Terms Flashcards
Beginning in 1600 there was a wave of new English colonies formed mainly out of territory taken from rival European nations
Restoration Colonies
A protest against the government of Virginia for not allowing a full-fledged war on the Native Americans
Bacon’s Rebellion
He denounced the self-destructive economic jealousy that bred class hatred and was the governor of Massachusetts.
John Winthrop
New York uprising in 1689
Leisler’s Rebellion
They barred colonial merchants from exporting goods anywhere except to England
Navigation Acts
Name of short-lived union of English colonies to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies against the French and hostile Native Americans
The Dominion of New England
Leaders of this movement led the world toward progress and out of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny
The Enlightenment
Group saw a decline in influence following the Great Awakening
Quakers
Name of governing body that John Winthrop brought Anne Hutchinson in front of for heresy
General Court
A compromise to allow second-generation New England Puritans to join the church without the conversion-relation experience
The Half-Way Covenant
Parliament’s taxes on glass, lead, paper and tea in 1767 were collectively known as the…
Townshend Acts
Document by Thomas Paine that is credited with driving the colonists towards separation from England
Common Sense
A meeting of representatives of seven of the colonies to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French
Albany Congress
The East India Tea Company was allowed to sell directly to the colonies under this act
Tea Act
Used by British to enforce the collection of duties imposed by the Townshend Acts
Writs of assistance
Meeting of the colonies where they resolved that Britain had declared war on them, extended an olive branch petition, and organized the Continental Army
The Second Continental Congress
The Sons of Liberty formed after the institution of this act
Stamp Act
Name of the first, but ultimately failed, constitution of the United States
Articles of Confederation
A plot led by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris to oust Congress and replace it with a military dictatorship, in an effort to put in place a tax to help pay soldiers’ wages
Newburgh Conspiracy
Massachusetts uprising of 1786 over the foreclosure of farms, stemming partly from the government’s inability to pay veterans’ salaries.
Shay’s Rebellion
Landmark statute adopted by Congress which ruled that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in a single Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish
Judiciary Act of 1789
Act signed by Great Britain which recognized American independence and sovereignty
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Authored partly by James Madison and distributed throughout the states to help encourage ratification of the US Constitution
Federalist Papers
Name of the meeting where 55 delegates met in Philadelphia in 1786 for the original sole purpose “to revise and repair the Articles of Confederation.”
Constitutional Convention
Name of opponents to the ratification of the US Constitution
Anti-Federalists
James Madison was ordered by Thomas Jefferson not to deliver a judicial confirmation put in place by John Adam’s “lame duck” attempt to appoint Federalist judges to the courts
Marbury v. Madison
Diplomatic scandal involving French agents who demanded money and an apology from President Adams
XYZ Affair
Legislation passed under President Adams supposedly to “protect” America from undesirable immigrants, but really more of an effort by the Federalists to stop the power and growth of the Democratic Republicans
Alien and Sedition Acts
Collaboration by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison which stated that the U.S. Constitution only established an agreement between the central government and the states, and that the government had no rights to excercise powers not specifically delegated to it
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Advocated by the Anti-Federalists as a neccessary addition to the U.S. Consitution if it were to be ratified
Bill of Rights
One of the lasting achievements under the Articles of Confederation
Northwest Ordinance
Colonial spiritual movement of the 1730s-1740s
Great Awakening
The meeting of the delegates to “repair and revise the Articles of Confederation”
Constiutional Convention
Insurrection in western Pennsylvania in 1794 that saw the new federal government exert strong military authority over the nation’s citizens
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
This act established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain, defined the boundaries of the U.S. with the Spanish colonies, and guaranteed U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River
Pinckney Treaty
Also known as the Religious Society of Friends
Quakers
Provided a partial church membership for the chldren and grandchildren of church members
Half-Way Covenant
Parliament’s duties on imports of tea, glass, and paper. The law also provided for the searches of private homes for smuggled goods and suspended New York’s assembly for their defiant stand on the Quartering Act
Townshend Acts
This act settled a border dispute between the U.S. and Spain, with Spain ceding Florida to the U.S. In exchange for the U.S. agreeing to pay claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million.
Pinckney Treaty
Acts passed in response to the Alien-Sedition Acts, declaring that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it in the constitution.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
This gave the United States access to the port New Orleans, despite some concerns that it was possibly an unconstitutional act since the Constitution did not specify whether the U.S. could acquire territory
Louisiana Purchase
Due to unpopularity of Jefferson’s anti-foreign trade policies, Massachusetts met in secret to discuss the secession of New England
Hartford Convention
Shawnee warrior who tried to put together a vast Indian confederacy to oppose the white settlement in the western frontier
Tecumseh
President Jefferson’s response to Great Britain’s harassment of American ships on the open seas - this act prohibited all exports of U.S. Cargo to foreign ports
Embargo of 1807
This marked the end of of the War of 1812 and saw the Americans agree to abandon their goal of expanding into Canada
Treaty of Ghent
A corrupt land deal that gave the Quids another reason to be upset with Jefferson
Yazoo (Land) Claims
This was Henry Clay’s Whig party platform supporting a national bank, federal funding for internal improvements, and a protective tariff.
The “American System”
Farmer’s revolt over a tax on wheat. Led to an uprising put down only after President George Washington led troops in a display of force.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Acts passed to enforce the economic theory of mercantilism under which wealth was to be increased by restricting trade to colonies rather than with free trade.
Navigation Acts
This Supreme Court case established that the Constitution defines federal power to regulate commerce and that no part of such power can be exercised by a state.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Political party platform emphasizing support for a national bank, federal funding for internal improvements, and a protective tariff.
“American System”
this agreement between the United States and Spain settled a border dispute in Florida.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Supreme Court decision ruling that New Hampshire legislature had unconstitutionally interfered in changing a provision of a charter. Chief Justice Marshall stated that the charter was a valid contract.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Including Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, this group served as advisors to President Andrew Jackson.
