Terms

Question 1

Propositions

Answer 1

Statements that can be True or False

Question 2

Non-Propositions

Answer 2

Are NOT statements about matters of fact. They do not make a claim that can be True or False.

Question 3

Simple Propositions

Answer 3

Have no internal structure, meaning whether they are True or False does not depend on whether a part of them is True or False on their own.

Question 4

Complex Propositions

Answer 4

Have internal logical structure, composed of simple propositions. Whether complex propositions are True or False depends on whether their parts are True or False, and how those parts are connected

Question 5

Premise

Answer 5

A premise is a proposition lending support to the conclusion. Premises are supposed to be statements that, if you accept they are true, give you reason to believe that the conclusion is also true.

Question 6

Logical Relationship

Answer 6

If you think the premises are True, and the argument is well formed, you should also think that the Conclusion is True

Question 7

Argument

Answer 7

An argument is a set of statements, some of which (the premises) attempt to provide a reason for thinking that some other statement (the conclusion) is True

Question 8

Inference or Argument

Answer 8

Is any purportedly rational movement from Premises to a Conclusion.
“I believe x, because y, z, and w” OR
“Because a, b and c, we have to believe that d”

Question 9

Deductive Arguments

Answer 9

If the premises are True and the argumentive structure is good, then the conclusion must be True.
(Includes mathematical arguments, like proof, logical arguments, arguments from definition, and so forth)

Question 10

Inductive Arguments

Answer 10

If the argumentative structure is great, the Truth of the premises only makes the conclusion probably true at best.
(Includes arguments from analogy, qualified authority, casual inferences, scientific hypothetical reasoning, extrapolations from samples, and so on.)

Question 11

Inference to the best explanation/abduction

Answer 11

Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation.

Question 12

Truth

Answer 12

Truth is a property of propositions. Only propositions can be true/false.

Question 13

Deductive Argumentative

Answer 13

Deductive Argumentative structures are either valid/invalid.

Question 14

Inductive Argumentative

Answer 14

An Invalid argument structure is one where the truth of the premises is meant to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, but fails to do so.

Question 15

Valid Argument

Answer 15

A Valid Argument structure is where the truth of the premises would guarantee the truth of the conclusion. “if” the premises are true, the conclusion follows necessarily.
*It is impossible for the premises of a valid argument to be true and the conclusion False.

Question 16

Soundness

Answer 16

Soundness is about both structure and truth.
Must have good structure and true premises to make a sound argument.
*A Deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are true.

Question 17

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 17

Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises.

Question 18

Cogent “Sound”

Answer 18

Cogent means all true premises, and the premises give strong inductive support for the conclusion

Question 19

Formal

Answer 19

Structure of Things

Question 20

Formal Fallacy

Answer 20

An Argument that has a flawed structure. Identified by analyzing the structure of an argument/ignoring its content.

Question 21

Informal Fallacy

Answer 21

The structure of your argument is not what is at issue. Instead, someone takes exception to the content of your argument

Question 22

The Fallacy Fallacy

Answer 22

The Fallacy Fallacy happens when someone uses the fact that a fallacy was committed to justify rejecting the conclusion of the fallacious argument. (Avoid this sort of thing)

Question 23

Exhibiting a Bias

Answer 23

Even if the evidence does not fully support a particular conclusion, a person may be inclined to believe a particular conclusion over the others.

Question 24

Biases

Answer 24

Biases can come from particular situations, like your experiences, desires, and emotions.

Question 25

Principle of Charity

Answer 25

Be careful not to assume that someone else's beliefs is due to bias. Interpret another's reasoning in multiple ways and in possible light.

Question 26

Confirmation Bias

Answer 26

The tendency to look for and favor evidence that confirms our ideas while avoiding or ignoring evidence to the contrary *More confident than correct

Question 27

Cognitive Biases

Answer 27

Quirks about the way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us. - Jumping to conclusions

Question 28

Alief

Answer 28

An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs

Question 29

Heuristic

Answer 29

Heuristic means a rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut. - There is no promise that it is going to work all of the time. It just needs to work well enough to get you through life. - Rather than spend all the time and energy it takes to make the best decision, we can use a heuristic to make a pretty good decision - Jumping to Conclusions

Question 30

Bounded Rationality

Answer 30

Dominate behavioral economics is called "bounded rationality". - We make the best decisions we can, with what we have

Question 31

Availability Heuristic

Answer 31

A mental shortcut relying on psychology salient or easily imagined examples rather than actual odds or factual information

Question 32

Algorithm Bubble

Answer 32

The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on

Question 33

Self Selection

Answer 33

Self selection bias happens when the sample we generalize from is not representative of the total population in some important respect

Question 34

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 34

Makes people judge a situation by means of situations in memories that bear similarities to it, even if those similarities are not really relevant. - Look for carefully conducted scientific studies or larger sets of data when available.

Question 35

Anchoring Bias

Answer 35

Causes people to put too much weight on the first information received when making further decisions. - Get larger sets of more objective data and don't rely on personal anchors

Question 36

Availability Bias

Answer 36

Causes people to make judgements based on whichever examples come most readily to mind

Question 37

System 1 Thinking

Answer 37

Quick, Automatic, and Emotional

Question 38

System 2 Thinking

Answer 38

Deliberate, Effortful, and Calculating

Question 39

Circular Reasoning Fallacy

Answer 39

When one's conclusion is supported by a premise that is identical to the conclusion. 'Ending where it started'

Question 40

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Answer 40

Ad Hominem Fallacy occurs when someone attacks the arguer instead of the argument itself. "Against the Person"

Question 41

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 41

Sometimes lumped in with Ad Hominem Fallacies. Genetic Fallacy occurs when an arguer critiques the origin of a claim/argument rather than the claim/argument itself. - Role beliefs play - The origin of an idea has nothing inherently to do w/ its truth or plausibility

Question 42

Straw Figure/Straw Man Fallacy

Answer 42

Happens when someone (willfully/mistakenly) misinterprets someone else's argument or position. Irrelevant!

Question 43

Red Herring

Answer 43

Not staying on topic. Intentionally/Unintentionally change the subject to avoid the real issue at hand

Question 44

Equivocation

Answer 44

Equivocation can only be identified by understanding the meanings of the words involved. (Two different meanings)

Question 45

Fallacy of Equivocation

Answer 45

We draw our own understanding of the meaning of words/understanding - Star = Celestial Sphere vs. Star = Celebrity

Question 46

Casual Slippery Slope Fallacy

Answer 46

Is committed when one event is said to lead to some other (disastrous) event via a chain of intermediary events

Question 47

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Answer 47

Are always made up of a series of conjunctions of probabilistic conditional statements that link the first event to the last event

Question 48

Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy

Answer 48

Happens when someone already knows which conclusion they'd like to prove and then selects evidence which supports that conclusion

Question 49

Post Hoc

Answer 49

"After this, therefore because of this' Just because something happens after another thing happens, doesn't mean that the second thing is caused by the first thing. X occured before Y, Therefore X caused Y OR X happened after Y, Therefore Y caused X

Question 50

Hasty Generalization

Answer 50

When one generalizes about a group of people, things, or events, but one does so too quickly and w/o evidence or w/ too small of a sample from that group.