Examples

Question 1

Non-Propositions: Exhort

Answer 1

Let’s go get dinner! Let’s go hiking on Tuesday!

Question 2

Non-Propositions: Command

Answer 2

Go to the store later to buy me some Cheese. Don’t do that.

Question 3

Non-Propositions: Plead/Request

Answer 3

Would you please stop that? Please read me a bedtime story!

Question 4

Non-Proposition: Question

Answer 4

What is the capital of Florida? How much do the pineapples cost?

Question 5

Non-Proposition: Perform

Answer 5

I hereby adjourn this meeting. I pronounce you husband and wife!

Question 6

Simple Propositions Examples

Answer 6

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Canada is $1.7 Trillion.
The Sky is Blue
Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens
Harry Potter wears glasses

Question 7

Complex Propositions Examples

Answer 7

The GDP of Canada is either $3 trillion or it is $12 trillion
The sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now
If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and policies.

Question 8

Arguments can go wrong in only two ways

Answer 8

1) Bad inferential structure: In arguments w/ a bad form/structure, the premise do not demonstrate or support the conclusion.

2) False Premise: In arguments w/ false premise(s), there is something wrong w/ their particular content.

Question 9

Conclusion Indicators

Answer 9

-Therefore -So -It follows that -Hence -Thus -Entails that -We may conclude that -Implies that -Wherefore -As a result

Question 10

Inductive

Answer 10

We call an inference Inductive is the support premises intend to provide for the conclusion is less than certain, if the premises do not guarantee the conclusion

Question 11

Deductive

Answer 11

We call an inference Deductive if the premises intend to provide conclusive support for the conclusion - if they intend to guarantee the conclusion or make the conclusion certain.

Question 12

Good Inductive Arguments only offer probabilistic support for their conclusions.

Question 13

An Inductive Argument can offer stronger or weaker inductive support for its conclusion

Question 14

“If” - Antecedent
“Then” - Consequent

Question 15

System 1, Cognitive Biases: If we arrive at conclusions automatically, they can be heavily influenced by availability bias, confirmation bias, and so forth

Question 16

System 2, Can still be influenced by Bias

Question 17

Straw Figure: The offender is attacking an irrelevant ARGUMENT instead of the actual argument of their opponent.
- We don’t change the topics in a Straw Figure, we just start talking about a different Argument on the SAME Topic.

Question 18

Red Herring: The offender is introducing an irrelevant TOPIC at hand. A distraction!

Question 19

Core Irrelevant Appeals:
* Appeal to Unqualified / False Authority
* Appeal to Force
* Appeal to Popularity/To the People/ Bandwagon
* Appeal to Consequences