Kitchen Cabinet
This project was vetoed by President Jackson largely because he argued that using federal subsidies for individual state projects was unfair.
Maysville Road
In this case, the Supreme Court held that Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from state actions.
Worcester v. Georgia
Factory labor system that relied exclusively on young women residing in a dormitory setting with clean working conditions.
Lowell System
A response to South Carolina’s effort to nullify tarriffs.
Force Bill
A protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that outraged Southern politicians due to its harmful effects on the Southern economy.
Tariff of Abominations
Charles Pickney referred to this war in the Mediterranean Sea as costing “millions for defense, not a penny for tribute.”
Barbary Wars
The president of the Second National Bank who found himself at war with President Andrew Jackson over the renewal of the bank’s charter.
Nicholas Biddle
Chief Justice Marshall stated that the state’s effort to tax the national bank was in conflict with federal law and unconstitutional. Significantly, this court decision established the supremacy of the federal law.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
The “Father of the Industrial Revolution”
Samuel Slater
The union was decreed by James II as a measure to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies.
Dominion of New England
Statement in a speech written by Secretary of State John Adams stating the the western hemisphere was the American hemisphere and that European nations should stay out of its affairs.
Monroe Doctrine
Provided the first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship.
Federal Naturalization Law of 1790
Plan to address the revolutionary ward debt, proposal to charter a bank, reccomendation for government to promote industry.
Hamilton’s Report
Was made up by John Jay.
Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794)
Democratic Republican candidates Jefferson and Burr tie with 73 electoral votes each (Federalist candidate Adams gets 65); tie goes to House of Representatives; Hamilton hated Burr more, went to House and got more votes for Jefferson; Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel. The tie led to the 12th Amendment.
Election of 1800
1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained
Rush-Bagot Treaty
After a period of economic boom after the War of 1812, where the prices of farm goods and land increased rapidly, and the wildcat and state banks gave easy credit to settlers and speculators, the National Bank finally decided to tighten credit, call in loans, and foreclose on mortgages. In effect, there was a series of failures by state banks, and the result was a financial panic and depression.
Panic of 1819
The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states than free states.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
The South practically based everything (politics, economics, social structure etc) around the growing and selling cotton en masse. This would lead to idealistic conflicts between the North and South.
The Cotton Culture
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism.
Second Great Awakening
in the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
corrupt bargain
some wanted to halt land sales, but Benton, the Jacksonian in the senate, argued that that favored economy in the Northeast at the expense of the west. ______ said South and west were victims of Northeast tyranny and supported Calhoun’s theory of nullification. _______ attacked him, and through him Calhoun, and spoke about issues of states’ rights vs. national powers.
The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836
Specie Circular
published in 1835
Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison.
The Liberator
Reformer who led a crusade to improve public education in America
Horace Mann
One of the first known textbooks
McGuffey Readers
Concept of U.S. territorial expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean that saw the occupation of the rest of the continent as a divine right of the American people.
Manifest Destiny
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory.
Wilmot Proviso
Series of legislation addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War.
Compromise of 1850
Political party organized by northerners taking the approach that slavery should not be extended into the land of the Mexican Cession.
Free Soil Party
The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Brought many steam ships with him to show America’s strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese.
Commodore Matthew Perry
Emerson’s lecture at Harvard
The American Scholar
A statement of women’s rights deliberately modeled after the Declaration of Independence
Seneca Falls Declaration
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.
Hudson River School
Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music
Minstrel shows
Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about a slave who’s ordered to be beaten to death by two other slaves.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.
Bleeding Kansas
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn’t sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Dred-Scott Decision
family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
Yeoman farmers
Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery.
Hinton R. Helper
He envisioned a “City Upon a Hill.”
John Winthrop
Armed uprising by Western Massachusetts farmers racked by land seizures and bankruptcies.
Shay’s Rebellion
Secretary of State John Adams’ most significant foreign policy contribution to the Monroe administration.
Monroe Doctrine
Seen as the “bloodless revolution” in which political power was seamlessly transitioned from one political party to the other.
Election of 1800
Supreme Court decision ruling that the state of Georgia had no power to force American Indians off of their native lands.
Worcester v. Georgia
Religious revival of the 19th century which resulted in a renewed sense of social reform throughout the United States.
Second Great Awakening
Considered “The Father of the Common School Movement.”
Horace Mann
President Jackson’s executive act requiring that all payment for land be in hard currency (gold/silver) in order to prevent land speculation.
Specie Circular
William Lloyd Garrison’s vehicle for spreading his opinions on abolition.
The Liberator
Attempt to ban slavery in any territories acquired from the Mexican War. It never passed even though it was attached to different bills from 1846-1848.
Wilmot Proviso
Political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
Free Soil Party
Belief that Americans had a God-given right to “overspread the continent” during the 1800s.
Manifest Destiny
Widely-used school textbooks in American schools during the mid-1800s.
McGuffey Readers
This bill resulted in the passing of a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, California’s admission as a free state, and the banning of the slave trade in Washington D.C. In addition, it also prevented the adoption of the Wilmot Proviso which would have outlawed slavery in new territories.
Compromise of 1850
Executive order by Andrew Jackson to reduce out-of-control land speculation caused by the dominance of “soft money.”
Specie Circular
The best-selling novel of the 19th century dramatizing the harsh reality of slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1854 Congressional decision allowing for “popular sovereignty” to determine whether or not territories would be “free” of “slave.”
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Author of “The Impending Crisis of the South”
Hinton R. Helper
19th century group of American landscape painters who took a romantic approach to their artwork; portraying the American landscape as a pastoral setting where human beings and nature coexist peacefully.
Hudson River School
Title of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s speech urging for a new American identity.
