Terms 201-229 Flashcards
a small group of primarily male literary figures based in New York City’s Greenwich Village and San Francisco. 1950s.
The Beats
They rejected nearly everything in mainstream culture—patriotism, consumerism, technology, conventional family life, discipline
The Beats
celebrated spontaneity and absolute personal freedom, including drug consumption and freewheeling sex
The Beats
Eisenhower’s philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.
Dynamic Conservatism
spoke of the military-industrial complex, which tied military activity to industrial production tightly; feared that it would become a problem for a democracy because it was too close to becoming dictatorial
Eisenhower’s Farewell Address
In 1947, William _____ used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage.
Levittown
became a symbol of the mov’t to the suburbs in the yrs after WWII
Levittown
1958; Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans.
National Defense Education Act
It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
National Defense Education Act
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy’s civil rights bill.
March on Washington
The high point of which came when MLK Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
March on Washington
The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. and ultimately led to Castro pleading for Soviet aid
Bay of Pigs
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans.
Bay of Pigs
When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure; An American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels.
Bay of Pigs
an international crisis in October 1962
Cuban Missile Crisis
When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
Cuban Missile Crisis
the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Established by Congress in September 1961 under Kennedy
Peace Corps
dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about 50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives.
Peace Corps
Volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Peace Corps
banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation
Civil Rights Act of 1964
this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Great Society law tat established a gov’t office to provide young Americans w/ job training & a volunteer network that organized social work & education in impoverished areas
Economic Opportunity Act
technically known as the Social Security Act Amendments of _____(yr)
Medicare Act of 1965
created system of subsidized medical care for retirees, both for doctor visits and hospitilization, though not for prescription drugs (added under President Bush in 2004)
Medicare Act of 1965
Also created Medicaid, which provides medical care for the very poor
Medicare Act of 1965
abolished the national-origins quotas
Immigration Act of 1965
providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere
Immigration Act of 1965
invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote
Voting Rights Act of 1965
authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks
Voting Rights Act of 1965
as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
Voting Rights Act of 1965
the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked
Black Power
urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business
Black Power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness
Black Power
used by Malcolm X
Black Power
meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized black community
Black Power
Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970
Cesar Chavez
organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers
Cesar Chavez
Unionized Mexican-American farm workers
Cesar Chavez
An Indian activist organization in the US founded in 1963 by Dennis Banks and George Mitchell
American Indian Movement (AIM)
in the decades since its founding, the group has led protests advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities, and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the US
American Indian Movement (AIM)
people who were opposed to the war in Vietnam, insisting that our government was sacrificing American lives and interfering in another country’s civil war
“Doves”
National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year
Tet Offensive (1968)
was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties
Tet Offensive (1968)
although a major defeat for communism, Americans were shocked that it even happened and reacted sharply, with declining approval for LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
Tet Offensive (1968)
This increased the power of the executive branch to engage in the Vietnam war
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
President Richard Nixon’s strategy for ending US involvement in the Vietnam war
Vietnamization
involving a gradual withdrawal of Am. troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Vietnamization
Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand
Kent State
the Nat’l Guard was called in and killed 3 and wounded 9 innocent and unarmed students in indiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
Kent State
2 agreements signed in 1972 and 1979 b/w the US and the Soviets
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
the 1st of these limited the 2 superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles (ABMs) apiece
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
the 2nd of these froze the # of offensive ballistic missiles for a 5yr period
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
a lessening of tensions between the US and the Soviet Union
De’tente
were negotiated @ the presidential retreat of _________ by Egypt’s Anwar Sadat and Israel’s Menachem Begin
Camp David Accords (1978)
they were brokered by US President Jimmy Carter
Camp David Accords (1978)
They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the 2 countries
Camp David Accords (1978)
this isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries
Camp David Accords (1978)
led to Anwar Sadat’s assassination in 1981
Camp David Accords (1978)
a US Supreme Court Case that resulted in a landmark judicial opinion about privacy and abortion in the US
Roe vs. Wade (1973)
According to the decision, most laws against abortion violated a constitutional right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment
Roe vs. Wade (1973)
the federal economic policies of the Reagan administration
Reaganomics
these policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts (income tax cuts), and domestic budget cutting
Reaganomics
the federal economic policies of the administration elected 1981
Reaganomics
federal economic policies centered around a belief in the “trickle down” economic theory
Reaganomics
their goal was to reduce the size of the fed. gov’t and stimulate econ. growth, and to get the unemployed started going back to work
Reaganomics
proclaimed that the US would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars w/o the support of Am. troops
Nixon Doctrine
stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future, other countries would have to fight their own wars w/o support Am. troops
Nixon Doctrine
A statement created during the Vietnam on US involvement overseas
Nixon Doctrine
The name given to an incident in which: Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor who was relentlessly investigating Watergate. Richardson refused and resigned along with his deputy who also refused to carry out Nixon’s order. A subordinate then fired Cox.
Saturday Night Massacre
this incident following Watergate created a firestorm of protest in the country
Saturday Night Massacre
410 U.S. 113 (1973)
Roe vs. Wade
Besides disarming missiles to ensure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.
De’tente
this group burst onto the international scene with a few major actions including its seizure of Alcatraz in 1969 (via “right by discover”)
American Indian Movement (AIM)
this group burst onto the international scene with a few major actions including their seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (the worst run federal agency to this day) headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972
American Indian Movement (AIM)
this group burst onto the international scene with a few major actions including the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
American Indian Movement (AIM)
This was based on false pretenses: what was thought to be an unprovoked attack on a U.S. destroyers by the N. Vietnamese spurred this action, but it was later discovered that the U.S. destroyers had actually been assisting the South Vietnamese in attacking their northern neighbor, and thus, the attacks were not “unprovoked”
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
