Civil War.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition
Hudson River School
painted many scenes of New York’s Hudson River
Hudson River School
encouraged American authors to develop their own techniques instead of using European ideas and cultural characteristics
The American Scholar
California was admitted as a free state
Compromise of 1850
Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande river
Compromise of 1850
The territory of New Mexico was organized with popular sovereignty
Compromise of 1850
The slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.
Compromise of 1850