The American Scholar
Agreement between the United States and Great Britain, hoping to clear up some of the lingering problems remaining from the American Revolution. This treaty gave Britain “most favored nation” trading status with the U.S. Many Americans were extremely upset with this treaty.
Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794)
He pushed for the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States in 1819 and later became the president of the Bank during the time that Andrew Jackson waged his “war” on the bank.
Nicholas Biddle
Supreme Court decision ruling that Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become U.S. citizens and that they also had no legal right to sue in courts.
Dred-Scott decision
Internal Improvements project vetoed by Andrew Jackson because he did not feel that federal funds should be used to construct something that would only benefit one state.
Maysville Road
Nickname given to Kansas during the 1850s.
Bleeding Kansas
Third party active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections. Party was formed to oppose slavery in the new territories.
Free Soil Party
Supreme Court decision ruling that New Hampshire legislature had unconstitutionally interfered in changing a provision of a charter. Chief Justice Marshall stated that the charter was a valid contract.
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Document from which the quotation “. . . tis time to part” comes from.
Common Sense
This marked the end of the War of 1812 and saw the Americans agree to abandon their goal of expanding into Canada.
Treaty of Ghent
Jefferson’s ill-fated attempt to diplomatically deal with France and Britain in which U.S. ports were closed to foreign trade.
Embargo of 1807
Secret document describing a plan by U.S. diplomats to acquire Cuba from Spain, arguing that “Cuba is as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present members. . . . “
Ostend Manifesto
This document was Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s written response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Militant abolitionist who led a raid on the U.S. military arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA in hopes of triggering a massive slave revolt.
John Brown
Bill that would have allowed seceded states to re-enter the Union if 50% of the state’s voters took a loyalty pledge to the U.S.
Wade-Davis Bill
A famous debate over protectionist tariffs that touched upon the growing tensions between states’ rights/secession and the constitutionality of the Union.
Webster-Hayne debate
This gave 160 acres of land in the west to any head of a household who promised to live on it for five years, or buy the land for $1.25 per acre after six months.
Homestead Act (1862)
A nativist political group of the 1850s formed in response to the growing number of immigrants (notably Irish-Catholics) arriving in the United States.
Know Nothing Party
this idea stated that slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of a people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
Freeport Doctine
3-minute speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War
Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1963
Gettysburg Address
3-minute speech at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the battle of ______.
Gettysburg Address
the capturing and the taking to Boston of two confederacy lobbyists, by the Union. British were angry and Lincoln demanded their release.
Trent Affair (1861)
divided the South into 5 military districts commanded by Union generals
Military Reconstruction Act
passed in 1867, ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of martial law
Military Reconstruction Act
1865-Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.
Freedmen’s Bureau
limited the president’s power by prohibiting the president from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent
Tenure of Office Act
1867 Act created with the goal of barring President Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton
Tenure of Office Act
ammendment declaring that all persons born naturalized in the US were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels
14th Amendment
1873 demonstration of the weakening of Northern support for Reconstruction (especially in the Supreme Court)
Slaughterhouse Decisions
nickname for the supreme court’s decision that the 14th Am. protected national citizenship rights, not state
Slaughterhouse Decisions
made it so that blacks were no longer protected against Southern states’ laws
Slaughterhouse Decisions
Ended Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
Republicans promise to 1) remove mil. from S., 2) appt. Dem. to cabinet, 3) Fed. $ for R.R. construction and levees on the Mississippi river
Compromise of 1877
political organization within the democratic party in NYC seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Tammany Hall
political org. within the dem. party in NYC during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
Tammany Hall
scandal in the 1870s when a RR construction company’s stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific RR for RR construction for their own personal use.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
In this scandal, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the VP, to avoid being convicted
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party)
Liberal Republicans
Party which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside
Liberal Republicans
newly formed party that significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts
Liberal Republicans
A faction of the Republican Party in the ends of the 1800s that supported the political machine and patronage
Stalwarts
Conservatives who hated civil service reform
Stalwarts
Law requiring people to take a civil service exam for certain gov’t. jobs
Pendelton Civil Service Act
The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or (predominately) upon the raising of cotton
The New South
The rise of a S. after the Civil War which was also industrialized and part of a mod. national econ.
The New South
the application of ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies
Social Darwinism
used (in particular) to justify (human societies’) imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition
Horizontal Integration
type of monopolization used by Rockefeller
Horizontal Integration
US author of inspirational adventure stories for boys
Horatio Alger
an idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Cult of Domesticity
Considered America’s greatest architect.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs
Frank Lloyd Wright
one of the most important American Labor organizations of the 19th Cen.
Knights of Labor
demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories
Knights of Labor
Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House
Jane Addams
Founder of Settlement House mov’t.
Jane Addams
First Am. woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
Jane Addams
head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
Booker T. Washington
wrote “Up from Slavery”
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American (born into slavery) who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society
Booker T. Washington
Cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight
Ghost Dance
crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux
Ghost Dance
led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Ghost Dance
act that tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into “white” citizens. (did little good)
Dawes (Severalty) Act (of 1887)
attempt to assimilate the Indian pop. into that of the Am. by breaking up tribes and giving individuals 160 acres of land
Dawes (Severalty) Act (of 1887)
approved on February 4, 1887
Interstate Commerce Act
created an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the conduct of the RR industry
Interstate Commerce Act
with this, the RRs became the 1st industry subject to Fed. regulation
Interstate Commerce Act
founded by Samuel Gompers
American Federation of Labor
union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way
American Federation of Labor
provided skilled laborers w/ a union that was unified, large, and strong
American Federation of Labor
1st Fed. action against monopolies
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Rosevelt for trust-busting
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
initially misused against labor unions
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 tariff
McKinley Tariff, 1890
raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them highest tariffs on imports in the US history
McKinley Tariff, 1890
founded by James B. Weaver in 1892
Populist Party
Pol. Party that felt that the problem was overproduction
Populist Party
a nonviolent strike which brought about a shutdown of W. RRs
Pullman Strike
took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894 (because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers)
Pullman Strike
ended by President Cleveland due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions
Pullman Strike
led to Hawaii being claimed as Am. territory in 1898
Hawaiian Revolution
Hawaiian planters deposed Queen Lilioukalani in Jan 1893, proclaimed the the independent Republic of Hawaii, and requested US annexation
Hawaiian Revolution
Hawaii’s wholesale sugar prices plummeting as a result of the elimination of the duty-free status enjoyed by Hawaiian sugar led to…
Hawaiian Revolution
One of the causes of the Spanish-Am. War (1898)
Yellow Journalism
when newspaper publishers (like Hearst and Pulitzer) sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger Am. public (towards Sp.)
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Yellow Journalism
US fearing in 1899 that countries w/ “spheres of influence” in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas led to…
Open Door Notes
John Hay sending notes to ea. country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low
Open Door Notes
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba’s sovereignty
Platt Amendment
gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Platt Amendment
Prohibited free passes
Hepburn Act (1906)
Gave ICC enough power to regulate the econ.
Hepburn Act (1906)
allowed ICC to set freight rates
Hepburn Act (1906)
required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies
Hepburn Act (1906)
forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adultered food or drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
gave the gov’t. broad pwrs to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
created in an effort to abolish the “patent” drug trade
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Became FDA
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social probs. of the era of big biz.
Muckrakers
term first coined by Theodore Roosevelt
Muckrakers
group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big biz. and the corruption of human politics
Muckrakers
included Frank Norris, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair
Muckrakers
Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
stated that the US had the right to protect its econ. interests in S. and Cen. Am. by using mil. force
Roosevelt Corollary
informal agreement btwn US and Jap. Empire whereby the US would not impose restriction on Jap. immigration or students and segregate them, and Jap. would not allow further emigration to the US
Gentleman’s Agreement
study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (esp. as applied to human mating)
Eugenics
The Constitutional Amendment adopted in 1913
Sixteenth Amendment
explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax
Sixteenth Amendment
Woodrow Wilson’s program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that emphasized biz. comp. and small gov’t.
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that sought to reign in fed. authority, release individual energy, and restore comp.
“New Freedom”
program in campaign that echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free econ. rather than a planned one
“New Freedom”
founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
group that believed that there would eventually be a struggle btwn the rich and the poor, and that, in order to stop this, they needed to destroy wages and essentially take over the world
I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) or Wobblies
term for the efforts of the US to further its foreign pwr by guarenteeing loans to foreign countries
“Dollar Diplomacy”
Reduced tariffs to abt 29% (from 37-40% previously)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
included a graduated income tax ranging from 1-7% on higher class Americans to make up for (the) tariff reduction
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
created a central banking system (consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Fed. Reserve Board)
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Board it created still plays a vital role in the American econ. today
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act’s list of practices that were objectable
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
exempted labor unions from being called trusts
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
the passenger ship, the Arabic, being torpedoed led to…
“Arabic Pledge”
the Germans promised to give passengers at least a 30 min. warning before sinking non-military ships
“Arabic Pledge”
He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery.
Hinton R. Helper
Showed northerners the horrors of slavery while southerners attack it as an exaggeration, it was also a cause of the Civil War.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition
Hudson River School
painted many scenes of New York’s Hudson River
Hudson River School
encouraged American authors to develop their own techniques instead of using European ideas and cultural characteristics
The American Scholar
California was admitted as a free state
Compromise of 1850
Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande river
Compromise of 1850
The territory of New Mexico was organized with popular sovereignty
Compromise of 1850
The slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.
Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Law was passed
Compromise of 1850
Temporarily defused sectional tensions in the United States, postponing the secession crisis and the American Civil War.
Compromise of 1850
Repealed the compromise of 1820.
Compromise of 1850
Martin van buren was their presidential candidate in 1848.
Free Soil Party
“free soil, free labor, free men”
Free Soil Party
Ardent antislavery men in the North, distrusting both Cass and Taylor, organized the party.
Free Soil Party
came out foursquare for the wilmot proviso and against slavery in the territories.
Free Soil Party
Going beyond other antislavery groups, they broadened their appeal by advocating federal aid for internal improvements.
Free Soil Party
Became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.
Wilmot Proviso
A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate.
Wilmot Proviso
Used to justify the U.S. annexation of Oregon, New Mexico, and California and later U.S. involvement in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines.
Manifest Destiny
Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects.
Second Great Awakening
The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans, and also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
Second Great Awakening
It is estimated that at least 120 million copies were sold between 1836 and 1960 - about 30,000 copies a year.
McGuffey Readers
Still in use today in some school systems, and by parents for home schooling purposes.
McGuffey Readers
This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were “free white persons” of “good moral character”. It thus left out indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and later Asians. While women were included in the act, the right of citizenship did “not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States….” Citizenship was inherited exclusively through the father.
Federal Naturalization Law of 1790
This was the only statute that ever purported to grant the status of natural born citizen
Federal Naturalization Law of 1790
Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
As a result of this incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. Americans demanded war, but Jefferson resorted to diplomacy.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.
Rush-Bagot Treaty
secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
Horace Mann
Set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Dispute btwm Roosevelt and Taft
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
Taft’s secretary wanted to sell acres that Taft’s chief forester Pinchot had withdrawn from sale. The two argued and Taft supported Ballinger. Pinchot refused to drop the matter and muckrakers wrote about this a lot.
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
contributed to the split of the Republican Party
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
1630 - a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen
General Court
the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600’s.
General Court
Was created when Massachusetts was granted a charter.
General Court
Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (1588-1649)
John Winthrop
Instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy.
John Winthrop
He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
John Winthrop
U.S. gov’t agency est. during WWI to coordiante the purchase of war supplies
War Industries Board
government agency that oversaw the production of all American factories
War Industries Board
determined (production) priorites, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices during WWI
War Industries Board
told manufacturers what they could and could not produce
War Industries Board
encouraged mass production, efficency, and standardization (of parts, etc.) during WWI
War Industries Board
1st act mandating American military service since the Civil War
Selective Service Act
enacted by Woodrow Wilson to prepare for entry into WWI
Selective Service Act
1917 law for a military draft
Selective Service Act
provided for the registration of all American men 21-30 for a military draft
Selective Service Act
headed by George Creel
Committee on Public Information
independent U.S. gov’t agency to influence pub. opinion regarding American participation in WWI
Committee on Public Information
purpose = to mobilize people’s minds for war in U.S. and abroad
Committee on Public Information
tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI
Committee on Public Information
employed some 150,000 workers at home and overseas
Committee on Public Information
two laws enacted in 1917 and 1918
Espionage and Sedition Acts
imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfereing with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI
Espionage and Sedition Acts
1st restiction/ violation of 1st ammendment rights since 1798
Espionage and Sedition Acts
court case on the enforcement of the espionage act (1917) during WWI
Schenck vs. U.S.
(was decided that) Congress can place restrictions on what a person can say if theirwords can endanger the country and the war effort
Schenck vs. U.S.
1919 (Supreme Court) decision upholding the the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during WWI
Schenck vs. U.S.
justice holmes: gov’t can limit speech if the speech provokes a “clear and present danger” of substantive evils
Schenck vs. U.S.
Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan
Fourteen points
(controversial) part of the Versailles Treaty
Article X
morally bound the U.S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external agression
Article X
(according to Murray B. Levin), “a nation-wide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear of red monkeys and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent…”
The Red Scare
series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Depts. from 1919 to 1912 on suspected radical leftists in the U.S.
Palmer Raids
raids named after the U.S. Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson
Palmer Raids
(gov’t.) raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Palmer Raids
major racial conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois on July 27, 1919 and ended August 3
Race Riots of 1919
worst race rioting in the history of Illinois
Race Riots of 1919
combination of prolonged arson, looting, and murder
Race Riots of 1919
called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a league of nations
Fourteen Points
each part was compromised at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
Fourteen Points
created the League of Nations
Fourteen Points
began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I
The Red Scare
the product of the anarchist and left-wing political violence and the social agitation ‘s aggravation of national, social, and political tensions
The Red Scare
ended when the deppression hit
“Jazz Age”
a black leader in the 1920’s
Marcus Garvey
helped promote unity and racial pride among black Americans
Marcus Garvey
urged black Americans to join the “back to Africa” mov’t. and his Universal Improvement Association
Marcus Garvey
extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections (1920)
19th Amendment
Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s
Sacco and Vanzetti
arrested, tried, and executed for a robbery/murder
Sacco and Vanzetti
believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs
Sacco and Vanzetti
democratic governor from Lousiana (during the Depression)
Senator Huey Long
publicized his “Share Our Wealth” society
Senator Huey Long
said that the Depression stemmed not from overproduction but from under-consumption
Senator Huey Long
increased taxes, built new highways. Had a solid record of conventional progressive accomplishments: building roads, schools, and hospitals; revising the tax codes; distributing free textbooks; lowering utility rates
Senator Huey Long
almost dictatorial control of state government
Senator Huey Long
the U.S. troops in Nicaragua and Haiti were withdrawn, but the U.S. supported dictators remained where the U.S. had intervened the most
Good Neighbor Policy
a way to dominate the region in subtle and indirect ways
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR’s foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region
Good Neighbor Policy
reversed Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy
Good Neighbor Policy
Young English economist
John Maynard Keynes
denounced theTreaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise the treaty and help the German econ.
John Maynard Keynes
wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace
John Maynard Keynes
said Britain needed Germany and that if the German market went under, so would Britain’s econ.
John Maynard Keynes
his book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany
John Maynard Keynes
government legislation that allowed the Native Americans a form of self-government
Indian Reorganization Act
willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. gov’t over Native Americans
Indian Reorganization Act
provided the Native Americans with direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Native Americans could manage their own affairs
Indian Reorganization Act
provided that, on the outbreak of war btwn. foreign nations, all exports of arms and munitions would be embargoed for six months
Neutrality Acts of 1935
American ships were prohibited from carrying arms to any belligerent
Neutrality Acts of 1935
allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis
Neutrality Acts of 1939
in effect ended the arms embargo
Neutrality Acts of 1939
established the National Labor Relations Board
Wagner Act (1935)
protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands
Wagner Act (1935)
U.S. policy before the U.S. enters WWII (in December 1941)
Lend Lease Act
in which the U.S. provided war materials to the Allies fighting the Axis pwrs.
Lend Lease Act
shows that in the period 1939-1941 the U.S. was moving away from its policy of neutrality
Lend Lease Act
allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.”
Lend Lease Act
1945 meeting with U.S. president FDR, Brit. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Leader Stalin, during WWII to plan for post-war
Yalta Conference
in which the Supreme Court upheld the order excluding persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast war zone during WWII
Korematsu vs. United States
Supreme Court case that focused on Japanese Americans who were denied citizenship and forced to move
Korematsu vs. United States
drafted by President Roosevelt’s committee on economic security, under Edwin Witte on August 14, 1935
Social Security Act
provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death
Social Security Act
in which payments to retirees were financed by a payroll tax on current workers’ wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer
Social Security Act
highest import tax in Am. history
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
intended to increase jobs by preventing cheaper Euro goods from entering the country, but was countered by Europe’s tariff and was a major failure
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Hoover’s failed attempt at saving the nation from the Depression
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
an independent agency of the U.S. gov’t created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
later used to finance wartime projects during WWII
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
chartered under the Herbert Hoover administration and granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state gov’ts.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Unemployed WWII vets. who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922
Bonus Army
veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by fed troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur
Bonus Army
a special session of Congress to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval
“Hundred Days”
began on March 9, 1933, at Roosevelt’s request and lasted 99 days
“Hundred Days”
a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile pwr or ideology, or to force it to negotiate peacefully
Containment
First est. in 1947 after Britain could no longer afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey
Truman Doctrine
pledged to provide U.S. military and econ. aid to any nation threatened by communism
Truman Doctrine
purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
U.S. civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery
Rosa Parks
This victory paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Mov’t
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd of June, 1947
Taft-Hartley Act
Truman denounced it as a “slave-labor bill”
Taft-Hartley Act
contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950s
McCarthyism
a U.S. gov’t agency in charge of the space program
NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Administration)
formed to create satellites and missiles to compete with the USSR after Sputnik
NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Administration)
organized in the fall of 1960 by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
student civil rights mov’t inspired by sit-ins
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954, overturning its earlier ruling, declaring the establishment of separate public schools for black and white students inherently unequal
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
a companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition
National Industrial Recovery Act
established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression
National Industrial Recovery Act
restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
paid farmers to reduce crop area so as to restrict agricultural production
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
closed insolvent banks, reorganized strong banks, aided banks overall
Emergency Banking Relief Act
gave president pwr to reg. transactions in credit, currency, gold, silver, and foreign exchange
Emergency Banking Relief Act
a federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially up to $2500
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
signed on August 27, 1928, by the U.S., Fr, the U.K., Germ, It, Jap, and a number of other states
Kellogg-Briand Pact
renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as “an instrument of national policy” except in matters of self-defense
Kellogg-Briand Pact
U.S. federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. in 1890
National Origins Act (1924)
the most successful of the disarmament conferences
The Washington Conference
the major naval pwrs. met in Nov. 1921and a number of treaties were signed btwn. December 1921 and February 1922
The Washington Conference
founder of the four square church of God
Aimee Semple McPherson
used Hollywood-like tactics to get more followers
Aimee Semple McPherson
faked own death
Aimee Semple McPherson
called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct elections of senators, regulation of RRs, and other gov’t reforms to help farmers
Populist Party
Instigated by Pullman cutting wages but refusing to lower rents in the “company town”
Pullman Strike
Their members began to call for measures to maintain the U.S. a land of Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
Know Nothing Party
arguing that slavery hurts the economic prospects of non-slaveholders and impedes the economic growth of the south
Hinton R. Helper
wrote a book abt slavery and was captured and killed by Southerners
Hinton R. Helper
This act actually created instability in the economy and lead to the Panic of 1837.
Specie Circular
called for women’s suffrage and the reform of marital and property laws that kept women in an inferior status
Seneca Falls Declaration
It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative
The Liberator
caused a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed
The Liberator
Wanted immediate emancipation, but did not believe it was possible
The Liberator
Most subscribers were African-American
The Liberator
about the New World and its burgeoning democratic order
Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America”
Observing from the perspective of a detached social scientist, writings of author’s travels through America in the early 19th Century when the market revolution, Western expansion, and Jacksonian democracy were radically transforming the fabric of American life.
Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America”
author saw democracy as an equation that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as the community.
Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America”
the impressions of American religion and its relationship to the broader national culture are likewise notable
Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America”
was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it.
Specie Circular
It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie.
Specie Circular
It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply.
Specie Circular
he established a minimum school term
Horace Mann
formalized teacher training
Horace Mann
moved curriculum away from religious training toward more secular subjects.
Horace Mann
Also known as the “Transcontinental Treaty of 1819”
Adams-Onis Treaty
was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century
Lowell System
He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States
Nicholas Biddle
Known for his bribes
Nicholas Biddle
He was in charge of the Bank during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry
Nicholas Biddle
He showed(represented) the corruption of the bank
Nicholas Biddle
Supreme Court Case in which Chief Justice’s ruling was not enforced by President Jackson
Worcester vs. Georgia
authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
Force Bill (1833)
was a fed gov’t response to the nullification crisis
Force Bill (1833)
was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary
Force Bill (1833)
was a bill that proposed building a road within Kentucky with federal capital
Maysville Road
was vetoed by the president in part because he considered it extravagant expenditures
Maysville Road
Jackson’s group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues
Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson used the ________ more that his official cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
Also called the Tariff of 1828
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
tariff that protected the North but harmed the South
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
South said it was economically discriminatory, and that it was unconstitutional because it violated state’s rights
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
passed because New England favored high tariffs
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
controversial tariff under John Quincy Adams
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
factory system that employed mainly young women (age 15-35) from New England farms
Lowell System
factory system to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods
Lowell System
the founder of Hull House
Jane Addams
spiritual revival in 1890 by Native Americans
Ghost Dance
would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee
Ghost Dance
An act that removed Indian land from tribal possession, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Native American families
Dawes Act
designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism among Native Americans
Dawes Act
Federation of craft labor unions
American Federation of Labor
arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor
Eugene Debs had the American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars
Pullman Strike
got Eugene Debs thrown in jail after being sued
Pullman Strike
major strike that achieved nothing
Pullman Strike
U.S. political party that represented mainly farmers
Populist Party
U.S. political party favoring free coinage of silver and gov’t control of railroads and other monopolies
Populist Party
Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba
Platt Amendment
gave the U.S control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay
Platt Amendment
5,000 banks were inspected and reopened
Emergency Banking Relief Act
March 9, 1933
Emergency Banking Relief Act
an alliance made btwn U.S., England, Fr, Canada, Western Euro countries, to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
They were an anti-Catholic group until it subsided and slavery became the focal issue
Know Nothing Party
Some nativists formed this party in NY called the “Order of the Star Spangled Banner”
Know Nothing Party
members refused to identify themselves and would say they know nothing
Know Nothing Party
the new immigrants in the U.S. began to pose a threat to the “natives” in the minds of some, because of their unknown languages and cultures. Some feared that the foreigners would outnumber them and eventually overrun the country. This hostility rekindled the spirit of European religious wars, resulting in clashes btwn the Protestants and Catholics, and leading to the creation of the…
Know Nothing Party
a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force
Ostend Manifesto
caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery (as states in Cuba would be Southern states)
Ostend Manifesto
said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property
Freeport Doctrine
part of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, it was meant as a compromise btwn pro-slavery and anti-slavery positions
Freeport Doctrine
its unpopularity with Southerners cost its developer, Stephen Douglas, the election
Freeport Doctrine
1st major battle of the Civil War
First Battle of Bull Run
untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington
First Battle of Bull Run
This battle helped boost Southern morale
First Battle of Bull Run
This made the North realize that this would be a long war
First Battle of Bull Run
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the econ. dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South’s cotton
“King Cotton”
In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, “You daren’t make war against cotton! …Cotton is king!”.
“King Cotton”
Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee’s Confederate forces in Maryland
Battle of Antietam
the bloodiest battle of the Civil War
Battle of Antietam
resulted in 25,000 casualties
Battle of Antietam
Lincoln issued this which provided a means of repatriating “those who resume their allegiance” even though the war was still in progress
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions he specifically listed so there would be no misunderstanding
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state gov’ts
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy
Wade-Davis Bill
Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh
Wade-Davis Bill
American abolitionist author from a famous religious family
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
lived from 1811-1896
Harriet Beecher Stowe
written by Thomas Paine from 1775-1776
Common Sense
mtg of delegates from 13 colonies in Philadelphia during the summer of 1775
Second Continental Congress
custom officer search warrants w/o motive
Writs of Assistance
these justified the constitution
Federalist Papers
established a precedent as to how to turn territories into states
Northwest Ordinance
1st attempt at U.S. gov’t
Articles of Confederation
1777 Brit. vs. American conflict
Saratoga
1767 taxes on glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, tea
Townshend Acts
Farmers revolt in New England
Shay’s Rebellion
Brit. surrender following the revolutionary war
Treaty of Paris of 1783
attempt at a military coup to establish a dictatorship
Newburgh Conspiracy
attempt to create stronger national gov’t
Newburgh Conspiracy
established judiciary courts
Judiciary Act of 1789
at which the Constitution was created
Constitutional Convention
1787 mtg. in Philadelphia
Constitutional Convention
opposed the constitution
Anti-Federalists
est. great lakes peace with Britain
Rush-Bagot Treaty
defined borders with Spain
Adams-Onis Treaty
prevented U.S. from getting Texas (at the time)
Adams-Onis Treaty
U.S. finds colonization of Americas hostile
Monroe Doctrine
Supreme Court decides State cannot interfere with business charters
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Father of the American Industrial revolution
Samuel Slater
extended gov’t right to regulate commerce
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Supreme Court decision that the National Bank was constitutional
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Supreme Court decision that States cannot tax Federal stuff (establishments etc.)
McCulloch vs. Maryland
debate that started abt. land sales and protective tariffs but moved to being abt the issue of states rights v. nat. pwrs.
The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
fear of communism
The Red Scare
in part brought on by the Bolshevik revolution in Russia
The Red Scare
case on enforcement of the Espionage Act (1917) during WWI
Shenck vs. U.S.
1st act mandating Am. mil. service since the Civil War
Selective Service Act
part of Woodrow Wilson’s preparation for WWI
Selective Service Act
Creel Committee
Committee on Public Information
independent agency of the U.S. gov’t created to influence public opinion regarding American participation in WWI
Committee on Public Information
U.S. gov’t agency est. during WWI to coordinate the purchase of war supplies
War Industries Board
encouraged/promoted mass production, efficiency, and standardization
War Industries Board
1st infringement on 1st amendment rights since 1798
Espionage and Sedition Acts
1754 mtg. of reps from northern 7 colonies
Albany Congress
had two objectives: to form a colonial alliance and to secure support and cooperation with Iroquois against the French
Albany Congress
It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793, that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution, and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794)
laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America
Rush-Bagot Treaty
between _____ and ______ on protective tariffs.
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Author of The Impending Crisis of Slavery, arguing that slavery hurts the economic prospects of non-slaveholders and impedes the economic growth of the South
Hinton R. Helper
Education reformer
Horace Mann
Failed Congressional bill that would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War
Wilmot Proviso
William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper
The Liberator
President Jackson’s executive order of 1836 (carried out by President Van Buren) which tried to reduce rampant land speculation by requiring payment to be made only in “hard currency” (gold & silver). It led to the Panic of 1837.
Specie Circular
This law provided for the searches of private homes for smuggled goods and suspended New York’s assembly for their defiant stand on the Quartering Act.
Townshend Acts
Colonial spiritual mov’t of the 1730s-1740s
Great Awakening
A plot led by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris to oust Congress and replace it with a military dictatorship, in an effort to put in place a tax to help pay soldiers’ wages.
Newburgh Conspiracy
Intellectual mov’t which advocated the use of reasoning, later applied to gov’t and politics.
The Enlightenment
dispute btwn Roosevelt and Taft
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
Taft’s secretary wanted to sell acres that Taft’s chief forester had withdrawn from sale. The two argued and Taft supported his secretary. His forester refused to drop the matter.
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
muckrakers wrote about this a lot
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
contributed to the split of the republican party
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
this term was 1st given to them by Theodore Roosevelt
Muckrakers
she helped other women join the fight for reform
Jane Addams
influenced the creation of other settlement houses
Jane Addams
dismantled American Indian tribes, and set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres
Dawes Act (1887)
tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians
Dawes Act (1887)
The act was a hamper on worker unions
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
showed that the gov’t was slowly moving away from laissez-faire ideals
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
Freedmen’s Bureau
The goal was to reduce tensions btwn the 2 powerful Pacific nations
Gentleman’s Agreement
was never ratified by Congress, which in 1924 ended it.
Gentleman’s Agreement
The immediate cause of this was anti-Japanese nativism in CA (e.g., segregation of schools)
Gentleman’s Agreement
At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of CA; many of them had come under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free emigration from Japan
Gentleman’s Agreement
gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the pwr to set max R.R. rates
Hepburn Act
led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers
Hepburn Act
made it so that the ICC could view the railroads’ financial records
Hepburn Act
Tension had been rising in Tokyo and SF, and after the decisive Jap. victory against Russia, Jap. demanded treatment as an equal. The result was a series of 6 notes communicated btwn Jap. and the U.S. from late 1907 to early 1908.
Gentleman’s Agreement
created a system to monitor the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people btwn states
Interstate Commerce Act
purpose = to regulate R.R. prices
Interstate Commerce Act
3-prong reform
“New Freedom”
Fred _________ refused to obey the wartime order to leave his home and report to a relocation camp for Japanese Americans. He was arrested and convicted. After losing in the Court of Appeals, he appealed to the United States Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality of the deportation order
Korematsu vs. United States
declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees
Taft-Hartley Act
forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts
Taft-Hartley Act
included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to
Taft-Hartley Act
forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns
Taft-Hartley Act
required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party
Taft-Hartley Act
Begun in 1950 and lead by Senator Joseph R. ________
McCarthyism
a sensational campaign against communists in gov’t that led to more than four years of charges and countercharges
McCarthyism
ended when the Senate censured the leader in 1954
McCarthyism
a communist “witch hunt” of sorts during the 1950s
McCarthyism
triggered the National Civil Rights Mov’t of the 20th century
Rosa Parks
symbol of the clash over the integration of public schools
Little Rock
Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe
Little Rock
Governor Faubus’s belief that black and whites should be segregated led him to cause…
Little Rock
Dec. 24, 1814- ended war btwn Brit. and U.S.
Treaty of Ghent
Didn’t tackle any issues that had started the war that it ended.
Treaty of Ghent
“The Prophet”
Tecumseh
leader of the Sheenaw Native Americans that lived in the territories
Tecumseh
He allied with the British and they killed Americans
Tecumseh
He encouraged not giving up their lands to Americans
Tecumseh
Jefferson bought Louisiana territory from Fr for $15 mil.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
doubled the size of the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
gave the U.S. control of Mississippi River and New Orleans
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Demise of Federalist party in 1814
Hartford Convention
New Englanders drafted amendments to support New England but they were pronounced disloyal
Hartford Convention
people rumored that this was looking for secession
Hartford Convention
sent by Jefferson (1804-1806) to explore Louisiana territory before they purchased it
Lewis and Clark Expedition
reached Pacific Ocean, and found waterways and new flora/fauna
Lewis and Clark Expedition
narrow victory against North African pirates that controlled the Mediterranean Sea
Barbary War (1805)
showed American pwr, and they no longer had to pay tributes or worry abt ships being held for ransom
Barbary War (1805)
Supreme Court’s 1st use of judicial review
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
got rid of midnight judges
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration
Restoration Colonies
marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus
Restoration Colonies
2 major ones were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina
Restoration Colonies
The Leader seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691
Leisler’s Rebellion
an uprising which occurred in the midst of Britain’s “Glorious Revolution”
Leisler’s Rebellion
reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II
Leisler’s Rebellion
They believed a Holy Spirit or “Inner Light” could inspire every soul
Quakers
a religious group created by George Fox
Quakers
They didn’t respect social superiors
Quakers
They immigrated to Pennsylvania and established a religiously free state.
Quakers
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. The ships were only British owned.
Navigation Acts
They made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Navigation Acts
it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church
Half-Way Covenant (1662)
It lessened the difference between the “elect” members of the church from the regular members
Half-Way Covenant (1662)
allowed the children of half-way members to become potential full members
Half-Way Covenant (1662)
The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros
Dominion of New England (1686)
The leader and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with a leader as, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city.
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
ended suddenly when the leader died of an illness
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Enlightenment
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
Great Awakening
Revivalism became a necessity, and the movement encouraged individualism
Great Awakening
1754 - Intercolonial congress due to Ohio valley
Albany Congress
Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies.
Albany Congress
Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies that not ratified by any colony because they did not want to loose their control over taxation, and not accepted by parliament.
Albany Congress
1763 - a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley
French and Indian War
also called the seven years war
French and Indian War
established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse
French and Indian War
said that the customs officers could inspect a ship’s cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that it violated their rights as Brit. citizens
Writs of Assistance
an act passed by the British Parliament that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
Stamp Act (1765)
They were external taxes vs. the internal taxes the colonists protested
Townshend Acts (1767)
met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea
Townshend Acts (1767)
Due to its minute profits, they were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.
Townshend Acts (1767)
eliminated import duties on tea entering England, lowering the selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen
Tea Act (1773)
angered the colonies since it gave a monopoly to the British East India Tea Company, thus forcing local sellers out of business.
Tea Act (1773)
The Boston Tea Party resulted from this
Tea Act (1773)
This was a pamphlet that was written by a Thomas Paine, a common man in the colonies.
Common Sense (January 1776)
supported and gave reason to support secession from Britain as well as promote a representative type of government
Common Sense (January 1776)
It broke the last ties colonists had to King George III.
Common Sense (January 1776)
May 10, 1775 - They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army
Second Continental Congress
Richard Henry Lee proposed independence and they adopted it on July 2nd
Second Continental Congress
appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
Second Continental Congress
Oct. 17, 1777 - A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British
Saratoga
proved to be the turning point of the Revolutionary War
Saratoga
This battle ultimately got France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
Saratoga
